1.

DRAFTING AND DESIGN PROCEDURE The drafting man must consider the existing shop facilities in case of fabrication and possibilities of lowering cost in design and drawing details are needed in

specification provision. He is also concerned with the products maintenance and repairs. The constantly expanding nature of electronic drafting and design in which one is called to solve any problem makes the field interesting and profitable one. Through the acquisition of techniques experience and knowledge, the draft man is likely to develop into a well trained capable designer. The student must begin by having information about basic electronic drawings; the drawing may be classified into several categories and may further be sub-divided into the following categories. TYPES OF DRAWINGS 1. Mechanical drawing

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Layout drawing Block Diagram drawing Schematic drawing Standard drawing Installation Drawing Harness assembly drawing Wiring connection drawing Digital logic diagrams

10. Technical sketching

These drawings are to provide complete manufacturing details to the construction of equipment or of its prototype. The draftsman must be able to prepare the various drawings in accordance with the government and industry standards. To become an experienced electronic draftsman or designer and to perform work of this nature, the student must have the idea of material and components with a knowledge of electronic theory. He is expected to be neat and very patient and able to

visualize any proposed construction or layout. He must have the ability to solve problem during the course of his work. He should maintain an open attitude words new

development. The draftsman converts engineering ideas to workable products through the preparation of sketches, drawing and parts list. He is expected to provide information pertaining to the purchase on raw material, components and hardware. He also acts as a link between engineers and technologist. His clear and understandable reading of papers and

information are required. His knowledge of components material and engineering terminology comes to plays as he translates this information into various standardized type as graphic symbols. DRAFTING TOOLS The same basic drawing instruments and materials are required in electronics drafting work as for mechanical drawing. As well as some specialized instruments and accessories.

SPECIAL INK INSTRUMENTS When an extensive ink work such as inking schematics or other drawings, a new type of technical fountain pen such as radiographic save time and effort. The pen has several interchange points section for drawing various width, and can be used with French curves or templates as well as conventional straight line work. DRAWING PAPERS There are many or several drawing papers available. The selection of papers depends on the importance and the ultimate use of the drawing. Using a poor quality material a frequently used to produce a complete assembly diagram will only result in the drawing it again. Engineering drawing should be on transparent paper, so that copies may be easily reproduced. Drawing papers should also possess stability, variation in temperature and humidity should be suitable for writing by a pencil, pen as well as for typing and micro filming.

There are four materials available for drawings. They are (1) Bond paper (2) Villon paper (3) Cloth paper (4) Polyester film paper. THE BOND PAPER It is tracing paper less expressive but it lacks durability and transparency. The only type that is suitable for pencil and ink work. vallon paper Vallon is a rag paper that is been used to give greater transparency. CLOTH PAPER It a coated liner, it resists better than the vallon paper and very good for micro filming purpose. Some grade are and made for either pencil or ink work and they are moisture resistant. Polyester film This film is durable and is suitable for both pencil and ink and has transparent resistance. It is also available for

general drafting work and for printed and layout where extreme stability is required clear sharp line can be obtained with either ordinary or special pencil. 2. FLOW DIAGRAMS A flow diagram or chart shows the sequence of operations or stages for a computer program or an industrial process. The name may have been derived from various plans for the flow of water. The name of each operation or stage in a flow diagram is contained in a box or block, to simulate a process or area of operation. The blocks are usually rectangular and are connected with single lines to indicate the sequence of operation in a flow chart usually progresses from the top of the sheet to the bottom. Figure 1 shows a flowchart for the steps in the manufacture of an electronic chassis. It begins with the raw sheet steel and ends with the plated chassis to a storage area. The plating department block and every other block may be further broken down into a departmental flowchart. The blocks should all be drawing to the same

dimensions. The block containing the most lettering usually determines the size of all the blocks in a diagram. The flow lines are drawn with arrows to indicate the direction of flow between operation block. The arrows are usually drawn at the input side of the blocks but may also be centered on a flow line. The flow lines should not be staggered but must follow each other vertically unless the chart is drawn to illustrate multiple flow paths. When more than one flow line emerges from the side of a block, the lines should be spaced symmetrically. FLOW DIAGRAMS

Chassis fabrication flowchart COMPUTER FLOW DIAGRAM

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DIAGRAMS The distinction between flow diagrams and black diagrams is vague since common usage dictates the name given the diagram by a particular industry. In electronics a left-to-right convention exists, and these system drawings are normally called block diagrams. The simplest electrical black diagram or single-line diagram is intended to describe the basic functions of a circuit or system. It usually does not include the detailed information and individual parts identification of the schematic diagram.

This represents the component groups of component, or the units of the equipment in a series of block or rectangle. It reduces the complex circuit in each stage of equipment to single block form. Note: The blocks should all

be

drawn

to

the

same

dimensions

e.g.

TV

and

Radio/Electronic watch block diagram. Electronic watch block diagram

A very simple single-line black diagram of a tuned radio frequency TRF receiver. By Convention, the input or signal is drawn at the left side of the diagram. The Signal progresses through amplification and detection horizontally to the right or output side of the diagram. DIGITAL LOGIC DIAGRAMS

A logic block is defined by giving the output condition for every possible combination of input conditions. Such input-output characteristics are tabulated in a truth table. Note that the name of a logic block refers to the inputoutput characteristics. For example, the AND logic gate does not have a I output until both A and B input lines are at a 1 level similarly, the OR logic gate has a 1 output when a 1 level signal or pulse is applied to either the A or B inputs. The basic shape of the inverter block in is a triangle. The triangle symbols indicate that it is an amplifier. The digital logic designer builds a computer or control circuit by starting with a few types of simple, basic circuits, called logic blocks. Many blocks are interconnected to perform the various computer functions. Although the numerical input data to a computer are decimal numbers, the logic operations within the computer are performed in the binary member system. The binary number system uses only two digits, O and I.

However, the tiny circle (or bobble) at the output symbolizes that the amplified output is inverted or reversed in polarity. For this reason, sometimes an inverter logic gate is called a NOT gate. One side of the triangle is always drawn vertically and is considered the input side of the black. Note that in the NAND logic gate symbol (O), the output of an AND gate is inverted by the small bubble at the output. The acronym NAND means not AND. 3. Schematic Diagram Layout Principles. The following principles should be followed as closely as possible for layout of schematic diagrams. 1. Normal signal flow should be from left to right and from top to bottom. 2. Large multistage diagrams may be laid out in layers; signal flow should be from left to right (or top to bottom). 3. It is customary to begin with a rough sketch of diagram observing normal signal flow.

4.

Transistor and tube symbols should be aligned horizontally.

5.

When several similar components in (Resistors, coils, capacitors, etc) are connected to a common bus they also should be aligned horizontally.

6.

When components are connected a parallel, the centers of the component symbols should be aligned horizontally.

7.

Uniform density of all graphic symbols is desirable, do not crows symbols in one area while permitting large open areas to exist on a drawing.

8.

Letter and number all components to ensure that all are included in the final drawing in their proper location and connection in the schematic.