Bonding

Acid etch technique Enamel bondig agents Dentin bonding agents Manipulation of dentin bonding agents Pit and fissure sealants

Acid etch technique

ACID ETCH TECHNIQUE

Cavities requiring added retention (to hold firmly) are treated with an acid etching technique. This technique improves the seal of the composite resin to the cavity wall. The enamel adjacent to the margins of the preparation is slightly decalcified with a 40 to 50 percent phosphoric acid solution. This etched enamel enhances the mechanical retention of the composite resin. In addition, the acid etch technique is used to splint unstable teeth to adjacent teeth. The acid is left on the cut tooth structure only 15 seconds, in accordance with the directions for one common commercial brand. The area is then flushed with water for a minimum of 30 seconds to remove the decalcified material. Etched tooth structure will have a chalky appearance.
2-4. PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS

Pit and fissure sealants are similar to the unfilled resin portion of acid etch composite filling materials. This plastic resin is used as a prophylactic seal of occlusal pits and fissures. The purpose is to prevent carious destruction of tooth structure. The sealant is used when there is a deep occlusal pit or fossa or a lingual pit, when there is an intact occlusal surface with a carious or restored contra lateral tooth surface, and where there is high carious activity, poor oral hygiene, or newly erupted posterior teeth.
INTERMEDIATE RESTORATIVE MATERIAL

Intermediate restorative material (IRM) is a zinc oxide and eugenol cement that has been reinforced for increased strength. It is used as an intermediate base beneath a metallic restoration and also as a temporary restoration. MD0502
2-3

Introduction
Many techniques used in restorative dentistry make use of acid etching. Used to remove approximately 1% of the enamel surface and open up crystalline matrix of enamel to a bonding agent. When bonding agent subsequently applied in liquid form, it will flow into microprojections in the enamel created by the acid and increase the surface area onto which final material will be bonded. Uses

Prior to other restorative dentistry techniques.

Advantages Allows increased surface area for other materials used in restorative dentistry to be bonded to enamel.

Requirements
Materials required Minimum equipment Flour grade pumice. Minimum consumables Dentine adhesive. Gel of orthophosphoric acid (38%).

Teeth and Types of Teeth

Human teeth are made up of calcium and phosphorus.

Teeth: Structure of the Teeth

A tooth is divided into two parts. The upper portion is known as the crown and the lower one is known as the root. The crown of the tooth is further divided into the anatomic and clinical crown. The anatomical is the portion of the tooth encased in the enamel while the clinical crown is the one exposed or visible in the month. A tooth is

composed of four primary elements namely, enamel, dentin, cementum and root

Enamel Enamel is a calcif and hardest tissue in the human body that covers the entire anatomic crown of the toothied Enamel or dental cuticle comprises of enamel rods, which are almost 5surface of the tooth from the dentinenamel junction to 10 million in numbers and proceed towards the

Acid-Etch Technique Under the acid-etching technique phosphoric acid is placed on the enamel for 30 seconds to one minute and then sponged out. The procedure facilitates the bonding agent to penetrate into the dentin tubules and then establishing a micromechanical interlock besmear deposit and increase the enamel adhering surface region between the dentin and the restoration. The purpose of etching is to eradicate the dentin smear deposit and increase the enamel adhering surface region The surface of the enamel is smooth, but the use of the acid can affect its smoothness and damage it as well. Therefore, the phosphoric acid solution is diluted in water in the proportion of approximately 1:2. Later in the form of a gel or liquefied

solution (Barkmeier, Shaffer & Gwinnett 1986) it can be mixed with the polymer or silica thickening agent. Both gel and liquid are equally effective in their functioning

The acid-etch technique mainly involves the following steps: 1. Cleaning of the surface of the tooth. 2. Drying surface completely. 3. Polishing the surface of the flouthe tooth from saliva and moisture. 5. Rinsing the complete surface for 20 to 30 seconds with phosphoric acidr of pumice. 4. Applying gauze for protecting 5. Rinsing the complete surface for 20 to 30 seconds with phosphoric acid 6. The region is dried again. 7. The procedure should be repeated if the surface has been contaminated with

moisture or if the surface does not appear chalky

Acid Etch (UltraEtch) with 35% phosphoric acid 10-20 seconds

ENAMEL BONDING AGENTS

Enamel bonding agents were developed to enhance the wettability to etched enamel. This agents have no potential for adhesion but tend to improve mechanical bonding by opyimum formation of resin tags within the enamel. Enamel bonding agents have been made by combining different dimethacrylate such as bis-GMA and TEGDMA to control viscosity.because enamel can be kept dry,these rather hydrophobic resins work well as long as they are restricted to enamel.

DENTIN BONDING AGENTS

Dentin poses greater obstacles to adhesive bonding than does enamel,bcz dentin is a living tissue. The tubular nature of dentin provides a variable area through which dentinal fluid may flow to the surface to adversely affect adhesion. Dentin adhesives should be hydrophillic to displace the dentinal fluid thereby wet the surface,permitting then to penetrate porosities within the dentin and eventually react with organic or inorganic components. The bonding agent should contain both hydrophillic and hydrophobic materials.the hydrophillic part should be designed to interact wit the moist dentin surface,whereas the hydrophobic part should bond to the restorative resin. Chemistry:: Dentun bonding could be achieved by forming chemical bonds between a resin system and either the inorganic or organiccomponent of dentin.the molecules that were designed for these purpose can be represented by a M-R-X molucle, M-METHACRYLATE GROUP R-SPACER(hydrocarbon) X-FUNCTIONAL GROUP(targeted foe adhesion to tooth tissue) During polymerization thr methacrylate group of M-R-X molecule would react with the composite material and form a chemical bond between composite and dentin. The key to adhesion is to find hyddrophillic monmers that can easily infiltrate the collagen mesh produced by conditioning dentin with an acid often called a conditoner.Egs are HEMA,polyacrylic acid and

TYPES OF DENTIN BONDING AGENTS

RESIN,both filled and u nfilled,hve been employed as pit and fissure sealents.these resin include cyanoacrylates,polyurithanes,and bis-GMA resin. The sealent must be of low viscosity so that they will flow readily into the depths of pit and fissures.