Tucuman 2011 Daniel

Daniel Varela Magalhes
Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica Escola de Engenharia de So Carlos USP daniel@sc.usp.br http://cepof.ifsc.usp.br
Atomic Fountain and Compact Clock Experiments
Time Clocks International System of Units (SI) Standards of Time and Frequency Importence of the Unit of Time Cold Atoms Modern Clocks Aplications and implications
3
What is time?
Present Past Future

4
What is Time?
Organizer
Event Sequencer
Present Past Future
Need of common elements for a temporal rule

5
Clocks
Acumulator + periodic event generator or constant rate reference
Relgio de Sol
Relgio de Areia
Relgio de Vela
Relgio de gua - Clepsidra
Clocks Relgio de Pndulo Relgio de Mola
Clocks Relgio de Quartzo
Common elements for a temporal rule
Standardization of the time markers
Establishment of calendars Months Weeks Days Hours Minutes Seconds Present Past Future
9
Standardization
Convention du mtre (may, 20th of 1875) Stablishment of BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) Need of common references for international commerce and industry
Adoption, in 1960, of the International System of Units (SI)
Metrical, electrical and photometrical units Seven base units Derivated units and supplementary Almost universally used in science and technology
10
SI International System of Units www.nist.gov
11
Importance of the Unit of Time

metre - The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram - The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second - The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. ampere - The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 107 newton per metre of length. kelvin - The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water mole 1.The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. 2.When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. candela - The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
12 www.bipm.fr
References of Time and Frequency
Mean Solar Day
Astronomic Data
Material Properties
13
References of Time and Frequency
Redefinition of the reference of time and frequency
NBS (NIST) technical note, dezembro de 1964
14
O Segundo Atmico
1964
The standard to be employed is the transition between the two hyperfine levels F=4 , mf=0 and F=3, mf =0 of the fundamental state 6S1/2 of the atom of cesium 133 undisturbed by external fields and the value 9 192 631 770 hertz is assigned.
Experimentos desde 1955 L. Essen e J. Parry (NPL)
1967
La seconde est la dure de 9192631770 priodes de la transition correspondant la transition entre les deux niveaux hyperfins de ltat fondamental de latome de 133Cs
15
Padro de Feixe Efusivo de Cs
16
Importncia da unidade de tempo Dependncia casual ou proposital?

kilograma
Medida de fora
ampre ohm c,0 segundo c metro

2e/h
volt
Efeito Hall Quntico
Efeito Josephson
Balana de Watt
17
O Segundo Atmico
O 133Cs como referncia primria de freqncia
Padro passivo O tomo precisa ser interrogado com respeito a um oscilador local Freqncia de tansio na banda X 9192631770Hz Mtodos usados em espectroscopia de microondas - NMR
18
O Segundo Atmico
19
Travando o oscilador na ressonncia atmica
Estabilidade e preciso
f (t ) = f 0 [1 + (t ) + y (t )]
y(t) Incertezas do tipo A (estatsticas)
1,0
Probabilidade de transio
(t) Incertezas do tipo B (sistemticas)
Estabilidade, preciso X Exatido, acurcia

0,5
- fm
f0
Modulao (Hz)
+ fm
20
Travando o oscilador na ressonncia atmica
Efeitos Sistemticos Deslocamentos de frequncia

A definio do segundo tomada como livre de perturbaes externas
Principais fatores
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Campo magntico Radiao de corpo negro Colises atmicas Velocidade dos tomos Diferenas entre cavidades Vazamentos de micro-ondas
f0
f= f0 +
21
Measurements - Stability
(1 2) 10 13 1 / 2 ?
x(t)
y(t)
Oscillator under test
f/N
St Sp
Time Interval Counter
Reference Oscillator
f/N Data rec.
Fractional Frequency
y1 y0 y (t ) = y0
22
Measurements Allan Variance
Problems with simple variance calculations
1 2 y ( ) = ( y (t + ) y (t )) 2
Finite data
1 2 y ( ) ( yi+1 yi ) 2(M 1) i =1
M 1 1 2
Phase diference data 1 PPS
1 y ( ) 2( N 2) 2
N 2
2 (xi+2 2 xi+1 + xi ) i =1
23
Cold Atoms Standards SYRTE S. Bize
24
Cold Atoms Standards High performance comparisons
5 MHz
HP
GPS
SR620
Counter limitations < 10-10
GPIB
25
Cold Atoms Standards High performance comparisons
Padro de Referncia
Sntese de VCO 10MHz Microondas 9192631770Hz
PLL
10MHz 10MHz Mod
DS345
Varincia de Allan I II III
y (t ) =
1 0 0
GPIB
DAQ
Tempo
26
Frequency Synthesis and links
Microwave chains 9.2 GHz, 6.8 GHz High perf. quartz osc. Hydrogen MASERS
Cryogenic Oscillators Saphire osc. 11.932 GHz
10-15
Sqrt of the Allan Variance

1E-13
y( )
y(s )
~10-13 at 1s
10-16 1
1E-14 10 100
-1
10
100
1000
(s)
/s
27 Molly (SYRTE) P. Wolf
Atomic Standards - Principles
Passive frequency standard
9.2GHz
100MHz
10MHz
Search for techniques to better interrogate the atomic transition

28
Ramsey Method
Cs oven and state selection region Interaction region: Microwave cavity Cesium beam State analysis and detection region
The Rabi method

<v>
Pin(w)
l
k3 a3
A
pulse
R
k2 k1 w b
h
f
The Ramsey method Separated oscillatory fields

Oven and state selection Cavity
L
Cesium beam
Cavity
State analysis and detection
<v>
2 x /2 pulses
0 k R a3( ) k
1 3
l
a3( 0) k bw 2
Pin( w) t k
3
l
+T + kT+ 3 t
P
k a3(+ t)
1
hf
k
2
k
1
w R a3(+T+)
k 2 b
29 J. Vanier
Ramsey Method L rf 10L 12L rf

1,0
L rf
L rf
0,8
P()
0,4 0,2 0,0 -100
L rf
10L
L rf
0,6
-50
50
100
Cavidade de Microondas Microwave cavity M1 M2 Det
-0(Hz)
30
6 S 12
F=4 F=3
9192,6MHz 9,192GHz
31
T = 363 K T = 293 K
f ()
32
T = 363 K T = 293 K
f ( )
33
tomos Frios
Resfriamento
Absoro
Fton
Emisso em Direes randmicas
tomo novamente preparado para absorver um fton

34
tomos Frios
Aprisionamento
Campo magntico Armadilha magneto-ptica Potencial confinante
35
tomos Frios
Reativao do experimento de Zacharias ???
Fountain de Zacharias Dcada de 50
H1 = 2.5 m H2 = 5.9 m
Nenhum tomo detectado no retorno T. Heavner
36
tomos Frios
Chafariz de tomos frios
Interrogao
Aprisionamento
Deteco
37
Chafariz de tomos Frios
Preparao de uma amostra de tomos
Aprisionamento e resfriamento
38
Lanamento dos tomos frios
Voo balstico da nuvem de tomos
39
Interrogao de micro-ondas
Excitao da transio relgio
40
Deteco da eficincia
Fluorescncia da amostra atmica
Intensidade / Volt
Cross Talk
0,0
0,1
Tempo de vo / ms
41
42
Primeira fountain de tomos frios

Largura de ~ 4 Hz
43
Estabilidade de 10-14 em 1s Acurcia de 10-16
Padres de laboratrio
Padres de freqncia operacionais

Ramsey resonance in a Zacharias fountain A. Clairon, C. Salomon, S. Guellati, W. D. Phillips Europhys. Lett., 16(2), pp.165-170 (1991) A Cesium Fountain Frequency Standard:Preliminary Results A.Clairon, Ph. Laurent, G. Santarelli, S.N. Lea, S. Ghezali, M. Bahoura CPEM 1994 Conference Digest, pg. 149
1991-1995
1.0
2010
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
0.8
0.94 Hz
0.2 0.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 -100 -50 0 50 100
detuning (Hz)
44
Cold Atoms Standard Atomic Fountain
The Laboratory Setup

Experiment Control Temporal sequence Signal Acquisition Data storage Optical system Diode lasers AOMs Fluorescence detection Vacuum system Trapping and cooling Interrogation of the atomic transition
Interrogation signal generation PLL techniques Control of the 9.192GHz signal

45
Load and launch 107 -109 Cs atoms in 300-700 ms. Atoms are all in | F= 4, mF > - MOT,molasses,2D-MOT. State Selection -pulse moves atoms in | F = 4, mF =0> | F = 3, mF = 0>. Optical pulse removes remaining | F = 4, mF 0> atoms, leaving a pure | F = 3, mF = 0> sample. Ramsey spectroscopy atoms. (SOF on way UP and way DOWN.) Detection region measures populations in | F = 4, mF =0> and | F = 3, mF = 0>.
F=5 D2 852.1 nm
T&C
6 P3 2
F=4 F=3 F=2

Rep
251MHz 201MHz 151MHz 9192.6MHz

46
6 S 12
T. Heavner
F=4 F=3
Launching Cold Atoms
Moving Molasses
E1
E2
Slave Escravo
80MHz
Trava Freq. or Freqncia Phase lock ou Fase

Direo de direction Lanamento 54,60 1200
Launching
80MHz
Feixe Beam Laser
Master Mestre
DS345
35,40
47
Launching Cold Atoms
Due to the first order Doppler effect, the frequency of the upper and lower laser beam is the same in the frame moving upwards at
Example (133Cs):
48 S. Bize
Cs transitions for the ground state
(F, mF) (4,4) (4,3) (4,2) (4,1) (4,0) (4,-1) (4,-2) (4,-3) (4,-4) (3,-3) (3,-2) (3,-1) (3,0) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3)
Magnetic Field HO
Energy states at H = HO
49 T. Heavner
The transition to be probed mf=0 transitions Clock transition mf=0 Quadratic dependence respect to magnetic field
Energy (Frequency) (GHz)
9.2
9.192,631,770 GHz
Cold Atoms Standards The Local Oscillator
in
PC
Maser in
HP in
10MHz

2f
100MHz
out
f/10
2f
out
~ ~ /
4.6GHz ORD
Isol.
out
Other Chain
out
2f 2f
Sampling Mixer
out
+offset
~29MHz out DS345 in
~ / ~ ~ /
f/8
3.6MHz
High performance oscillators Phase locked loops
50
Cold Atoms Standards The Local Oscillator Phase noise of the output signal
-40
@ 9.192 GHz
-50 -60 -70 Pharao X Cadeia de Interrogao -80 -90 -100 -110 Cadeia de Interrogao X Cadeia de Preparao
Oscillators phase noise

-60
S, dB(rad /Hz) @100MHz
VCXO de 100MHz
-80
-100
ORD de 9,192GHz
-120
-120
S, dB(rad /Hz)
BVA de 10MHz
-140
-130 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
frequency, Hz
-160 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
1E-13
Freqncia (Hz)
y(s )
1E-14 10 100
-1
Sqrt of the Allan variance

51
(s)
Cold Atoms Standards The Microwave cavity
Copper cavity Qld > 5000 Mode TE011 constant phase to avoid first order Doppler Coaxial guide to suppress TM mode
52
Cold Atoms Standard Atomic Fountain Selection 3 2 1 Detection
53 S. Bize
Temporal sequence Capture, launching, post-cooling, interrogation, detection, correction
S. Zhang
S. Bize
54
Cold Atoms Standards The detected atoms

7 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0
a r b itr a r y u n its
e s ta te f s ta te
S. Bize
J
s
J b/2
4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
J b/2
4 0 tim e ( m s )
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
The area Ae and Af of the time of flight signals in calculated. The transition probability is given by Response of the detection: area per atom
time spent in laser beam (s)
gain amp. photodiode (V.A-1) response (A.W-1)
collection efficiency
radiated power (W)
55
Cold Atoms Standard The Ramsey fringes
mf=0 transitions
After selection
FO1 - SYRTE
56 S. Zhang
Cold Atoms Standard The Ramsey fringes

1.0
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
transition probability P
0.8
0.94 Hz
0.2 0.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
0.6
0.4
NO AVERAGING ONE POINT = ONE MEASUREMENT OF P
0.2
0.0 -100 -50 0 50 100
detuning (Hz)
Atomic quality factor: Fluctuations of the transition probability:
57 S. Bize
Cold Atoms Standards Fountain versus MASER
Limiting term: phase noise of the quartz oscillator fractional frequency instability
Rb fountain vs. H-maser

10
-13
10
-14
10
-15
10
10
integration time (s)
10
10
10
Typically, when using a very good quartz oscillator:

maser autotuning
58 S. Bize
Cold Atoms Standards Fountain versus Fountain Loose synchronization (within a few seconds to a few minutes)
10
fractional frequency instability
-13
One fountain vs H-maser Fountain vs fountain
10
-14
10
-12
10
-15
10
-13
10
-16
10
10
10
10
10
(s)
10
10
10
-14
10
Rb fountain Cs fountain Quadratic sum fractional difference
10
-15
10
100
Integration time (s)
1000
10000
Cycle by cycle synchronization with matched sensitivity functions: cancellation of the high 59 S. Bize frequency noise of the interrogation oscillator
Cold Atoms Standards Fountain and the Cryogenic Oscillator Sapphire cryogenic oscillator from the University of Western Australia High quality factor sapphire resonator (Q ~ 4109) at 12 GHz Turning point of temperature sensibility: d/dT = 0 near T=6K SCO has extremely good short term stability (measured at UWA against a second SCO) SCO signal is converted to 9.2 GHz and compared to a Cs fountain
10
-13
Fountain vs. BVA Fountain vs. SCO (N /2)

at
fractional frequency instability
Fountain vs. SCO (N ~5 10 )

at
10
-14
10
-15
10
100
time (s)
1000
S. Bize
60 10000
Cold Atoms Standards Fountains comparisons
Accuracy Budget at SYRTE
S. Bize
61
Rb ( 2002 ) = 6834682610 .,904324 ( 4)(7 ) Hz

S. Bize
62
Comparisons between 87Rb and 133Cs hyperfine frequencies in atomic fountains over 5 years:
early measurement with a fractional uncertainty 1.310-14. Improvement by 104 at the time.
) Fractional frequency (10
-15
10
one data point on this graph corresponds to ~2 months of measurements, with many checks on systematic shifts latest measurements with a fractional uncertainty 1.310-15:
-5
-10
-15
-20 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Stability of fundamental constants:
Year
Other recent comparison 199Hg+(elec) vs. 133Cs(hfs) at NIST:
63
Relgios na atualidade
Chafarizes Operacionais
Relgios mais compactos
Frequncias mais altas
64
Frequncias mais altas
Estabilidade de 10-17 em 1s Acurcia de 10-16
65
Journal Club Laboratrio de Metrologia de Tempo e Freqncia
66
Introduo Reduo das limitaes dos padres de microondas com a utilizao de tomos frios Novos limitantes para deslocamentos de freqncia AC Stark Shift Desenvolvimento dos chafarizes atmicos Interrogao no escuro Transies pticas aumento do fator de qualidade Problema 1 Encontrar transies convenientes Busca por transies relgio Transies de microondas tm tempo de vida elevado Para padres pticos a soluo foi de utilizar transies proibidas Transies como de quadrupolo Problema 2 Intercomparaes entre domnio ptico e de microondas Desenvolvimento dos combs de freqncia para espectroscopia absoluta Utilizao de um comb para referncia em uma freqncia ptica
67
Requisitos para padres pticos de freqncia

Elementos bsicos 1 - Oscilador local ultra-estvel em short-term Laser altamente estvel servo controlado em cavidade Fabry-Perot de alta finesse e ULE 2 - Absorvedor quntico (on ou neutro) Transio ptica proibida de um on ou tomo neutro, variando de mHz a poucas dezenas de Hz 3 - Mecanismo de contagem de freqncia Pente de freqncia de fs, relacionando a freqncia ptica a uma de microondas pelo espaamento dos modos ou diretamente a uma outra freqncia ptica por batimento direto. Caracterizao da incerteza de freqncia do padro 1 - Determinao da estabilidade de curto perodo, dominada pela capacidade do oscilador local Varincia de Allan
Ganho imediato de padres no domnio ptico pela capacidade de osciladores locais Fountain - ~10-13-1/2 , chegando a 10-15 em um dia de integrao Osciladores locais baseados em cavidades - ~10-15 em poucos segundos Experimentos com ons chegam a 1x10-15 em 100s, tipicamente O ganho no segue a proporo de 105 do aumento de freqncia, principalmente por causa da reduo do nmero de tomos
68
Comentrios sobre o oscilador local

Laser ultra-estvel travado em uma cavidade do tipo Fabry-Perot de alta finesse Tcnica de Pound-Drever-Hall de estabilizao FM do laser e deteco da inverso de fase na FPC Cavidades de cermica ULE com espelhos de alta refletividade (~99.9995%) Finesse tpica de 200000 resulta numa largura de ressonncia de poucos KHz (L=10cm) Travamento na ressonncia da FPC capaz de produzir larguras de linha menores que Hz Medidas de predio do drift de freqncia da cavidade tambm podem ser feitas para compensar derivas FPC montadas em sistemas de vcuo e operando em temperaturas prximas ao ponto de inverso do ULE Dificuldades na caracterizao de efeitos ambientais Medidas em sistemas similares Utilizao de pentes de freqncia para comparar em outras freqncias
Estabilidade relativa de dois LOs de Nd:YAG @ 1064nm em plataformas de isolao de vibrao separadas
69
Padres de on aprisionado
Vac de centenas de volts pp e freq de 10 a 20 MHz Ajuste fino da posio do on com V1 e V2 Confinamento no regime de Lamb-Dicke Longos tempos de interrogao Limite da observao da transio relgio dados pela largura de linha natural e pelo laser de interrogao Medida da ressonncia por contagem de saltos qunticos
Transies de quadrupolo e octupolo Limitaes de interrogao dadas pelos lasers de interrogao
70
Contagem de saltos Diferentes tempos de interrogao 199Hg+
Deslocamentos de freqncia podem ser reduzidos com configuraes de campo magntico

71
Diagrama de nveis para o 88Sr+
Diagrama de nveis para o 171Yb+ Transio de octupolo extremamente proibida medido de 6 anos (467nm) Problemas com tempo de vida muito grandes deriva da cavidade ULE AC Stark shift intensidade alta do probe laser ons de Al tambm obtidos atravs de resfriamento simpattico com ons de Be
72
Padres de tomos frios

Espectroscopia de dois ftons em feixe de H Maior nmero de tomos melhor SNR Deslocamento colisional Tcnicas de resfriamento atmico Diagrama de nveis para o 88Sr
Primeiros experimentos em Ca (400Hz) limitados pelo tempo de interao Contraste das franjas de Ramsey-Bord limitados pela expanso da nuvem (3mK) Resfriamento abaixo do limite Doppler usando a transio relgio (necessidade de rebombeio)
Necessidade de aumentar o tempo de interrogao Armadilhas de dipolo (Katori) Possibilidade de redes pticas 3-D Minimizao de shifts colisionais com ocupao unitria dos poos Determinao dos magic wavelength
73
Padres de tomos frios
74
The Neutral Mercury Atomic Clock
75
The Team
Dr. Sbastien Bize
Dr. Daniel Daniel Varela Magalhes
Dr. Cipriana Mandache
Michael Mangin Petersen Jacques Jack Millo

76
The Lab
Dust-free environment: All who enters have to wear protection!
77
The Mercury (199) Clock
2D-MOT
MOT
TDoppler= 30K Sub-Doppler cooling is expected for 199Hg Magic Wavelength: 340.5 nm
M. Petersen
78
Atomic transistions of mercury 199
Detection / cooling
Cooling
Magic wavelength : 340.5 nm Clock (pseudo-forbidden transition)
Magic Wavelength: 340.5 nm
M. Petersen
79
Why neutral Mercury?

The possibility of using a non-perturbing atomic trap. Small frequency changes due to black-body radiation. Nuclear spin of (mercury-199). A high vapor pressure at room temperature. A higher sensitivity on . 6 Isotopes 2 fermions, 4 bosons. The need for an alternative to Sr for the measurements of the stability of the natural constants.
M. Petersen
80
The challenges of Mercury

The cooling wavelength (253 nm). The need for UV laser light (frequency doubling, special optics, higher dust/vibration sensitivity). Mercury is quite dangerous and volatile.
Mercury has never been lasercooled before. (This is also one of the reasons for doing it).
M. Petersen
81
The mercury beam
8 mm x 200 m
82
M. Petersen
1014.9 nm 507.5 nm
Power at 507.5 nm (max.) : 3.4 W

Visible
28
LBO (same as in VERDI lasers):

Photo diode voltage
26 24 22 20 18 16
90 degree non-critical phase matching. High damage threshold. Small walk-off. Heated to 210 C.
1013,0
1013,5
1014,0
1014,5
1015,0
Wavelength / nm
M. Petersen
83
253.7 nm
Will use a (non-linear) BBO crystal in a cavity to get 254 nm. Non-linear crystal
Low losses. Impedance matched (r = ). Mode matched.
BBO: Large SHG coefficient. High damage threshold. Wide temperature bandwidth. High optical homogeneity.
84
M. Petersen
The clock lasers

Mixer
~ 1.2 GHz
Alfa-DFB
Long term stabilization

Mercury atoms
2nd system or femto-laser
AOM
Fiber - laser
Ultra-stable Cavity
Short term stabilization
M. Petersen
85
The Fabry-Perot cavity test setup

d =265 mm
f=
f=70
50
photodiode
Beam splitter
f=30
YAG
f=50
f=50 f=80
Filter
f=200
isolator
f=80 f=300
200 MHz
EOM
f=150
1st order
AOM
/2
YAG
diaphragm
/2
Zero'th order
/2
filtre
photodiode
M. Petersen
86
Pound-Driver-Hall method for locking an ultrastable cavity

EOM
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
Pref ( + cos t ) Pref ( ) +

-0,0010 -0,0005 0,0000 0,0005 0,0010
dPref d
cos t
Voltage
-0,5
-1,0
Frequency
M. Petersen
87
M. Petersen
88
M. Petersen
89
M. Petersen
90

Relgios em escala de chips
Estabilidade de 10-11 em 1s
NIST
USNO
91

tomos frios
Horace
S. Trmine
92
Relgios mais compactos TAC

tomos frios
93
Faixas de Frequncias
94
Transies Qunticas
Padres pticos
Padres de microondas
Absoro saturada Clulas: CH4, I2, OsO4, CO2, Rb, H2 O
Outras tcnicas Franjas de Ramsey ons Dois ftons tomos neutros
H, Cs, Rb
Outras tcnicas Armadilha de ons Resfriamento de ons Aprisionamento coerente
H frio Cs, Rb: Bombeament ptico a laser
Cs fountain
Pente de freqncias
95
Frequency Synthesis and links Stabilized lasers Frequency sources for optical systems Locked to an optical resonance
Frequency Comb Link to the optical domain T. dem
D. Rovera
96
97
Escala de Tempo Internacional
Rastreabilidade ao BIPM Circular T
T
Transf. unidirecional
T1 T2
Transf. bidirecional
Comparao por visada comum
98
Escala de Tempo Internacional
Tempo de Efemrides (EFT) Tempo Atmico Internacional (TAI) Tempo Universal Coordenado (UTC)
Padronizao das referncias de tempo ao redor do mundo Construo e disseminao de escalas de tempo nacionais e internacionais
99
Fractional frequency (10
-15
Aplicaes e Implicaes
Relgios no espao ACES Medidas de variao de constantes fundamentais Efeitos gravitacionais Testes de relatividade especial
10
-5
-10
-15
-20 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
100
Taxas de comunicao mais elevadas Sistemas mais confiveis
101
Sistemas de posicionamento muito precisos
GPS, Glonass, Galileo, ...
102
...
Khronos, le temps, la seconde, et laventure continue...
103

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Daniel Varela Magalhes

Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica Escola de Engenharia de So Carlos USP daniel@sc.usp.br http://cepof.ifsc.usp.br

Atomic Fountain and Compact Clock Experiments

Present Past Future

Present Past Future

Need of common elements for a temporal rule

Acumulator + periodic event generator or constant rate reference

Relgio de gua - Clepsidra

Clocks Relgio de Pndulo Relgio de Mola

Clocks Relgio de Quartzo

Common elements for a temporal rule

Standardization of the time markers

Adoption, in 1960, of the International System of Units (SI)

SI International System of Units www.nist.gov

Importance of the Unit of Time

References of Time and Frequency

Mean Solar Day

References of Time and Frequency

Redefinition of the reference of time and frequency

NBS (NIST) technical note, dezembro de 1964

Experimentos desde 1955 L. Essen e J. Parry (NPL)

Padro de Feixe Efusivo de Cs

Importncia da unidade de tempo Dependncia casual ou proposital?

ampre ohm c,0 segundo c metro

Efeito Hall Quntico

O 133Cs como referncia primria de freqncia

Travando o oscilador na ressonncia atmica

(t) Incertezas do tipo B (sistemticas)

Estabilidade, preciso X Exatido, acurcia

Travando o oscilador na ressonncia atmica

Efeitos Sistemticos Deslocamentos de frequncia

Oscillator under test

Time Interval Counter

f/N Data rec.

Measurements Allan Variance

Problems with simple variance calculations

Phase diference data 1 PPS

Cold Atoms Standards SYRTE S. Bize

Cold Atoms Standards High performance comparisons

Counter limitations < 10-10

Cold Atoms Standards High performance comparisons

Sntese de VCO 10MHz Microondas 9192631770Hz

Varincia de Allan I II III

Frequency Synthesis and links

Cryogenic Oscillators Saphire osc. 11.932 GHz

Sqrt of the Allan Variance

Atomic Standards - Principles

Passive frequency standard

Search for techniques to better interrogate the atomic transition

The Rabi method

The Ramsey method Separated oscillatory fields

State analysis and detection

Ramsey Method L rf 10L 12L rf

Cavidade de Microondas Microwave cavity M1 M2 Det

Padro de Feixe Efusivo de Cs

Padro de Feixe Efusivo de Cs

Padro de Feixe Efusivo de Cs

Emisso em Direes randmicas

tomo novamente preparado para absorver um fton

Campo magntico Armadilha magneto-ptica Potencial confinante

Fountain de Zacharias Dcada de 50

Chafariz de tomos frios