Drugs come in the following forms: SOLIDS TABLET y Solid dosage forms that vary greatly in shape, size,

weight and many other properties y Many tablets are swallowed whole with water and later break apart and dissolve in the digestive tract y may be as big as a fingertip, making swallowing difficult (e.g. multivitamins) y compressed could come insingle drug or multiple drugs per tablet(e.g. tablets that are green and white, pink and yellow, etc.). may be coated with: sugar to lessen the unpleasant taste. film enteric for faster breakdown and absorption in the small intestines. gelatin to make swallowing easier sublingual or buccal y placed under the tongue and buccalmucosa, respectively.

CAPSULES y small, oblong containers filled with medication y may come small, or as big as a fingertip y many patients prefer capsules because it is easier to swallow because of their shape and because their gelatin exteriors become slippery when taken with water or even with only saliva y may be hard gelatin or soft gelatin

fig.2. hard gelatin (left) and soft gelatin(right) capsules

SPANSULES y small capsules within a larger capsule

fig.3. aspansule

scored y with grooves that divide the tablet into two(or more) equal parts, allowing one to cut it into equal portions y allows a patient to take a fraction of the full tablet s dose. y cutting an unscored tablet is not advisable, because the dosage might not be equal on the parts(i.e. one part will have a lesser dose than the other)

RATE-CONTROLLED DOSAGE FORMS y may be both in tablet or capsule forms sustained-release y describes the release of a drug substance from a dosage form or delivery system over an extended period of time. y provides longer duration of action, reducing the number of times the drug has to be taken in a given time period(e.g. a drug may be taken only twice a day instead of three times) y labeled XR controlled-release y describes a system in which the RATE of the drug s release is MORE PRECISELY controlled y avoids high concentration in GIT repeat-action y sequentially releases two full doses of a drug

fig.1. a scored tablet

chewable effervescent y the tablet is to be placed into a glass of water to dissolve sustained-release discussed later in the transcription lozenges y Oral or buccal drugs designed to dissolve in the mouth, like candy. Effects are solely in the oropharynx, not systemic.

Components of a typical tablet Drug: typically 25 %

SY 2011-2012

Subject: Pharmacology Topic: Dosage Forms of Drug Lecturer: Dr. Deo Panganiban Date of Lecture: 06/17/2011 Transcriptionist: Group 21 Pages: 4

Filler: to increase bulk in order to produce a tablet of practical weight for compression, and it gives the tablet its shape (typically 65%) Binder: to impart cohesive properties to the powders by the formulation of granules. Lubricant: to reduce interparticulate friction, prevent adhesion of powder to the surfaces of punches and dies (machines used to compress powders into tablets) and to facilitate tablet ejection from the die. Disintegrant: to facilitate rapid breakup disintegration of the tablet after administration. and

Surfactant: to aid wetting and dissolution of the drug

fig.5. flow chart of the events after drug ingestion

POWDERS y granules y effervescent, granulated salts SUPPOSITORIES y rectal y vaginal y urethral

fig.4. pie chart of the components of a typical tablet

What happens to the tablet after ingestion: 3. Initial wetting y Tablet surface wets y Methocel premium polymer begins to hydrate, forming a gel layer y initial burst of drug from the external tablet layer is released 2. Expansion of the gel layer y Water permeates into the tablet y Gel layer thickness increases y Solubledrugs are released primarily by diffuse through gel layer 3. Tablet erosion y Outer layer becomes fully hydrated, eventually dissolving into the gastric fluids y Water continues to permeate into the tablet core y Insoluble drugs are released primarily by tablet erosion

PESSARIES y a form of drug to be inserted in a body cavity(e.g. the vaginal canal) to be held inside y to be removed after the prescribed period of time (unlike suppositories, pessaries do not dissolve, just the drug they carry)1 y below is a diagram to put it in context

fig.6. a diagram showing the administration of a vaginal pessary1

SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS OINTMENTS y Simple mixtures of drug substances in an oily/greasy base2 y usually have petroleum jelly bases CREAMS y generally less viscid and lighter than ointments2 y generally considered to have greater aesthetic appeal due to their non-greasy character and their ability to vanish into the skin upon rubbing2 y contains high percentage of water3 y absorbs fluid from skin lesions3 y They usually do not offer much protection as ointments LOTIONS y generally suspensions of solid materials in an aqueous vehicle2 y BUT, certain emulsions and even some true solutions have been designated as lotions because of either their appearance or application2 y may be preferred over semisolid preparations because of their non-greasy character2 and y their increased spreadability [sic] over large areas of skin.2 y contains more liquid than cream POULTICE y similar to ointments, but applied with cloth as counter irritant3 PLASTER y solid adhesive preparations applied to the skin3 y used to protect, soothe and lessen pain3 PASTE y contain more solid materials than do ointments y therefore are stiffer and less penetrating2 y ususally employed for their protective action2 and y their ability to absorb serous discharges from skin lesions.2 y contains some adhesive material3 y to be applied to the oozing surfaces3 LIQUIDS Aqueous preparations AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS y aromatic water y decoctions y liquors y syrups y infusions y mucilage AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS y mixture

y y y y y

emulsion gels magmas oral suspensions lotions

SOLUTION y Preparations in which the solid ingredients of medications are dissolved in a liquid (usually water) y may have color, but are usually clear SUSPENSION y Preparations in which the solid ingredients of medications are suspended in the liquid (usually water); the medication is not dissolved y In order to help the medication stay equally suspended, an agent is added to make the preparation thick y Usually, the label says, Shake well. SYRUPS y Concentrated solutions of sugar in water with active ingredients y They may also contain alcohol y May also be flavored Alcoholic preparations ELIXIR y Clear, hydro-alcoholic liquids (combinations of water and alcohol) intended for oral use2 y They often contain pleasantly3-flavoring substances2 SPIRITS/ESSENCES y alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, usually volatile oils3 TINCTURES y hydro-alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances usually obtained by extraction of vegetable drugs3 FLUID EXTRACTS y e.g. perfumes2 y hydro-alcoholic extracts of vegetable drugs y made by percolation so that 1 ml of the fluid extract represents the active principles in gm of the crude drug3 INJECTION SOLUTIONS y mandatory sterile preparations y may either be dissolved or suspended(making the drug more painful to administer) y antioxidants are added to decrease the breakdown of the active ingredient while in storage y packaging o disposable syringes o multi-dose vials o individual-dose vials

y Other liquids OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS/SUSPENSIONS y sterile aqueous preparations with other quantities essential to the safety and comfort of the patient y must be sterile and free of grittiness y Other new, innovative delivery systems include cul-de-sac units and contact lenses. OTIC DROPS y usually viscid so that they have a prolonged contact with the affected area. NASAL DROPS/ SPRAYS y usually solutions or suspensions administered by drops or as a fine mist from a nasal spray container INHALERS y drug solution/suspension under pressure y valve mechanism ensures delivery recommended dosage

larger particles (30-60Q) retained in upper airways

NEBULIZER y produces fine particles (0.5-5 Q)

fig.8. a nebulizer

VAPORIZER y produces a fine mist of steam that may be used to humidify a room y volatile drugs are added to the water for inhalation

of

Metered-Dose Inhalers y employed when the formulation is a potent medication, as in inhalation therapy y the amount of material discharged is regulated by an auxiliary chamber by virtue of its capacity or dimensions y A single depression of the actuator causes the evacuation of this chamber and the delivery of its contents y Integrity of the chamber is controlled by a dualvalve mechanism y effectiveness depends on: o particle size  larger particles stay in the oropharynx (not reaching the lungs)  smaller particles may pass through the bronchus into the lungs o breathing patterns o depth of respiration  shallow respirations mean the drug stays in the upper respiratory tract

fig.9. a vaporizer

HUMIDIFIER y employed to provide a cool mist to the air in the room y prevents dryness of mucous membranes. y not used to administer drugs

fig.10. a humidifier

Taken from health.com Taken from notes on the ppt. slides 3 Taken from the pharma lab manual *all others including pictures (except the one with a superscript) were from the ppt. and audio recording
2

________End of Transcription ___________

fig.7. a metered-dose inhaler

INHALATION AEROSOLS NASAL OR RESPIRATORY y local effects in the bronchial tree y systemic effects through absorption in the lungs y small particles (1-10Q) passes deeply into the respiratory tract

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