3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors Period

Sovereigns/Emperors Sovereign Emperor Sovereign Sovereign Emperor Emperor Emperor Emperor Emperor Emperor Youchao/Nuwa Suiren Fuxi Yan Di Huang Di Jin Tian Zhuanxu Ku Yao Shun Posthumous Name / Personal Name Suiren Fuxi Shennong Gongsun or Ji Shaohao Gaoyang Yaotang-shi Youyu-shi Years of Reign unknown unknown 2852 - 2737 BC 2737 - 2699 BC 2699 - 2588 BC 2587 - 2491 BC 2490 - 2413 BC 2412 - 2343 BC 2333 - 2234 BC 2233 - 2184 BC

Xia Dynasty
Ca. 2070 - 1600 BC
1

Reign name Name by which most commonly known Notes Y Yu Also known as: D Y, (Yu the Great) Q Qi Son of Y: beginning of herary succession Ti Kng Tai Kang Zhng Kng Zhong Kang Xing Xiang Sho Kng Shao Kang Zh Zhu Hui Huai Mng Mang Xie Xie B Jing Bu Jiang Jing Jiong Jn Jin Kng Ji Kong Jia Go Gao F Fa Ji Jie Also known as: L Gi, 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xi (), for example Xi Y ().

Shang Dynasty
Ca. 1600 - 1046 BC
1

Personal name Reign name Temple name Reign years1 Name by which most commonly known Zi L Tang 1600 - 1300 BC Tang Zi Sheng Wai Bing Wai Bing Zi Yong Zhong Ren Zhong Ren Zi Zhi Tai Jia Tai Jia Zi Xun Wo Ding Wo Ding Zi Bian Tai Geng Tai Geng Zi Gao Xiao Jia Xiao Jia Zi Dian / Zi Zhou / Yong Ji Yong Ji Zi Mi / Zi Zhou / Tai Wu Tai Wu Zi Zhuang Zhong Ding Zhong Ding Zi Fa Wai Ren Wai Ren Zi Zheng He Dan Jia He Dan Jia Zi Teng Zu Yi Zhong Zong Zu Yi Zi Dan Zu Xin Zu Xin Zi Yu Wo Jia Wo Jia Zi Xin Zu Ding Zu Ding Zi Geng Nan Geng Nan Geng Zi He Yang Jia Yang Jia Zi Xun Pan Geng 1300 - 1251 BC Pan Geng4 Zi Song Xiao Xin Xiao Xin Zi Lian Xiao Yi Xiao Yi Zi Zhao Wu Ding Gao Zong 1250 - 1192 BC Wu Ding Zi Yao Zu Geng 1191 - 1148 BC Zu Geng Zu Jia Zu Jia Lin Xin Lin Xin Zi Xiao Geng Ding Kang Ding Kang Ding Zi Qu Wu Yi 1147 - 1113 BC Wu Yi Zi Tuo Wen Ding5 1112 - 1102 BC Wen Ding Zi Xian Di Yi 1101 - 1076 BC Di Yi Zi Shou Di Xin 1075 - 1046 BC Di Xin 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (), for example Shang Tang (). 3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice. 4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin () dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. 5 Also known as Tai Ding ().

Zhou Dynasty
Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into: the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. 1046 BC1 - 771 BC the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 - 256 BC, in turn divided into: o o the Spring and Autumn period, 770 - 476 BC the Warring States period, 475 - 221 BC Reign years1 1046 - 1043 BC1 1042 - 1021 BC1 1020 - 996 BC1 995 - 977 BC1 976 - 922 BC1 922 - 900 BC1 899 - 892 BC1 891 - 886 BC1 885 - 878 BC1 877 - 841 BC1 841 - 828 BC 827 - 782 BC 781 - 771 BC 770 - 720 BC 719 - 697 BC 696 - 682 BC 681 - 677 BC 676 - 652 BC 651 - 619 BC 618 - 613 BC 612 - 607 BC 606 - 586 BC 585 - 572 BC 571 - 545 BC 544 - 521 BC 520 BC 519 - 476 BC 475 - 469 BC 468 - 442 BC 441 BC 441 BC Name by which most commonly known Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou) Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou) Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou) Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou) Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou) Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou) Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou) Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou) Gonghe Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou) Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou) Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou) Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou) Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou) Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou) Zhou Huiwang (King Hui I of Zhou) Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou) Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou) Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou) Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou) Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou) Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou) Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou) Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou) Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou) Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou) Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou)

Personal name Posthumous name Pinyin Chinese Pinyin Chinese Ji Fa Wuwang Ji Song Chengwang Ji Zhao Kangwang Ji Xia Zhaowang Ji Man Muwang Ji Yihu Gongwang Ji Jian Yiwang Ji Pifang Xiaowang Ji Xie Yiwang Ji Hu Liwang Gonghe (regency) Ji Jing Xuanwang Ji Gongsheng Youwang Ji Yijiu Pingwang Ji Lin Huanwang Ji Tuo Zhuangwang Ji Huqi Xiwang Ji Lang Huiwang Ji Zheng Xiangwang Ji Renchen Qingwang Ji Ban Kuangwang Ji Yu Dingwang Ji Yi Jianwang Ji Xiexin Lingwang Ji Gui Jingwang Ji Meng Daowang Ji Gai Jingwang Ji Ren Yuanwang Ji Jie Zhendingwang Ji Quji Aiwang Ji Shu Siwang

 Ji Wei Kaowang 440 - 426 BC Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou) Ji Wu Weiliewang 425 - 402 BC Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou) Ji Jiao Anwang 401 - 376 BC Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou) Ji Xi Liewang 375 - 369 BC Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou) Ji Bian Xianwang 368 - 321 BC Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou) Ji Ding Shenjingwang 320 - 315 BC Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou) Ji Yan Nanwang 314 - 256 BC Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou) Ji Jie Huiwang 255 - 249 BC Zhou Huiwang (King Hui II of Zhou) 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. 2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last king of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin Dynasty
Sovereigns of the Qin Dynasty 221 - 207 BC Posthumous Names (Sh Ho ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name Sh Hungd1 Yng Zhng 246 - 210 BC r Sh Hungd Yng Hhi 209 - 207 BC Qin San Shi2 Yng Ziyng 207 BC 1 King Zhaoxiang of Qin (, Qn Zhoxing Wng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when the Qin state annihilated the Zhou Dynasty; however, the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from the Zhou Dynasty, therefore, so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". 2 Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qn Wng Ziyng ()

Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty Sovereigns Posthumous Name Personal Name Period of Reign Era Name Range of years Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. Western Han Dynasty 206 9 AD Gao Zu Liu Bang 206 195 BC Did not exist Hui Di Liu Ying 194 188 BC Did not exist Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) Liu Gong 188 184 BC Did not exist Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) Liu Hong 184 180 BC Did not exist Wen Di Liu Heng 179 157 BC Huyun 163 156 BC Jing Di Liu Qi 156 141 BC Zhngyun 149 143 BC Huyun 143 141 BC Wu Di Liu Che 140 87 BC Jinyun 140 135 BC Yungung 134 129 BC Yunshu 128 123 BC

Zhao Di The Prince of Changyi Xuan Di

or

Liu Fuling Liu He Liu Xun

86 74 BC 74 BC 73 49 BC

Yuan Di

Liu Shi

48 33 BC

Cheng Di

Liu Ao

32 7 BC

Ai Di Ping Di Ruzi Ying

Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang ()

Liu Xin Liu Kan Liu Ying

6 1 BC 1 BC 5 AD 68 9 23

Yunshu Yundng Yunfng Tich Tinhn Tish Zhngh Huyun Shyun Yunfng Yunpng Yunpng Bnsh Dji Yunkng Shnju Wfng Gnl Hunglng Chyun Ynggung Jinzho Jngnng Jinsh Hpng Yngshu Hngji Yngsh Yunyn Suh Jinpng Yunshu Yunsh Jsh Chsh Shjingu Tinfng Dhung Gngsh Jinw Jinwzhongyun

122 117 BC 116 111 BC 110 105 BC 104 101 BC 100 97 BC 96 93 BC 92 BC 89 BC 88 87 BC 86 80 BC 80 75 BC 74 BC 74 BC 73 BC 70 BC 69 66 BC 65 61 BC 61 58 BC 57 54 BC 53 50 BC 49 BC 48 44 BC 43 39 BC 38 34 BC 33 BC 32 28 BC 28 25 BC 24 21 BC 20 17 BC 16 13 BC 12 9 BC 8 7 BC 6 3 BC 2 1 BC 1 BC 5 AD 6 Oct. 8 Nov. 8 Dec. 8 9 13 14 19 20 23 23 25 25 56 56 57

Xin Dynasty (AD 923)

Geng Shi Di Guang Wu Di

Continuation of Han Dynasty Liu Xuan 23 25 Eastern Han Dynasty 25 220 Liu Xiu 25 57

Ming Di Zhang Di He Di Shang Di An Di

Liu Zhuang Liu Da Liu Zhao Liu Long Liu Hu

58 75 76 88 89 105 106 106 125

Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang Shun Di

or

Liu Yi Liu Bao

125 125 144

Chong Di Zhi Di Huan Di

Liu Bing Liu Zuan Liu Zhi

144 145 145 146 146 168

Ling Di

Liu Hong

168 189

Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong Xian Di

or

Liu Bian Liu Xie (li xi)

189 189 220

Yngpng Jinch Yunh Zhngh Yngyun Yunxng Ynpng Yngch Yunch Yngnng Jingung Yngung Yngung Yngjin Yngji Yngh Hn'n Jinkng Yngx Bnch Jinh Hpng Yunji Yngxng Yngshu Ynx Yngkng Jinnng Xpng Gungh Zhngpng Gungx Zhonng Ynghn Chpng Xngpng Jin'n Ynkng

58 75 76 84 84 87 87 88 89 105 105 9 months in 106 107 113 114 120 120 121 121 122 122 125 125 126 132 132 135 136 141 142 144 144 145 146 147 149 150 151 153 153 154 155 158 158 167 167 168 172 172 178 178 184 184 189 189 189 189 190 193 194 195 196 220 220

Three Kingdoms Period

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao ) Three Kingdoms Sovereigns Personal Names Period of Reigns Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years

Wen Di Ming Di Qi Wang Gao Gui Xiang Gong Yuan Di

Zhao Lie Di Hou Zhu

Da Di

Kuai ji wang Jing Di Wu Cheng Hou

Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. wen2 di4 Cao Pi 220-226 Huangchu huang2 chu1 Cao Rui ming2 di4 226-239 Taihe tai4 he2 Qinglong qing1 long2 Jingchu jing3 chu1 qi2 wang2 Cao Fang 239-254 Zhengshi zheng4 shi3 Jiaping jia1 ping2 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1 Cao Mao 254-260 Zhengyuan zheng4 yuan2 Ganlu gan1 lu4 yuan2 di4 Cao Huan 260-265 Jingyuan jing3 yuan2 Xianx xian2 xi1 Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 Convention: use personal name zhao1 lie4 di4 Liu Bei 221-223 Zhangwu zhang1 wu3 Liu Shan hou4 xhu3 223-263 Jianxing jian4 xing1 Yanxi yan2 xi1 Jingyao jing3 yao4 Yanxing yan2 xing1 Wu 222-280 Convention: use personal name Sun Quan 222-252 da4 di4 Huangwu huang2 wu3 Huanglong huang2 long2 Jiahe jia1 he2 Chiwu chi4 wu1 Taiyuan tai4 yuan2 Shenfeng shen2 feng4 Sun Liang 252-258 kuai4 ji1 wang2 Jianxing jian4 xing1 Wufeng wu3 feng4 Taiping tai4 ping2 jing3 di4 Sun Xiu 258-264 Yongan yong3 an1 Sun Hao wu1 cheng2 hou2 264-280 Yuanxing yuan2 xing1 Ganlu gan1 lu4 Baoding bao3 ding3 Jianheng jian4 heng2 Fenghuang feng4 huang2 Tiance tian1 ce4 Tianxi tian1 xi3 Tianji tian1 ji4

220-226 227-233 233-237 237-239 240-249 249-254 254-256 256-260 260-264 264-265 221-223 223-237 238-257 258-263 263 222-229 229-231 232-238 238-251 251-252 252 252-253 254-256 256-258 258-264 264-265 265-266 266-269 269-271 272-274 275-276 276 277-280

Jin Dynasty
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao ) Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years

Wu Di

wu3 di4

Sima Yan

Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290

Hui Di

hui4 di4

Sima Zhong

si1 ma3 zhong1

290-306

Huai Di Min Di Yuan Di Ming Di Cheng Di Kang Di Mu Di Ai Di Fei Di Jian Wen Di Xiao Wu Di An Di Gong Di

huai2 di4 min3 di4 yuan2 di4 ming2 di4 cheng2 di4 kang1 di4 mu4 di4 ai1 di4 hai3 xi1 gong1 jian3 wen2 di4 xiao4 wu3 di4 an1 di4 gong1 di4

Sima Chi Sima Ye Sima Rui Sima Shao Sima Yan Sima Yue Sima Dan Sima Pi Sima Yi Sima Yu Sima Yao Sima De Zong Sima De Wen

si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD si1 ma3 rui4 317-322 si1 ma3 shao4 si1 ma3 yan3 si1 ma3 yue4 si1 ma3 dan1 si1 ma3 pi1 si1 ma3 yi4 si1 ma3 yu4 si1 ma3 yao4 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 322-325 325-342 342-344 345-361 361-365 365-371 371-372 372-396 396-418 419-420

Taishi Xianning Taikang Taixi Yongxi Yongping Yuankang Yongkang Yongning Taian Yongan Jianwu Yongan Yongxing Guangxi Yongjia Jianxing Jianwu Daxing Yongchang Yongchang Taining Taining Xianhe Xiankang Jianyuan Yonghe Shengping Longhe Xingning Taihe Xianan Ningkang Taiyuan Longan Yuanxing Yixi Yuanxi

tai4 shi3 xian2 ning2 tai4 kang1 tai4 xi1 yong3 xi1 yong3 ping yuan2 kang1 yong3 kang1 yong3 ning2 tai4 an1 yong3 an1 jian4 wu3 yong3 an1 yong3 xing1 guang1 xi1 yong3 jia1 jian4 xing1 jian4 wu3 da4 xing1 yong3 chang3 yong3 chang3 tai4 ning2 tai4 ning2 xian2 he2 xian2 kang1 jian4 yuan2 yong3 he2 sheng1 ping2 long2 he2 xing1 ning2 tai4 he2 xian2 an1 ning2 kang1 tai4 yuan2 long2 an1 yuan2 xing1 yi4 xi1 yuan2 xi1

265-274 275-280 280-289 290 290 291 291-299 300-301 301-302 302-303 304 304 304 304-306 306 307-313 313-317 317-318 318-321 321-322 322-323 323-325 325 326-334 335-342 343-344 345-356 357-361 362-363 363-365 365-371 371-372 373-375 376-396 397-401 402-404 405-418 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Temple Names (Miao Hao miao4 hao4) Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms Posthumous Names (Shi Hao ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years

Gao Zu ( gao1 zu3)

Convention: use personal name Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) Han Empire 304-318 Guang Wen Di ( guang1 wen2 di4) liu2 yuan1 304-310 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng ( yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui ( he2 rui4) 309-310

Did not exist Lie Zong ( lie4 zong1)

Liang Wang ( liang2 wang2) Zhao Wu Di ( zhao1 wu3 di4)

liu2 he2 liu2 cong1

7 days in 310 310-318

Did not exist Guangxing ( guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping ( jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan ( jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia ( lin2 jia1) 316-318

Did not exist Did not exist Gao Zu ( gao1 zu3)

Yin Di ( yin3 di4) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3) Ming Di ( ming2 di4)

liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 liu2 yao4 318-329 Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 shi2 le4 319-333

Hanchang ( han4 chang1) 318 Guangchu ( guang1 chu1) 318-329 Zhaowang ( zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe ( tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping ( jian4 ping2) 330-333

Did not exist Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Shi Zu ( shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu ( shi4 zu3) Did not exist Tai Zong ( tai4 zong1)

Hai Yang Wang ( hai3 yang2 wang2) Wu Di ( wu3 di4) Qiao Wang ( qiao2 wang2) Pang Cheng Wang ( pang2 cheng2 wang2) Yi Yang Wang ( yi4 yang2 wang2)

shi2 hong2 shi2 hu3 shi2 shi4 shi2 zun1 shi2 jian4

333-334 334-349 73 days in 349 183 days in 349 103 days within 349-350

Jianping ( jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi ( yan2 xi1) 334 Jianwu ( jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining ( tai4 ning2) 349

Taining ( tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 Taining ( tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 Qinglong ( qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 Xin Xing Wang ( xin1 xing1 wang2) shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning ( yong3 ning2) 349-350 Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) Cheng Empire 303-338 Jing Di ( jing3 di4) li3 te4 303 Jianchu ( jian4 chu1) or Jingchu ( jing3 chu1) 303 Qin Wen Wang ( qin2 wen2 wang2) li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist Wu Di ( wu3 di4) li3 xiong2 303-334 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping ( yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng ( yu4 heng2) 311-334

Did not exist Did not exist Zhong Zong ( zhong1 zong1) Did not exist

Ai Di ( ai1 si4) You Gong ( you1 gong1) Zhao Wen Di ( zhao1 wen2 di4) Gui Yi Hou ( gui1 yi4 hou2)

li3 ban1 li3 qi1 Han Empire 338-347 li3 shou4 li3 shi4

7 months in 334 334-338 338-343 343-347

Yuheng ( yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 Yuheng ( yu4 heng2) 334-338 Hanxing ( han4 xing1) 338-343 Taihe ( tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing ( jia1 ning2) 346-347

Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Lie Zong ( lie4 zong1)

Wen Ming Di ( wen2 ming2 di4) Jing Zhao Di ( jing3 zhao1 di4)

Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 mu4 rong2 337-348 huang3 mu4 rong2 348-360 jun4

Yanwang ( yan4 wang2) 337-348 Yanwang ( yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi ( yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping ( sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou ( gunag1 shou4) 357-360 Jianxi ( jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan ( jian4 yuan2) 365-370 Yanyuan ( yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 386-396 Yongkang ( yong3 kang1) 396-398 Jianping ( jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo ( chang2 le4) 399-401 Guangshi ( guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi ( jian4 shi3) 407 Yanwang ( yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping ( jian4 ping2) 400-405 Taishang ( tai4 shang4) 405-410 Zhengshi ( zheng4 shi3) 407-409 Taiping ( tai4 ping2) 409-430 Daxing ( da4 xing1) 430-436 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 320-324 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 324-346

Did not exist

You Di ( you1 di4)

mu4 rong2 wei3

360-370

Shi Zu ( shi4 zu3) Lie Zong ( lie4 zong1) Zhong Zong ( zhong1 zong1) Did not exist

Wu Cheng Di ( wu3 cheng2 di4) Hui Min Di ( hui4 min3 di4) Zhao Wu Di ( zhao1 wu3 di4) Zhao Wen Di ( zhao1 wen2 di4)

Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 mu4 rong2 384-396 chui2 mu4 rong2 bao3 mu4 rong2 sheng4 mu4 rong2 xi1 396-398 398-401 401-407

Shi Zong ( shi4 zong1) Did not exist Did not exist Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist

Xian Wu Di ( xian4 wu3 di4) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3)

Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 mu4 rong2 398-405 de2

mu4 rong2 405-410 chao1 Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 Hui Yi Di ( hui4 yi4 di4) gao1 yun2 407-409 Wen Cheng Di ( wen2 cheng2 di4) feng2 ba2 409-430 Zhao Cheng Di ( zhao1 cheng2 di4) feng2 hong2 430-436 Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 Cheng Gong ( cheng2 gong1) zhang1 mao4 320-324 Zhong Cheng Gong ( zhong1 cheng2 zhang1 jun4 324-346

Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3)

gong1) Huan Gong ( huan2 gong1) Ai Gong ( ai1 gong1) Wei Wang ( wei1 wang2) Jing Dao Gong ( jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong ( chong1 gong1) Dao Gong ( dao4 gong1)

zhang1 chong2 hua2 zhang1 yao4 ling2 zhang1 zuo4 zhang1 xuan2 jing4

346-353 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 353-355 355-363

Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 346-353 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 353 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping ( he2 ping2) 354-355 Jianxing ( jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping ( sheng1 ping2) 361-363 Shengping ( sheng1 ping2) 364-376 Taian ( tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia ( lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei ( long2 fei1) 396-399

zhang1 364-376 tian1 xi2 Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD Yi Wu Wang ( yi4 wu3 wang2) uu3 guang1 386-399

Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Lie Zu ( lie4 zu3) Did not exist Did not exist

Yin Wang ( yin3 wang2) luu3 shao4 399 Ling Wang ( ling2 wang2) luu3 zuan3 399-401 Shang Shu Gong ( shang4 shu1 gong1) or luu3 long2 401-403 Jiankang Gong ( jian4 kang1 gong1) Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD Wu Wang ( wu3 wang2) tu1 fa3 397-399 wu1 gu1 Kang Wang ( kang1 wang2) tu1 399-402 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 Jing Wang ( jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang ( tu1 fa3 402-414 jing4 wang2) li4 ru4 tan2 Did not exist Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) duan4 ye4 397-401 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433

Longfei ( long2 fei1) 399 Xianning ( xian2 ning2) 399-401 Shending ( shen2 ding3) 401-403 Taichu ( tai4 chu1) 397-399 Jianhe ( jian4 he2) 399-402 Hongchang ( hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping ( jia1 ping2) 409-414 Shen Xi ( shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi ( tian1 xi3) 399-401 Yongan ( yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi ( xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan ( cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe ( yi4 he2) 430-433

Did not exist Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3)

Wu Xuan Wang ( wu3 xuan1 wang2)

Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist

Ai Wang ( ai1 wang2) Did not exist Did not exist

ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 ju3 qu2

433-439 442-444 444-460

Yonghe ( yong3 he2) 433-439 Chengping ( cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou ( qian2 shou4) 443-444 Chengping ( cheng2 ping2) 444-460

Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Did not exist Did not exist Gao Zu ( gao1 zu3) Did not exist Shi Zu ( shi4 zu3)

an1 zhou1 Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 Wu Zhao Wang ( wu3 zhao1 wang2) li3 gao3 400-417 li3 xin1 417-420 li3 xun2 420-421 Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD Jing Ming Di ( jing3 ming2 di4) fu2 jian4 351-355 Li Wang ( li4 wang2) fu2 sheng1 355-357 Xuan Zhao Di ( xuan1 zhao1 di4) fu2 jian1 357-385 Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3)

Gengzi ( geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu ( jian4 chu1) 406-416 Jiaxing ( jia1 xing1) 417-420 Yongjian ( yong3 jian4) 420-421 Huangshi ( huang2 shi3) 351-355 Shouguang ( shou4 guang1) 355-357 Yongxing ( yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu ( gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan ( jian4 yuan2) 365-385

Did not exist Tai Zong ( tai4 zong1) Did not exist Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Gao Zu ( gao1 zu3) Did not exist Lie Zu ( lie4 zu3) Gao Zu ( gao1 zu3) Tai Zu ( tai4 zu3) Did not exist Shi Zu ( shi4 zu3)

Ai Ping Di ( ai1 ping2 di4) Gao Di ( gao1 di4) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3)

fu2 pi1 fu2 deng1

385-386 386-394

Taian ( tai4 an1) 385-386 Taichu ( tai4 chu1) 385-394 Yanchu ( yan2 chu1) 394 Bai Que ( bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu ( jian4 chu1) 386-393 Huangchu ( huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi ( hong2 shi3) 399-416 Yonghe ( yong3 he2) 416-417 Jianyi ( jian4 yi4) 385-388 Taichu ( tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi ( geng4 shi3) 409-412 Yongkang ( yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong ( jian4 hong2) 420-428 Yonghong ( yong3 hong2) 428-431 Longsheng ( long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang ( feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu ( chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing ( chen1 xing1) 419-425

fu2 chong2 several months in 394 Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD Wu Zhao Di ( wu3 zhao1 di4) yao2 chang2 384-393 Wen Huan Di ( wen2 huan2 di4) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3) yao2 xing1 394-416

yao2 hong2 416-417 Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 Xuan Lie Wang ( xuan1 lie4 wang2) qi3 fu2 385-388 guo2 ren2 Wu Yuan Wang ( wu3 yuan2 wang2) qi3 fu2 388-400,409-412 gan1 gui1 Wen Zhao Wang ( wen2 zhao1 wang2) Hou Zhu ( hou4 xhu3) Wu Lie Di ( wu3 lie4 di4) qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 Xia Empire 407-431 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 412-428 428-431 407-425

Did not exist

Qin Wang ( qin2 wang2)

he4 lian2 chang1

425-428

Chengguang ( cheng2 guang1) 425428

Did not exist

Ping Yuan Wang ( ping2 yuan2 wang2)

he4 lian2 ding4

428-431

Shengguang ( sheng4 guang1) 425428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu
Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms Posthumous Names (Shi Hao ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years Convention: use personal name Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) Wu Dao Tian Wang ( wu3 ran3 min3 350-352 Yongxing ( yong3 xing1) 350-352 dao4 tian1 wang2) Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 Wei Di ( wei1 di4) mu4 rong2 hong2 384 Yanxing ( yan4 xing1) 384 Did not exist mu4 rong2 chong1 384-386 Yanxing ( yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi ( geng4 shi3) 385-386 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Cheng Du Wang ( cheng2 du1 wang2) Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist duan4 sui2 mu4 rong2 tao1 mu4 rong2 yao2 mu4 rong2 zhong1 mu4 rong2 yong3 qiao2 zong4 386 386 386 386 386-394 Shu Kingdom 405-413 405-413 Changping ( chang1 ping2) 386 Jianming ( jian4 ming2) 386 Jianping ( jian4 ping2) 386 Jianwu ( jian4 wu3) 386 Zhongxing ( zhong1 xing1) 386-394 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist

Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe (mid-3rd century-391) liu2 qu4 bei1 mid 3rd century liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century liu2 hu3 early 4th century (309?) - 341 liu2 wu4 heng2 341-356 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 356-358 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 358-359 liu2 wei4 chen2 359-391 Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe (late-3rd century-345) yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 late 3rd century-293 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo| 293-late 3rd century yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 late 3rd century yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 early 3rd century yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 early 3rd century - 333 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 333-345

Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist wu3 wang2 hui4 wen2 wang2 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist An Wang ( an1 wang2) Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist

Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 303-310 or 311 Did not exist duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 310 or 311 - 318 Did not exist duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 318 Did not exist duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist duan4 mo4 pei1 318-325 Did not exist duan4 ya2 325 Did not exist duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not exist Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) ) First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) yang2 teng2 late 2nd century- early 3rd Did not exist century yang2 ju1 early 3rd century Did not exist yang2 qian1 wan4 early 3rd century - mid 3rd Did not exist century yang2 fei1 long2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd Did not exist century yang2 mao4 sou1 late 3rd century - 317 Did not exist yang2 nan2 di2 317-334 Did not exist yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not exist yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not exist yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not exist yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not exist yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not exist yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist yang2 bao3 zong1 429 and 443 Did not exist yang2 nan2 dang1 429-441 Jianyi ( jian4 yi4) 436-440 yang2 bao3 chi4 442-443 Did not exist yang2 wen2 de2 443-454 Did not exist yang2 yuan2 he2 455-466 Did not exist yang2 seng1 si4 466-473 Did not exist Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 yang2 wen2 du4 473-477 Did not exist yang2 wen2 hong2 477-482 Did not exist yang2 hou4 qi3 482-486 Did not exist yang2 ji2 shi3 482-503 Did not exist yang2 shao4 xian1 503-506, 534-535 Did not exist yang2 zhi4 hui4 535-545 Did not exist yang2 bi4 xie2 545-553 Did not exist Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person

Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century yang2 guang3 xiang1 477-483? Did not exist yang2 jiong3 483-495 Did not exist yang2 chong2 zu3 495-before 502 Did not exist yang2 meng4 sun1 before 502-511 Did not exist yang2 ding4 511- ? Did not exist Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377) As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as (wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. shen2 yuan2 wang2 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 219-277 Did not exist Note: His temple name was Shi Zu| shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name zhang1 wang2 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 277-286 Did not exist ping2 wang2 tou4 ba2 chuo4 286-293 Did not exist si1 wang2 tou4 ba2 fu2 293-294 Did not exist zhao1 wang2 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 294-307 Did not exist mu4 wang2 ( - without ) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2 295-305 Did not exist mu4 wang2 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 295-316 Did not exist Did not exist tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 316 Did not exist Did not exist ? tou4 ba2 ? 316 Did not exist ping2 wen2 wang2 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 316-321 Did not exist hui4 wang2 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4 321-325 Did not exist yang2 wang2 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 325-329 and 335-337 Did not exist lie4 wang2 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 329-335 and 337-338 Did not exist zhao1 cheng2 wang2 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 338-377 Jianguo ( jian4 guo2) 338-377 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist

Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period Posthumous Names (Shi Hao ) Personal Names Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of Reigns years Northern dynasty Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535 Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to (yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. dao4 wu3 di4 tou4 ba2 gui1 386-409 Dengguo ( deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi ( huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing ( tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci ( tian1 ci4) 404-409 ming2 yuan2 di4 tou4 ba2 si4 409-423 Yongxing ( yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui ( shen2 rui4) 414-416

Taichang ( tai4 chang2) 416-423 tai4 wu3 di4 tou4 ba2 tao2 424-452 Shiguang ( shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia ( shen2 jia1) 428-431 Yanhe ( yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan ( tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun ( tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping ( zheng4 ping2) 451-452 nan2 an1 wang2 wen2 cheng2 di4 tou4 ba2 yu2 tou4 ba2 jun4 452 452-465 Yongping ( yong3 ping2) or Chengping ( cheng2 ping2) 452 Xingan ( xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang ( xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian ( tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping ( he2 ping2) 460-465 xian4 wen2 di4 xiao4 wen2 di4 tou4 ba2 hong2 yuan2 hong2 466-471 471-499 Tianan ( tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing ( huang2 xing1) 467-471 Yanxing ( yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming ( cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe ( tai4 he2) 477-499 xuan1 wu3 di4 yuan2 ke4 500-515 Jingming ( jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi ( zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping ( yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang ( yan2 chang1) 512-515 xiao4 ming2 di4 yuan2 xu3 516-528 Xiping ( xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui ( shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang ( zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang ( xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai ( wu3 tai4) 528 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di| jing4 di4 jie2 min3 di4 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di| chu1 di4 xiao1 wu3 di4 yuan2 zi5 you1 yuan2 ye4 yuan2 gong1 yuan2 lang3 yuan2 xiu1 528-530 530-531 531-532 531-532 532-535 Jianyi ( jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan ( yong3 an1) 528-530 Jianming ( jian4 ming2) 530-531 Putai ( pu3 tai4) 531-532 Zhongxing ( zhong1 xing1) 531-532 Taichang ( tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing ( yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi ( yong3 xi1) 532-535 Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550 Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name

 xiao1 jing4 di4

yuan2 shan4 jian4

534-550

Tianping ( tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang ( yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe ( xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding ( wu3 ding4) 543-550

wen2 xuan1 di4 fei4 di4 xiao1 zhao1 di4 wu3 cheng2 di4 hou4 zhu3

Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577 Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name gao1 yang2 550-559 Tianbao ( tain1 bao3) 550-559 gao1 yin1 560 Qianming ( qian1 ming2) 560 gao1 yan3 560-561 Huangjian ( huang2 jian4) 560-561 gao1 zhan4 561-565 Taining ( tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing ( he2 qing1) 562-565 gao1 wei3 565-577 Tiantong ( tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping ( wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua ( long2 hua3 576

you4 zhu3 fan4 yang2 wang2

gao1 heng2 577 Chengguang ( cheng2 guang1) 577 gao1 shao4 yi4 577-579? Did not exist Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556 Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name wen2 di4 yuan2 bao3 ju4 535-551 Datong ( da4 tong3) 535-551 fei4 di4 yuan2 qin1 552-554 Did not exist gong1 di4 yuan2 kuo4 554-556 Did not exist Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581 Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name xiao1 min3 di4 yu3 wen2 jue2 557 Did not exist ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di| xiao4 ming2 di4 yu3 wen2 yu4 557-560 Wucheng ( wu3 cheng2) 559-560 wu3 di4 yu3 wen2 yong1 561-578 Baoding ( bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe ( tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande ( jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng ( xuan1 zheng4) 578 xuan1 di4 jing4 di4 yu3 wen2 yun1 yu3 wen2 chan3 579 579-581 Dacheng ( da4 cheng2) 579 Daxiang ( da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading ( da4 ding4) 581 Southern dynasty 420-589 Song Dynasty (420-479) Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. liu3 yu4 420-422 Yongchu ( yong3 chu1) 420-422 liu3 yi4 fu2 423-424 Jingping ( jing3 ping2) 423-424 liu3 yi4 long2 424-453 Yuanjia ( yaun2 jia1) 424-453 liu3 jun4 454-464 Xiaojian ( xiao1 jian4) 454-456

wu3 jing4 di4 shao4 di4 wen2 di4 xiao1 wu3 di4

Daming ( da4 ming2) 457-464 qian2 fei4 di4 ming2 di4 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang| cang1 wu2 wang2 shun4 di4 gao1 di4 wu3 jing4 di4 yu4 lin2 wang2 Hai Ling Wang ( hai3 ling2 wang2) ming2 di4 Dong Hun Hou ( dong1 hun1 hou2) he2 di4 Wu Di ( wu3 jing4 di4) liu3 zi5 ye4 liu3 yu4 liu3 yu4 465 465-472 473-477 Yongguang ( yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe ( jing3 he2) 465 Taishi ( tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu ( tai4 yu4) 472 Yuanhui ( yuan2 hui1) 473-477 Shengming ( sheng1 ming2) 477-479 Jianyuan ( jian4 yuan2) 479-482 Yongming ( yong3 ming2) 483-493 Longchang ( long2 chang1) 494 Yanxing ( yan2 xing1) 494 Jianwu ( jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai ( yong3 tai4) 498 xiao1 bao3 juan3 499-501 xiao1 bao3 rong2 501-502 Liang Dynasty (502-557) Convention: Liang + posthumous name Xiao Yan ( xiao1 502-549 yan3) Yongyuan ( yong3 yuan2) 499-501 Zhongxing ( zhong1 xing1) 501-502 Tianjian ( tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong ( pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong ( da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong ( zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong ( da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong ( zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing ( tai4 qing1) 547-549 Dabao ( da4 bao3) 550-551 Tianzheng ( tian1 zheng4) 551-552 Chengsheng ( cheng2 sheng4) 552-555 Tiancheng ( tian1 cheng2) 555 Shaotai ( shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping ( tai4 ping2) 556-557 Chen Dynasty 557-589 Convention: Chen + posthumous name chen2 ba4 xian1 557-559 chen2 qian4 560-566

liu3 zhun3 477-479 Qi Dynasty 479-502 Convention: Qi + posthumous name xiao1 dao4 479-482 cheng2 xiao1 ze2 483-493 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 494 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 494 xiao1 luan2 494-498

Jian Wen Di ( jian3 wen2 di4) Yu Zhang Wang ( yu4 zhang1 wang2) Yuan Di ( yuan2 di4) Zhen Yang Hou ( zhen1 yang2 hou2) jing4 di4

xiao1 gang1 xiao1 dong4 xiao1 yi4 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 xiao1 fang1 zhi4

549-551 551-552 552-555 555 555-557

wu3 di4 wen2 di4

Yongding ( yong3 ding4) 557-559 Tianjia ( tian1 jia1) 560-566

Tiankang ( tian1 kang1) 566 (Fe D) or (Ln Hi Wng) xuan1 di4 hou4 zhu3 chen2 bo2 zong1 chen2 xu1 chen2 shu2 bao3 567-568 569-582 583-589 Guangda ( guang1 da4) 567-568 Taijian ( tai4 jian4) 569-582 Zhide ( zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming ( zhen1 ming2) 587-589 Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587 Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao ) Personal Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their Names Reigns corresponding range of years Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. Zhong Zong ( zhong1 xuan1 di4 xiao1 555-562 Dading ( da4 ding4) 555-562 zong1) cha2 Shi Zong ( 4 zhong1 zong1) xiao4 ming2 di4 xiao1 562-585 Tianbao ( tian1 bao3) 562-585 kui1 Did not exist Xiao Jing Di| xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong| xiao1 585-587 Guangyun ( guang3 yun4) 585-587 ju3 gong1 cong2 Temple Names ( Miao Hao miao4 hao4)

Sui Dynasty
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao ) Wen Di wen2 di4 Yang Di yang2 di4 Gong Di gong1 di4 Personal Names yang2 jian1 yang2 guang3 yang2 you4 Sui Dynasty 581-618 Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name 581-604 Kaihuang ( kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou ( ren2 shou4) 601-604 605-617 617-618 Daye ( da4 ye4) 605-617 Yining ( yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty
For a list of Tang emperors on a separate page, click here. Temple Names ( Miao Hao ; ) Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) ( gao1 zu3) Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) ( tai4 zong1) Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) ( gao1 zong1) Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907 Personal Names Period of Reigns Convention: "Tang" + temple name li3 yuan1 618-626 li3 shi4 min2 627-649 li3 zhi4 650-683 Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years Wude ( wu3 de2) 618-626 Zhenguan ( zhen1 guan1) 627-649 Yonghui ( yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing ( xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo ( long2 shuo4) 661-663

Linde ( lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng ( qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang ( zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng ( xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan ( shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng ( yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu ( tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong ( yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao ( kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun ( yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao ( hong2 dao4) 683 Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) ( zhong1 zong1) li3 xian3 or Li Zhe| li3 zhe2 li3 dan4 684, 705-710 Sisheng ( si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong ( shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong ( jing3 long2) 707-710<be> 684-690, 710712 Wenming ( wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun ( jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji ( tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe ( yan2 he2) 712

Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) ( rui4 zong1)

Wu Ze Tian ( wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name)

Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) Convention: family name + posthumous name sheng4 shen2 690-705 Tianshou ( tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi ( ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou ( chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai ( yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng ( zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui ( tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng ( wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian ( wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong ( shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli ( sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi ( jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju ( da4 ju2) 701 Changan ( chang2 an1) 701-705 Continuation of Tang Dynasty li3 chong2 mao4 710 li3 long2 ji1 712-756 Tanglong ( tang2 long2) 710 Xiantian ( xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan ( kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao ( tian1 bao3) 742-756

Shang Di ( shang1 di4) see note below the table Xuan Zong ( xuan2 zong1)

Su Zong ( su4 zong1)

li3 heng1

756-762

Jide ( zhi4 de2) 756-758

Qianyuan ( qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan ( shang4 yuan2) 760-761 Dai Zong ( dai4 zong1) li3 yu4 762-779 Baoying ( bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde ( guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai ( yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali ( da4 li4) 766-779 De Zong ( de2 zong1) li3 gua1 780-805 Jianzhong ( 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan ( xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan ( zhen1 yuan2) 785-805 Shun Zong ( shun4 zong1) Xian Zong ( xian4 zong1) Mu Zong ( mu4 zong1) Jing Zong ( jing4 zong1) Wen Zong ( wen2 zong1) li3 song4 li3 chun2 li3 heng2 li3 zhan4 li3 ang2 805 806-820 821-824 824-826 826-840 Yongzhen ( yong3 zhen1) 805 Yuanhe ( yuan2 he2) 806-820 Changqing ( chang2 qing4) 821-824 Baoli ( bao3 li4) 824-826 Baoli ( bao3 li4) 826 Dahe ( da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 ) 827-835 Kaicheng ( kai1 cheng2) 836-840 Wu Zong ( wu3 zong1) Xuan Zong ( xuan1 zong1) Yi Zong ( yi4 zong1) Xi Zong ( xi1 zong1) li3 yan2 li3 chen2 li3 cui3 li3 xuan1 840-846 846-859 859-873 873-888 Huichang ( hui4 chang1) 841-846 Dachong ( da4 chong1) 847-859 Dachong ( da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong ( xian2 tong1) 860-873 Xiantong ( xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu ( qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming ( guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe ( zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi ( guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende ( wen2 de2) 888 Zhao Zong ( zhao1 zong1) li3 ye4 888-904 Longji ( long2 ji4) 889 Dashun ( da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu ( jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning ( qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua ( guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu ( tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou ( tian1 you4) 904 Ai Di ( ai1 di4) or zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below li3 zhu4 904-907 Tianyou ( tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di ( shao4 di4), Ai Di ( ai1 di4) and zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Temple Names ( Miao Hao miao4 hao4) Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960 Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao Personal Names Period of Reigns ) the Five Dynasties Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923 Too tedious thus not used when Zhu Wen| zhu1 wen1 907-912 referring to this sovereign mo4 di4 Zhu Zhen| zhu1 zhen4 913-923 Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years

tai4 zu3 Did not exist

Kaiping ( kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua ( qian2 hua4) 911-912 Qianhua ( qian2 hua4) 913-915 Zhenming ( zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde ( long2 de2) 921-923

zhuang1 zong1 ming2 zong1 Did not exist Did not exist gao1 zu3 Did not exist

Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign min3 di4 mo4 di4 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign chu1 di4

Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936 li3 cun2 xu4 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan| li3 dan3 li3 cong2 hou4 li3 cong2 ke1 Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947 shi4 jing4 tang2 shi4 chong2 gui4 Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 947-950 liu3 zhi1 yuan3 liu3 cheng2 you4 Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960 guo1 wei1 chai2 rong2

923-926 926-933 933-934 934-936 936-942 942-947

Tongguang ( tong2 guang1) 923-926 Tiancheng ( tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing ( chang2 xing1) 930-933 Yingshun ( ying4 shun4) 913-915 Qingtai ( qing1 tai4) 934-936 Tianfu ( tian1 fu2) 936-942 Tianfu ( tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun ( kai1 yun4) 944-947

gao1 zu3 Did not exist tai4 zu3 Shi Zong ( shi4 zong1) Did not exist

Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign yin3 di4 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign gong1 di4

947-948 948-950 951-954 954-959

Tianfu ( tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou ( qian2 you4) 948 Qianyou ( qian2 you4) 948-950 Guangshun ( guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande ( xian3 de2) 954 Xiande ( xian3 de2) 954-959 Xiande ( xian3 de2) 959-960

tai4 zu3

wu3 su4 wang2

chai2 zong1 xun4 959-960 the Ten Kingdoms Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978 qian2 liu2 904-932

Tianbao ( tian1 bao3) 908-923

Baoda ( bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng ( bao3 zheng4) 925-932 Shi Zong ( shi4 zong1) Cheng Zong cheng2 zong1) Did not exist Did not exist tai4 zu3 Did not exist Tai Zong ( tai4 zong1) Kang Zong ( kang1 zong1) Jing Zong ( jing3 zong1) Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist tai4 zu3 lie4 zong1 gao1 zu3 Did not exist wen2 mu4 wang2 zhong1 xian4 wang2 qian2 yuan2 guan4 qian2 zuo3 932-941 941-947 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Longqi ( long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe ( yong3 he2) 935 Too tedious thus not used when wang2 ji4 peng2 referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when wang2 yan2 xi1 referring to this sovereign Tian De Di ( tian1 de2 di4) (as wang2 yan2 zheng4 Emperor of Yin) Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963 wu3 xin4 wang2 gao1 ji4 xing1 wen2 xin4 wang2 gao1 cong2 hui4 yi4 wang2 gao1 bao3 rong2 shi4 zhong1 gao1 bao3 xu4 Did not exist gao1 ji4 chong1 Chu Kingdom 897-951 wu3 mo4 wang2 ma3 yin1 heng2 yang2 wang2 ma3 xi1 sheng1 wen2 zhao1 wang2 ma3 xi1 fan4 fei4 wang2 ma3 xi1 guang3 gong1 xiao4 wang2 ma3 xi1 e4 Did not exist ma3 xi1 chong2 Wu Kingdom 904-937 xiao4 wu3 di4 yang2 xing2 mi4 jing3 di4 yang2 wo4 xuan1 di4 yang2 long2 yan3 rui4 di4 yang2 pu3 935-939 939-944 943-945 909-928 928-948 948-960 960-962 962-963 897-930 930-932 932-947 947-950 950 950-951 904-905 905-908 908-921 921-937 Tongwen ( tong1 wen2) 936-939 Yonglong ( yong3 long2) 939-944 Tiande ( tian1 de2) 943-945 Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Did not exist Tianyao ( tian1 you4) 904-905 Tianyao ( tian1 you4) 905-908 Tianyao ( tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi ( wu3 yi4) 919-921 Shunyi ( shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen ( qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe ( da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo ( tian1 zuo4) 935-937 Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975

zhong1 xun4 wang2 qian2 zong1 947 zhong1 yi4 wang2 qian2 chu4 947-978 Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945 zhong1 yi4 wang2 wang2 shen3 zhi1 909-925 Did not exist wang2 yan2 han4 925-926 Hui Di ( hui4 di4) wang2 yan2 jun1 926-935

Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu| li3 hou4 zhu3. xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu| Too tedious thus not used when ( on top of ) li3 bian4 937-943 Shengyuan ( sheng1 yuan2) 937-943 referring to this sovereign lie4 zu3 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Too tedious thus not used when li3 jing3 943-961 Baoda ( bao3 da4) 943-958 referring to this sovereign Zong| yuan2 zong1 Jiaotai ( jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing ( zhong1 xing1) 958 Hou Zhu| hou4 zhu3 gao1 zu3 wu3 wang2 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 li3 yu4 Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan| ( on top of ) liu3 yan3 liu3 fen1 liu3 cheng2 liu3 chang3 Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979 liu3 min2 liu3 cheng2 jun1 liu3 ji4 en1 liu3 ji4 yuan2 Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925 wang2 jian4 961-975 917-925 Did not exist Qianheng ( qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong ( bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou ( da4 you3) 928-941 941-943 943-958 958-971 951-954 954-970 970 970-982 907-918 Guangtian ( guag1 tian1) 941-943 Yingqian ( ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe ( qian4 he2) 943-958 Dabao ( da4 bao3) 958-971 Qianyou ( qian2 you4) 951-954 Qianyou ( qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui ( tian1 hui4) 957-970 shao4 zhu3 Did not exist gao1 zu3 Did not exist ying1 wu3 di4 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Did not exist Guangyun ( guang3 yun4) 970-982 Tianfu ( tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng ( wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping ( yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng ( tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan ( tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian ( guang1 tian1) 918 wang2 yan3 Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 meng4 chang3 918-925 Qiande ( qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang ( xian2 kang1) 925 gao1 zu3 hou4 zhu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Did not exist 934 938-965 Mingde ( ming2 de2) 934 Mingde ( ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng ( guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Did not exist zhong1 zong1 hou4 zhu3 shi4 zu3 rui4 zong1

shang1 di4 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Did not exist shen2 wu3 di4 xiao4 he2 di4

hou4 zhu3

Did not exist

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms Name of Posts Personal Names Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (/) Captain General of Wuping| wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 liu3 yan2 Captain General of Wuping| wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui| wang2 jin4 kui2 Captain General of Hunan| hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 zhao1 xing2 feng2 Captain General of Hunan| hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 zhao1 bao3 quan2 Captaincy General of Quanzhang () Captain General of Quanzhang| quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 liu2 cong2 xiao4 Captain General of Quanzhang| quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 liu2 shao4 zi1 Captain General of Quanzhang| quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 zhang1 han4 si1 Captain General of Quanzhang| quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 chen2 hong2 jin4 Period on post 950-953 953-956 956-962 962-963 945-962 962 962-963 963-978

Liao Dynasty
Temple Names ( Miao Hao mioho) Taizu ( Tiz) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ninho) and their Reigns shho) corresponding range of years Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name Too tedious thus not used when referring Yel Abaoji ( 907-926 Shence ( Shnc) 916-922 to this sovereign Yl boj) Tianzan ( Tinzn) 922-926 Tianxian ( Tinxin) 926 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yl Dgung 926-947 Tianxian ( Tinxin) 927-938 Huitong ( Hutng) 938-947 Datong ( Dtng) 947 Yl Run Yl Jng Yl Xin Yl Lngx 947-951 951-969 969-982 982-1031 Tianlu ( Tinl) 947-951 Yingli ( Yngl) 951-969 Baoning ( Bonng) 969-979 Qianheng ( Qinhng) 979-982 Qianheng ( Qinhng) 982 Tonghe ( Tngh) 983-1012 Kaitai ( Kiti) 1012-1021 Taiping ( Tipng) 1021-1031 Yl Zngzhn Yl Hngj 1031-1055 1055-1101 Jingfu ( Jngf) 1031-1032 Chongxi ( Chngx) 1032-1055 Qingning ( Qngnng) 1055-1064 Liao Dynasty 907-1125 Born Names

Taizong ( Tizng)

Shizong ( Shzng) Muzong ( Mzng) Jingzong ( Jngzng) Shengzong ( Shngzng)

Xingzong ( Xngzng) Daozong ( Dozng)

Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Too tedious thus not used when referring

to this sovereign

Xianyong ( Xinyng) 1065-1074 Taikang ( Tikng) or Dakang ( Dkng) 1075-1084 Da'an ( D'n) 1085-1094 Shouchang ( Shuchng) or Shoulong ( Shulng) 1095-1101 Yl Ynx 1101-1125 Qiantong ( Qintng) 1101-1110 Tianqing ( Tinqng) 1111-1120 Baoda ( Bod) 1121-1125

Did not exist

Tianzuodi ( Tinzud)

Song Dynasty
For a list of Song emperors on a separate page, click here. Song dynasty 960-1279 Temple Names ( Miao Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao Born Names Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their Hao Mio Ho) ) Reigns corresponding range of years Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing ( Sng D Bng) Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127 Taizu ( Tiz) too tedious; thus, not used when Zhao Kuangyin ( Zho Kungyn) 960-976 Jianlong ( Jinlng) 960-963 referring to this sovereign Qiande ( Qind) 963-968 Kaibao ( Kibo) 968-976 Taizong ( Tizng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Kuangyi ( Zho Kungy) or Zhao Guangyi ( Zho Gungy) or Zhao Jiong ( Zho Jing) 976-997 Taipingxingguo ( Tipngxnggu) 976-984 Yongxi ( Yngx) 984-987 Duangong ( Dungng) 988989 Chunhua ( Chnhu) 990-994 Zhidao ( Zhdo) 995-997 997-1022 Xianping ( Xinpng) 998-1003 Jingde ( Jngd) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu ( Dzhngxingf) 1008-1016 Tianxi ( Tinx) 1017-1021 Qianxing ( Qinxng) 1022 Zhao Zhen ( Zho Zhn) 1022-1063 Tiansheng ( Tinshng) 1023-1032 Mingdao ( Mngdo) 1032-1033 Jingyou ( Jngyu) 1034-1038 Baoyuan ( Boyun) 1038-1040

Zhenzong ( Zhnzng)

too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign

Zhao Heng ( Zho Hng)

Renzong ( Rnzng)

too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign

Kangding ( Kngdng) 1040-1041 Qingli ( Qngl) 1041-1048 Huangyou ( Hungyu) 1049-1054 Zhihe ( Zhh) 1054-1056 Jiayou ( Jiyu) 1056-1063 Yingzong ( Yngzng) Shenzong ( Shnzng) Zhezong ( Zhzng) Huizong ( Huzng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Shu ( Zho Sh) Zhao Xu ( Zho X) 1063-1067 1067-1085 Zhiping ( Zhpng) 1064-1067 Xining ( Xnng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng ( Yunfng) 10781085 Zhao Xu ( Zho X) 1085-1100 Yuanyou ( Yunyu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng ( Shoshng) 1094-1098 Yuanfu ( Yunf) 1098-1100 Zhao Ji ( Zho J) 1100-1125 Jianzhongjingguo ( Jinzhngjnggu) 1101 Chongning ( Chngnng) 1102-1106 Daguan ( Dgun) 1107-1110 Zhenghe ( Zhngh) 1111-1118 Chonghe ( Chngh) 1118-1119 Xuanhe ( Xunh) 1119-1125 Qinzong ( Qnzng) Gaozong ( Gozng) Xiaozong ( Xiozng) Guangzong ( Gungzng) Ningzong ( Nngzng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Huan ( Zho Hun) Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279 Zhao Gou ( Zho Gu) Zhao Shen ( Zho Shn) 1126-1127 1127-1162 1162-1189 Jingkang ( Jngkng) 1125-1127 Jianyan ( Jinyn) 1127-1130 Shaoxing ( Shoxng) 1131-1162 Longxing ( Lngxng) 1163-1164 Qiandao ( Qindo) 1165-1173 Chunxi ( Chnx) 1174-1189 Zhao Dun ( Zho Dn) Zhao Kuo ( Zho Ku) 1189-1194 1194-1224 Shaoxi ( Shox) 1190-1194 Qingyuan ( Qngyun) 1195-1200 Jiatai ( Jiti) 1201-1204 Kaixi ( Kix) 1205-1207 Jiading ( Jidng) 1208-1224 Zhao Yun ( Zho Yn) 1224-1264 Baoqing ( Boqng) 1225-1227 Shaoding ( Shodng) 1228-1233 Duanping ( Dunpng) 1234-1236 Jiaxi ( Jix) 1237-1240

Lizong ( Lzng)

too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign

Chunyou ( Chnyu) 1241-1252 Baoyou ( Boyu) 1253-1258 Kaiqing ( Kiqng) 1259 Jingding ( Jngdng) 1260-1264 Duzong ( Dzng) Gongzong ( Gngzong) Duan Zong ( Dun Zng) did not exist too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Gong Di ( Gngd) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Di ( D) or Wei Wang ( Wiwng) Zhao Qi ( Zho Q) Zhao Xian ( Zho Xin) Zhao Shi ( Zho Sh) Zhao Bing ( Zho Bng) 1264-1274 1274-1276 1276-1278 1278-1279 Xianchun ( Xinchn) 1265-1274 Deyou ( Dyu) 1275-1276 Jingyan ( Jngyn) 1276-1278 Xiangxing ( Xingxng) 12781279

Western Xia
Temple names Jngzng () Posthumous names Wlid () Western Xia 1032-1227 Chinese family name and first names Reigns Era names and their according durations Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names" L Yunho 1032-1048 Xindo () 1032-1034 () Kiyn () 1034 Gungpng () 1035-1036 Dqng () 1036-1038 Tinshulfynzu () 1038-1048 1048-1067 Ynsnnggu () 1048-1049 Tinyuchushng () 1050-1052 Fshngchngdo () 1053-1056 Dud () 1036-1038 Gnghu () 1063-1067 1067-1086 Qindo () 1067-1069 Tinclshngguqng () 1070-1074 D'n () 1075-1085 Tin'nldng () 1085-1086 1086-1139 Tinyzhpng () 1086-1089 Tinyumn'n () 1090-1097 Yng'n () 1098-1100 Zhngun () 1101-1113 Yngnng () 1114-1118 Yund () 1119-1127 Zhngd () 1127-1134

Yzng ()

Zhoyngd ()

L Lingzu ()

Huzng ()

Kngjngd ()

L Bngchng ()

Chngzng ()

Shngwnd ()

L Qinshn ()

Dd () 1135-1139 Rnzng () Shngzhnd () L Rnxio () 1139-1193 Dqng () 1139-1143 Rnqng () 1144-1148 Tinshng () 1149-1170 Qinyu () 1170-1193 1193-1206 1206-1211 1211-1223 1223-1226 1226-1227 Tinqng () 1193-1206 Qngtin () 1206-1209 Hungjin () 1210-1211 Gungdng () 1211-1223 Qindng () 1223-1226 Boy () 1226-1227

Hunzng () Xingzng () Shnzng () Xinzng () Mzh ()

Zhojinj () Jngwd () Yngwnd () Did not exist Did not exist

L Chnyu () L nqun () L Znx () L Dwng () L Xin ()

Jin Dynasty
Temple Names ( Miao Hao Mio Ho) Tiz Jin Dynasty 1115-1234 Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao Born Names Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding ) Reigns range of years Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name (1) Wnyn gd 1115-1123 Shugu 1115-1116 Tinf 1117-1123 Tizng (1) Wnyn Wqmi or Wnyn (Shng or Chng) (1) Wnyn Hl 1135-1149 1123-1134 Tinhu 1123-1134

Xzng

Tinhu

or Wnyn Dn

1135-1138 Tinjun 1138-1141 Hungtng 1141-1149

(2)

Hilngwng

Wnyn Ling

1149-1161

Tind 1149-1153 Zhnyun 1153-1156 Zhnglng 1156-1161

Shzng Zhngzng

(1)

Wnyn Yng

1161-1189

Ddng 1161-1189

(1)

Wnyn Jng

1190-1208

Mngchng 1190-1196 Chng'n 1196-1200 Tih 1200-1208

(2)

Wishowng or Wiwng

Wnyn Yngj

1209-1213

D'n 1209-1212 Chngqng 1212-1213

Zhnng 1213 Xunzng (1) Wnyn Xn 1213-1223 Zhnyu 1213-1217 Xngdng 1217-1222 Yungung 1222-1223 izng (1) Wnyn Shux 1224-1234 Zhngd 1224-1232 Kixng 1232 Tinxng 1232-1234 (2) Md (1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. (2) Did not exist Wnyn Chngln 1234 (2)

Yuan Dynasty
Period of Era names and their Reigns corresponding range of years Convention: use first name (e.g. Temjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 Temple names Posthumous names Khan Names Given names

2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temr means the same Mongolian words but Temr will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane. Taizu ( Tiz) too tedious; thus, not used when Genghis Khan Borjigin Temjin ( 1206-1227 did not exist referring to this sovereign Brzhjn Timzhn) Ruizong ( too tedious; thus, not used when Tolui Borjigin Tolui ( 1228 did not exist referring to this sovereign BrzhjnTuli) Ruzng) Taizong ( too tedious; thus, not used when gedei Khan Borjigin gedei ( 1229-1241 did not exist referring to this sovereign Tizng) Brzhjn Wkuti) Dingzong ( too tedious; thus, not used when Gyk Khan Borjigin Gyk ( Brzhjn 1246-1248 did not exist referring to this sovereign Dngzng) Guyu) Xianzong ( too tedious; thus, not used when Mngke Khan Borjigin Mngke ( Brzhjn 1251-1259 did not exist referring to this sovereign Mngg) Xinzng) Shizu ( Shz) too tedious; thus, not used when Kublai Khan Borjigin Kublai ( 1260-1294 Zhongtong ( referring to this sovereign Zhngtng) 1260-1264 Brzhjn Hbli) Zhiyuan ( Zhyun) 1264-1294 Chengzong ( Chngzng) Wuzong ( Wzng) Renzong ( Rnzng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Temr ljeyt Khn Qayshan Glk Ayurparibhadra Borjigin Temr ( Brzhjn Tim'r) Borjigin Qayshan ( Brzhjn Hishn) Borjigin Ayurparibhadra ( Brzhjn iylblbd) 1294-1307 Yuanzhen ( Yunzhn) 1295-1297 Dade ( Dd) 1297-1307 1308-1311 1311-1320 Zhida ( Zhd) 13081311 Huangqing ( Hungqng) 1312-1313 Yanyou ( Ynyu) 13141320 Yingzong ( Yngzng) did not exist (1) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Taiding Di ( Tidng D) (2) Tianshun Di ( Tinshn D) (2) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Suddhipala Gege'en Yesn-Temr Borjigin Suddhipala ( Brzhjn Shudbl) Borjigin Yesn-Temr ( Brzhjn Ysntimr) Borjigin Arigaba ( Brzhjn sjb) Borjigin Toq-Temr ( Brzhjn Ttimr) 1321-1323 1323-1328 Zhizhi ( Zhzh) 13211323 Taiding ( Tidng) 13211328 Zhihe ( Zhh) 1328 did not exist (1) Wenzong ( Wnzng) Arigaba Jijaghatu ToqTemr 1328 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 Tianshun ( Tinshn) 1328 Tianli ( Tinl) 13281330 Zhishun ( Zhshn) 13301332 Mingzong ( Mngzng) Ningzong ( Nngzng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Qoshila Qutuqtu Irinchibal Borjigin Qoshila ( Brzhjn Hshl) Borjigin Irinchibal ( Brzhjn Ylnzhbn) 1329 1332 did not exist Zhishun ( Zhshn) 1332

Huizong ( Huzng) (1)

Shundi ( Shnd)

Toghan-Temr

Borjigin Toghan-Temr ( Brzhjn Tuhun Timr)

1333-1370

Zhishun ( Zhshn) 1333 Yuantong ( Yuntng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan ( Zhyun) 1335-1340 Zhizheng ( Zhzhng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan ( Zhyun) 1368-1370

(1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. Yun Ti Dng D. (2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name. Northern Yuan Dynasty (after overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in China in 1368) 1368 - early 15th centurycitation needed Temple Names (Miao Hao Mio Posthumous Names Khan Born Names Period of Era Names (Nian Hao ) and (Shi Hao ) Names Reigns Ho) their corresponding range of years Convention: use khan names or born names. Note: 1) />2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temr means the same Mongolian words but Temr will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. Huizong ( Huzng) (same Shundi ( Shnd) ToghanBorjigin Toghan-Temr ( 1333-1370 Zhishun ( Zhshn) 1333 Temr person as the last Yuan Brzhjn Tuhun Timr) Yuantong ( Yuntng) 1333emperor in China) 1335 Zhiyuan ( Zhyun) 1335-1340 Zhizheng ( Zhzhng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan ( Zhyun) 1368-1370 Zhaozong ( Zhozng) Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan ( Brzhjn iyshldl) did not exist did not exist Usakhal Tgs Temr of the Borjigin clan ( Khan Brzhjn Tugs Timr) (1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. Yun Ti Dng D. For the later Mongol Khans, see List of Mongol Khans did not exist Biligt Khan 1370-1378 1378-1387 Xuanguang ( Xungung) 1371-1378 Tianguang ( Tingung) 1378-1387

Ming Dynasty
To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here. Personal Name Posthumous name1 (short form) Temple name1 Reign name Reign years Name by which most commonly known

Zh Yunzhng Zh Ynwn Zh D Zh Goch Zh Zhnj Zh Qzhn

God Hud Wnd Zhod Zhngd Rud

Tiz None given Chngz, or Tizng, Rnzng Xunzng Yngzng

Hngw Jinwn Yngl Hngx Xund Zhngtng, 1436-1449; Tinshn, 1457-1464 Jngti Chnghu Hngzh Zhngd Jijng Lngqng Wnl Tichng Tinq

1368-1398 1398-1402 1402-1424 1424-1425 1425-1435 1435-1449; 1457-1464

The Hongwu Emperor The Jianwen Emperor The Yongle Emperor The Hongxi Emperor The Xuande Emperor The Zhengtong Emperor

Zh Qy Zh Jinshn Zh Yutng Zh Huzho Zh Hucng Zh Zihu Zh Yjn Zh Chnglu Zh Yujio

Jngd Chnd Jngd Yd Sd Zhungd Xind Zhnd Zhd

Dizng Xinzng Xiozng Wzng Shzng Mzng Shnzng Gungzng Xzng

1449-1457 1464-1487 1487-1505 1505-1521 1521-1566 1566-1572 1572-1620 1620 1620-1627

The Jingtai Emperor The Chenghua Emperor The Hongzhi Emperor The Zhengde Emperor The Jiajing Emperor The Longqing Emperor The Wanli Emperor The Taichang Emperor The Tianqi Emperor

 Zh Yujin

Zhunglimnhungd

Szng, or Yzng,

Chngzhn 1627-1644 The Chongzhen Emperor

1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. 2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. 3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun Dynasty
This is the state set up by the peasants' rebellion. The Ming forces were destroyed by the Shun rebels, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels. Personal Name Li Zicheng Temple name Chung Wng Reign name Yung Chang Reign years 1644

Southern Ming Dynasty

This is the regime established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan. Personal Name Zh Yusng Zh Yjin Zh Chngfng Temple name nzng Shozng None given Reign name Hnggung Lngw None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) L Wng Ln Gu None given None given, 1645-1653 1645 1645-1646 Reign years 1644-1645 Name by which most commonly known Prince of Fu F Wng Prince of Tang Tng Wng Prince of Lu (Luh*) L Wng

Zh Yhi

Prince of Lu (Lou*)

but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) L Wng Ln Gu None given Zhozng Show Yngl 1646-1662 1646

L Wng

Zh Yyu Zh Yulng

Prince of Tang (Shaowu) Tng Wng Prince of Gui Gu Wng

* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing Dynasty
To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here. Given name1 Nurhaci pinyin: N'rhch Hong Taiji4 pinyin: Hungtij Posthumous name (short form) God Wnd Tiz Tizng Temple name Reign name Chinese, Manchu Tinmng Abkai fulingga Tincng Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chngd Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643 Shnzh Ijishn dasan Kngx Elhe taifin Yngzhng 1722-1735 Yongzheng Emperor 1661-1722 Kangxi Emperor 1643-16615 Shunzhi Emperor 1626-1643 Huang Taiji 1616-1626 Reign years Name by which most commonly known Nurhaci

Fln Xuny Ynzhn

Zhngd Rnd Xind

Shz Shngz Shzng

Hwaliyasun tob Hngl Yngyn Mnnng Yzh Zichn Zitin Py also known as Henry Chnd Rud Chngd Xind Yd Jngd Xnd 8 Gozng Rnzng Xunzng Wnzng Mzng Dzng None given 9 Qinlng Abkai wehiyehe Jiqng Saicungga fengen Dogung Doro eldengge Xinfng Gubci elgiyengge Tngzh Yooningga dasan Gungx Badarangga doro Xuntng Gehungge yoso 1908-192410 (died 1967) Xuantong Emperor 1875-19087 Guangxu Emperor 1861-18757 Tongzhi Emperor 1850-1861 Xianfeng Emperor 1820-1850 Daoguang Emperor 1735-1796 (died 1799)6 1796-1820 Jiaqing Emperor Qianlong Emperor

1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro ( aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. 2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. 3 Nurhaci founded the Jin () or Later Jin () dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. 4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (). 5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. 6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. 7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. 8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.

9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (). Temple name: Gongzong (). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. 10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" ( ) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong () (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde () (1934-1945).

Taiping Rebellion
Personal name Reign name (nian hao) Hong Xiuquan Hong Tianguifu Yunnin None given May, 1864 - August, 1864 Hong Tianguifu August, 1851 - May, 1864 Reign years Name by which most commonly known Hong Xiuquan

Yuan Shikai's Empire of China

Personal name Reign name (nian hao) Yuan Shikai Hngxin (Hung-hsien) 1916 Reign years Name by which most commonly known Yuan Shikai