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W ( z) =
q 2 ( z z1 ) i 2 ( z z1 )
W ( z) =
dz in Polar Form
ix
dz =
ds z z+dz so
or
Useful! E.g. velocity components parallel and normal to line are given by
dz vs ivn = W ( z )e = W ( z ) ds
i
Panels
Singularity distributed along a line Example: The Source Panel (or Sheet) Consider a point source + Imagine spreading the source along a line. We would then end up with a certain strength per unit length q(s) that could vary with distance s along the line. Each elemental length of the line ds would behave like a miniature source and so would produce a velocity field: z1
z s ds z1
Where z1 ( s) gives the coordinate of the line at s. The total flowfield produced by the line is then:
Vortex?
panel
q( s )ds z z1 ( s )
ds
vn a vs z1
b z
So
e i
In terms of components aligned with the panel:
ei
z za dz1 q loge = zz ds 2 b
vs ivn = W ( z )
The panel is not a solid boundary. To make it behave like a solid boundary in a flow you would have to set the strength q so that the total vn (due to the panel and the flow) is zero Vortex?
Break up the body surface into N straight panels. Write an expression for the normal component of velocity at the middle of the panel from the sum of all the velocities produced by the panels and the free stream. Gives N expressions. Given that each expression must be equal to zero, solve the N equations for the N strengths
control point
panel
zb(2)
za(2)
2 1 N N-1
nth
panel
za(N-1)
zb(N-1)
zc =
1 2
(za + zb ) i ( zb za )
zb
zc za
Center point
Displacement
z za ( n ) ds (n) 1 W ( z ) = W + q loge z z ( n ) dz 2 n =1 b 1
N
(n)
(n) (m) Velocity at the control point of ( N zc m ) za ( n ) ds dz1 ( m ) 1 dz1 loge ( m ) = W + q( n ) the mth panel zc(m) in panel z z ( n ) dz 2 ds n =1 b 1 ds c aligned components is
So, velocity normal to the mth panel is Velocity parallel to the mth panel is
C ( m ,n )
We want the normal velocity to be zero, so this is what we use to get the qs We write Or
dz1 ( m ) N ( n ) Im W = q Im{C ( m ,n ) } ds n =1
1xN result matrix (known)
Once we have solved this for the qs we can use eqn. 2 to get the velocities along the body surface, or eqn. 1 to get them anywhere else
Summary
Define coordinates of start and end of panels za and zb
z z dz = ei = b a Compute the panel slopes ds zb z a
( ( zan ) , zbn )
1 2
(za + zb ) i ( zb za )
dz1 ( m) W Im ds
(n)
Determine the component of W normal to each panel Determine the influence coefficients C ( m,n )
( zc m ) za ( n ) ds 1 = loge ( m ) z z ( n ) dz 2 b c 1
dz1 ds
(m)
Solve the matrix problem, i.e. matrix divide Im{C ( m ,n ) } by Compute the flow velocities and pressures
dz1 ( m) W Im ds
Matlab Code
( ( z an ) , zbn ) , dz1 ds (n)
(n zc )
C ( m ,n )
dz1 ( m) Result W matrix Im ds
dz1 ( m ) N ( n ) Re W + q Re{C ( m ,n ) } ds n =1
Velocities along body surface
Matrix div.
ConstantSourcePanel.m
W = 1 +
10 ( z 5) 2
Update plotting
LinearSourcePanel.m
qc
qa
a
LinearSourcePanel.m
W ( z) =
insert -i*
Change last column of cm so that it sums total panel strength. Set last value of res equal to the circulation
insert -i*
Change last column of cm so that it sums total panel strength. Set last value of res equal to the circulation
Change last column of cm so that to be 1 at the index corresponding to the trailing edge. Set last value of res equal to zero
Change last column of cm so that to be 1 at the index corresponding to the trailing edge. Set last value of res equal to zero
Kutta condition is applied to the end point of the kth panel, i.e. at z(b(k))
LinearVortexPanelKutta.m
( z a + z b ) i ( z b z a )
Center point
Displacement
assumes that as you move from a to b you are progressing counter-clockwise around the body surface. (For clockwise you need to reverse the sign before i).