Building Information Modeling An Introduction and Best Methods Approach

Alliance for Construction Excellence

2008 Arizona Board of Regents / Alliance for Construction Excellence

The Alliance for Construction Excellence (ACE) makes this publication available for use free for educational purposes only. ACE received no state funds and operates through memberships and revenues from their programs. In order to continue to publish documents like this, ACE needs your support through memberships and participation. If not already a member, please consider joining http//construction.asu.edu/ace

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION A - INTRODUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. Preface Introduction to Building Information Modeling Benefits Challenges

SECTION B BIM PROCESS 1. 2. 3. BIM Decision-Making Process BIM Implementation Levels Process Flowcharts

SECTION C BIM DELIVERABLES 1. 2 3. Deliverables on BIM Project Deliverables Matrix BIM Deliverables Flow Chart

SECTION D BIMS FUTURE 1. The Future of BIM

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A. INTRODUCTION
1. PREFACE The intent of this publication is to introduce the project team (Owners, architects and engineers [A/E], contractors, subcontractors and vendors) to the Building Information Modeling (BIM) processes. Please note that this document does not attempt to address all of the multiple variations of BIM currently in use on projects at this time in detail, but only as an introductory guide to help determine an appropriate level or variation of BIM for new projects. This document will address the Benefits and Challenges with this method of designing, constructing and maintaining, vertical and horizontal capital projects and/or facilities, as well as educating on the potential current and future uses of BIM. BIM, at its fundamental level, is a project tool for all team members to collaborate in the project development process. All team members include key project stakeholders, as well as Design-Assist Subcontractors. This document assumes that a best practice approach in implementing BIM on a project, and recommends the use and implementation of the Design-Assist Handbook Best Method Approach to Subcontracting as a companion tool. What follows is brief summary of the process which can be tailored for a building project. 2. INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) As we move further into the new century, we find the information highway has turned into an information freeway, and having a fast machine doesnt mean that your car does the mile in 8 seconds. Todays primary machine is the computer, and with the speed of light, we can be connected to that freeway. The power of
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these new machines, along with some very interesting software programs, is taking us into the world of virtual reality, and in the process, changing the manner in which the construction industry will design and construct buildings. Artists and designers have for centuries taken 3 dimensional (3D) objects and portrayed them with 2 dimensional (2D) media. Architects have for years taken their conceptual designs and turned them into 3D physical scale models, then output into 2D plans. Lately, paradigm shifts in implementation are leading us in new and exciting directions. With this new technology, we are now able to build virtual models and animate them to appear as though we are walking through the halls of our conceptual structure. Tools are beginning to mature to a point where we may soon be able to put together a building in 3D, and with confidence, tie it to both delivery schedules and costing information and, creating what is called 4D and 5D respectively. In the future, we can certainly expect the building model to be filled with cost and schedule information. All this is just a glimpse of where the industry is headed with BIM.

The prospects of BIM are HUGE. Envision a model where the facility director could touch a screen and have his computer tell him exactly when a motor was installed, the make and model of the motor, and where he should purchase its replacement. All of this information was created during the initial design process, by the engineers and the installers. Imagine a group of designers, sitting with the client, discussing a 500,000 sq ft addition to his existing facility. Working collaboratively, the owner can expect more information, more accurately, within a shorter amount of time. This doesnt suggest that the design phase will be shorter, but because the information that the designers will now have earlier allows (and demands) for more detailed planning and coordination up front than in a traditional delivery system. In affect, many of the issues the design team will be addressing during design are those that dont typically present themselves until the project is under construction. As a result, the owner and the entire project team will have greater confidence during the execution of the project in the field. At some point, even scheduling (4D) and costing (5D will be fully integrated into the model information, which will aid owners in making more sound decisions based on multiple, accurate real-time information, as opposed to making blind decision on the best information available at the current time. Sound like a fable? This is the vision of BIM, and there is more. But we will need a little time to get there. While the essence of BIM is with us today, the industry has just begun to respond. There are common understandings that need to be developed, personnel to train, compatibility of software to work through and legal and ethical conventions to acquire. This collaborative undertaking you have in your hands is an attempt to provide an understanding of BIM today, and hint of
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its future. BIM and the collaborative process should be considered a project methodology. It may not be what is right for your project, but understanding it better will help you make the right decision for your project. We hope you enjoy our endeavor. Today: Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a collaborative project team oriented method of developing a building model for use by the project team and facility managers. It is a technology or a series of related technologies that represent a structure three- dimensionally and parametrically. In addition to dimensional information, a BIM model may contain embedded information concerning the functional characteristics of its elements. In terms of todays technology, many project teams are already building and sharing building models for the purpose of coordination. The main software systems utilized today is 3D AutoCAD programs for projects where all project team members are engaged with a 3D coordination process (which is the starting point for BIM). Even by engaging this aspect of coordination only, most cost over runs will be reduced and in some cases eliminated, since a high percentage of design and shop drawing errors would be found before construction on the job site starts. Some in the industry call this virtual design and construction (VDC). After the models are developed and coordinated, the model will then become the as-built for the project. It will take some time for the design and construction team members to purchase the software, hardware and train their staff to be proficient in BIM and 3D coordination. The building owners will also need to invest in some of the same technology and provide training to their staff in maintaining the building model after the construction is complete. As new technologies are developed and introduced to the industry, we will see the models interfacing and communicating with a cost data base extracted from the model (referred to as 5D). We will also 4

see scheduling, planning and measurement of the progress of a construction project which will also be based on data extracted from the model (referred to as 4D). As you can see from

the items previously stated, this is and will be a major paradigm shift in the way we conduct business in the future, as a design professional, as a constructor, and as a building owner.

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3. BENEFITS: The major benefit of BIM today is modeling the design and construction shop drawings at the same time by the design professionals and constructors. As the process and the experience of the industry matures, it conceivably may be possible to develop one set of drawings that encompass both the design and the shop drawings. Each team member will have a different definition of what is the most beneficial aspect of BIM. A list of Benefits is identified below. A major benefit of utilizing BIM on a project in the design and construction phase is obviously the ability to model and test the constructability of the design within the model prior to setting foot on the project site. In the past, this was accomplished utilizing a light table, with the construction documents overlaid. Other processes

were overlaying the constructors shop drawings and the design documents. This would typically generate an endless list of request for information (RFIs) as it was determined that the design documents and/or constructors shop drawings may be in conflict with each other. As the technology advances, the ability to use the model for pre-planning on the facility management side will advance as well. The model will allow the facility management and users to set up maintenance plans along with tracking the maintenance and warranty histories of each item within the model. As we assess each new project now and in the future, each new BIM team will determine how to address some or all of the benefits listed below, along with any new one discovered as the technology advances.

Enables collaborative design and construction techniques Increased communication between owner, design professionals, constructors and vendors/suppliers Clarifies project risk / reduce risk Shared information between owner, design professionals, constructors and vendors/suppliers Reduces Design and Construction change orders & RFIs Centralized warehouse of information (i.e. FTP sites / information exchange tools) Allow for What-If scenarios Pricing of modification in Real-Time Facilities and Asset Management for Owners Instantaneous system analysis (sustainable TEAM EFFORT building, air flow, energy modeling, etc.) Owner Improved visualization for the Owner as well as A/E Owner designers and constructors CM@Risk A/E Improved productivity due to easy determination of Vendors / CM@RiskSuppliers information Sub-Contractors Build virtually before real world Vendors / Suppliers Move Plan/Permit Review from paper to electronic media Improved maintenance, operations and facilities management potential by owners (once assuming occupancy) Quicker building and system startup times and personnel training due to the virtual building BIM model

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4. CHALLENGES: We know that BIM benefits the project. However we also need to assess the projects many challenges and collectively as a team determines how to address them in the rapidly changing technology. Concerns that Model will change without all stakeholders input Licensing and security of intellectual property used within the Model and Model Untested/ untried liability issues Concern that design and construction fees do not support the BIM process (or training for BIM) The BIM process will be a complete paradigm shift for the design and construction industry Legal / Insurance language and procedures will need future clarification Level of detail from the design team Project specific standards for collaborative file sharing / exchange Ownership of the model at various stages of the project Project specific standards for file sharing 2D documents are generated from the design model for permits and distributed to general contractor and subcontractors along with the 3D design model. Shop drawings and submittals may only be eliminated for subcontractors, vendor/suppliers participating in the development of the model. There will be others who have no need to access the model (i.e. - toilet accessories, components, etc.).

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B. BIM PROCESS
1. BIM DECISION-MAKING PROCESS The decision of if, how, and when to use BIM on a project should be one of the key considerations in the initial project planning phases. The decision on whether to use BIM impacts and is impacted by other key project considerations, such as project delivery method determination, consultant and contractor selection, and project schedule and cost. To provide a better understanding and appreciation of how BIM fits into the typical project development process, several flowcharts are included. These flowcharts model the use of BIM on both Construction Manager at Risk (page 12, Chart A) and 1-Step Design-Build (page 13, Chart B). The process to determine how best to implement BIM on a project should be phased throughout the project to ensure utilization of BIM meets the expectations of all project team members. In making decisions on how to apply BIM on a project, the project owner plays a central role in leading the discussion and decision-making process. All other project team members come in and out of the decision-making process as the project moves from planning, to design, to construction, and operation. In addition to team members, there are many different levels in applying BIM to a project. These levels vary in BIM scope, cost, complexity, and duration. Later in this section three levels will be defined in applying BIM ranging from the fundamental to full integration. The key factor in any BIM project is collaboration between all team members, which includes but are not limited to the project owner (observer), the design team, general contractor, subcontractors and vendor/ suppliers. Information and
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data must flow freely between all of the BIM project team members to obtain the maximum advantages in a BIM project. Although this collaboration is constant throughout project development, four (4) distinct decision points can be identified where the scope of BIM on a project should be discussed and agreed upon. It is acknowledged that the full implementation of BIM will likely create a dynamic and continually evolving project design, which will likely supersede the standard, static design-phase milestones (30%, 60%, 90%). However, for the purposes of this document, the four BIM decision points on a project are at project initiation, conceptual design, schematic design, and design development. These decision point milestones are included in the BIM Process Flowcharts (Chart A and B). Decision Point #1 Project Initiation (0% Design) The first decision regarding the use of BIM on a project is at the beginning of project development. The Owner is typically the only key project team member engaged at this time. The BIM implementation decision at this stage of the project will directly impact the budgeting and programming activities for the project. Since BIM is a project collaboration tool, BIM decisions at project initiation should influence the criteria used to select consultants and contractors. The Owners preliminary requirements for BIM will also be used to determine the best project delivery method to be used. The integrated project delivery approach that the BIM tool demands will meet greater success through the use of project delivery methods that require teamwork and collaboration, such as Construction Manager at Risk and Design-Build. At this stage, the Owner may involve its maintenance staff, budget staff, and end 8

users to define the owners own projectlevel requirements and expectations. Decision Point #2 Conceptual Design (10% Design) The next important step in BIM implementation comes at conceptual design. At this point, the project owner has selected and added an architect or engineering consultant to the project team. Depending on the delivery method used, this consultant may be the designer or a bridging consultant. Other key representatives may include maintenance staff, budget staff, and end users. A meeting should be held early in this project phase with these team members to set the foundation for BIM on the project. Discussions during this phase of the project should focus on the owners basic requirements for BIM, the team members roles and responsibilities with respect to BIM, as well as the how BIM could be used to assist in additional planning and programming efforts on the project. Decision Point #3 Schematic Design (25% Design) Building on the efforts and decisions during conceptual design, the BIM decisions during schematic design expand and refine how BIM will be implemented. Key additions to the project team are the contractor and design subconsultants. Some key construction subcontractors may also be added to the project team at this time, if warranted. Along with the owner, the contractor and the design team will have the greatest influence on the overall scope of BIM on the project. The discussions at this phase of the project will be more energetic and synergistic, as the three key players collaboratively discuss individual, team, and project needs and requirements related to BIM. One of the key goals at this stage is to finalize the BIM-related The following is a breakdown of a typical project, by phases, and what could be included in that phase for a BIM project.
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roles and responsibilities for project team members. Decision Point #4 Design Development (50% Design) Once the design intent and details have advanced to a sufficient level, it is imperative to add construction subcontractors to the project team. The input of these team members who will be tasked with the actual work execution during construction is key to making the final modifications and refinements to the projects utilization of BIM. In implementing Design-Assist, this is the key phase of the project to maximize the coordination, feedback, and interaction between all team members to ensure that a true collaborative design is achieved. 2. BIM IMPLEMENTATION LEVELS As described earlier, three levels of BIM implementation have been identified. In the following section, services and deliverables for each of these three levels will be described. Level 1 is considered the basic and fundamental use of BIM. Level 2 represents a more significant investment in BIM at a project level. Finally, Level 3 is a more advanced, complex, and integrated approach to BIM. The information in each individual level may be interchanged to fit the need of the BIM model. BIM Implementation Level I No matter what level of BIM is going to be used on a project it needs collaborative involvement from the start; owners, architects, engineers, general contractors, and subcontractors need to meet and have a synergistic design effort which will provide a better 3D design model. BIM can start as early as the project is conceived by the owner. The following Levels are also referenced in Section C Chart C Deliverables Matrix, for further definition. 9

Project Initiation: Preliminary BIM Requirements and Implementation Plan Consultant Request for Qualifications Evaluation and Selection Plan Contractor Request for Qualifications Evaluation and Selection Plan Preliminary Procurement and Project Schedule Budgeting/Programming Estimates Conceptual Stage: Responsibilities team document Draft Terms and Conditions Draft Massing Model 3D Phasing Model Schematics: Responsibilities team document Final Terms and Conditions Final 3D Phasing Model 3D Programming / Space Planning Model 3D Engineering Model Design Development: 3D Building Design Model 3D Engineering Model 3D Site Logistics Model 3D Phasing Model 3D Constructability Model Trade Systems Analysis Construction Documents: 3D Building Design Model 3D Engineering Model 3D Site Logistics Model 3D Phasing Model 3D Constructability Model Trade Systems Analysis Trade/Fabricators Model 3D Coordination Model Construction Phase: 3D Shop Drawings 3D Phasing Model 3D Site Logistics Model 3D Onsite Working Model 3D As-Built Model Facilities Management: 3D As-Built Model

BIM Implementation Level II This level incorporates informational items in Level I and adds more advanced items. Conceptual Stage: 3D Site Logistics Model Schematics: 3D Site Logistics Model Design Development: 4D Site Logistics Model 4D Constructability Model Construction Documents: 4D Site Logistics Model 4D Constructability Model 4D Coordination Model Construction Phase: Virtual Mock ups 4D Phasing Model 4D Site Logistics Model 4D Onsite Working Model Facilities Management: Intelligent As-Built model (with imbedded data and/or hyperlinks to O & M information)

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BIM Implementation Level III This level incorporates informational items in Level I & 2 and adds more advanced items. Conceptual Stage: 4D Site Logistics Model 4D Phasing Model Schematics: 4D Site Logistics Model 4D Phasing Model Design Development: 5D Site Logistics Model 4D Phasing Model 5D Constructability Model

Construction Documents: 5D Site Logistics Model 4D Phasing Model 5D Constructability Model 5D Coordination Model Construction Phase: 5D Phasing Model 5D Site Logistics Model 5D Onsite Working Model You can compare the different BIM levels to a menu, with the Level I BIM process being your entre menu, and Levels II & III being ala carte selections on the menu. The question that needs to be asked isWhat menu items are needed for youre project?

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CHART A CONSTRUCTION MANAGER AT RISK (CM@Risk)

BIM PROCESS FLOWCHART CM@Risk Design Assist

Project Initiation

Decision Point #1 Budgeting / Programming Procurement / Delivery Method Determination

CM@Risk (Design Assist)

Select A/E

Decision Point #2

Select CM@Risk Firm

Conceptual StageFinal Programming

Pre-Con Services

Schematic Design

Decision Point #3

Select/Involve Key Design Assist SubContractors

Design Development

Decision Point #4

Select/Involve Additional Design Assist SubContractors

Construction Documents

Coordination Model

Shop Drawings

GMP

As-Built Model

Construction Model Facility Maintenance O&M

Construction

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CHART B ONE STEP DESIGN/BUILD

BIM PROCESS FLOWCHART 1 Step D/B Design Assist

Project Initiation

Decision Point #1 Budgeting / Programming Procurement / Delivery Method Determination 1 Step Design Build (Design Assist) Select Bridging/Owner Representative Consultant Decision Point #2 Bridging Documents Select Design Build Firm Pre-Con Services Select/Involve Key Design Assist SubContractors

Schematic Design

Decision Point #3

Design Development

Decision Point #4

Select/Involve Additional Design Assist Sub-Contractors

Construction Documents

Coordination Model

Shop Drawings

GMP

As-Built Model

Construction Model Facility Maintenance O&M

Construction

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C. BIM DELIVERABLES
1 DELIVERABLES ON A BIM PROJECT The project teams success is dependent on each member understanding the project scope and the deliverables required. Each team member has a responsibility to provide their work product at each phase so that the next phase can begin. For a traditional 2D project, defining the deliverables was fairly straight forward. The A/E team provides drawings and specifications. The contractor and subcontractor provide cost and schedule. At each phase of the design, these deliverables become more complete. Of course this is an oversimplification, but it is a fairly straight forward process. When we try to transfer deliverables into the 3D or BIM project, many questions start to arise. Is the deliverable the 2D drawing that was created from the BIM model or is it the 3D BIM model itself? If it is both, then which one governs? To answer this question, we must consider the difference between the contract documents and the design or construction tools. Today, the hard copy 2D drawings and specifications are considered the Contract Documents. Design and construction tools are what the Owner, A/E, Contractor, Suppliers and Fabricators use to transfer concepts to what will be fabricated and installed in the field. Shop drawings, graphic images and product samples are all examples of tools used to convey what the end product will be and how it will be constructed. The BIM Deliverables Matrix (Chart C) indicates the many types of modeling tools used by different members of the project team at each phase of the project. The deliverable matrix listed below is common for an AutoDesk process. There
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are as many as 15 other applications that create data that can be used in BIM models. In addition to the ones listed here, there are other basic 3D CAD modeling software applications, such as Catia, ArchiCAD by Graphisoft, Bently Building Systems, and VectorWorks Constructor 2008. But there are also planning systems, as mentioned above for specialized CAD systems for MEP and structural, such as Tekla or CAD Pipe. The key concern is that the industry preserves a platform neutral CAD file that can be shared among all these BIM applications. Early in the project, the Architect may use software that is intended for creating vivid images of the project to assist the team in understanding the design intent. The Contractor may use other software models that allow early development of the phasing and cost of the project. In later phases of the project, all team members will use different software that is more precise and contains more detailed information about the building systems. By using available file integration software (e.g. Navisworks), these multiple model platforms can come and coexist together into one database by which to allow for multi-discipline evaluations and coordination. This is one example of the power of utilizing BIM during the design phase. Another key concern is multiple files delivered to Owners. It creates a huge end problem for the Owner who now receives dozens files, different models, none of which are compatible or can be read by a common, simple programs. From an owners standpoint, the value of BIM may diminish. Should that happen, Owners may not provide additional compensation for modeling their buildings.

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In the near future, many in our industry believe that the BIM Model will become the Contract Document and the tool. Today however, for most projects, the BIM Model is a design and construction tool that allows the whole project team to put the building together, coordinate different systems and enter into the building to experience without ever leaving the conference room. We believe that moving forward requires us to know where we are, with some glimpse of where we may be headed. In a BIM project, it is important to understand in our deliverables, when completed, there exist a 3D representation (Model) of the as-built condition of the building. The Model contains the entire mechanical duct system model and the majority of the plumbing, piping and electrical mains (in separate models). The Model may also As the BIM methodology for delivering a project moves forward, owners will determine if these models carry sufficient value to enlist those who have the skills to manage the Model. They will also decide if it is desirable to put the necessary capital into the programs and hardware it will take to complete the BIM life cycle.

include the skeletal structure, in the steel or concrete model. Some projects will also have the architectural element included in the Model. All of these features, when compiled, create a single model, by using a system like Navisworks. To view would require an owner to have this software system available, and the technical skills to operate it, and yes, the issues pointed out earlier. Further, if an owner desired to update the model, because of minor improvements done after construction, it would take additional skilled craftsmen and the appropriate software to alter the model. We have the technology available to further embed the Model with lots of data and non-geometric information. To retrieve this would also require the owners to have programs, hardware and technical skills capable of working with the model.

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CHART C DELIVERABLES

Note: Transmitting the model may by made utilizing the AIA Transmittal forms.

MS FUTURE

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D. BIMS FUTURE
1. THE FUTURE OF BIM BIM today is primarily a geometric model with the advantage of parametric objects, and associated non-graphic properties, provide rich transfer of building information to/from related purpose-built modeling programs. These purpose-built programs create models for specific disciplines, such as design analysis, building performance, mechanical systems and structural steel. In the future, a single model must contain all the stakeholders information. However, It is looking more like there may be multiple models shared in one model server, and this could be a problem. This model server concept is dependent on open platform independent data formats. The National BIM Standards, The GSA and including the Department of Defense are requiring this type of format. It is called IFC team developed by the Software Industry. Any example of one model server is identified below

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One of the main issues with any major change is alteration in the way of doing something. It will require major philosophical approach shifts to continue development of the BIM process. Interoperability issues of computer programs must be overcome:

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In the near future, with marginal effort, the following areas of focus will be improved or integrated into the BIM: Visualization Cost estimating Quantity take-offs Lighting and lighting effect Acoustics Structure Building elements Ingress, egress and traffic control Building control automation ;

Facility operations and management Security Space Management Owner asset tracking and control One of the future vehicles for fully utilizing the power of BIM could be the Construction to Operations Building Information Exchange (COBIE). COBIE will provide the data exchange standards which can be imposed on the industry, allowing increased functional exchange

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GLOSSARY
2D Models - A 2D geometric model is a geometric model of an object as twodimensional figure, usually on the Euclidean or Cartesian plane. The drawings are projected views of CAD models, including, top, front, side and isometric views. They often include information such as dimensions, cross-sections, tolerances, datums, notes, materials and more. Even though all material objects are three-dimensional, a 2D geometric model is often adequate for certain flat objects 2 3D Models (3 Dimensional) - A Building Information Model (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle from inception onward. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM process to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. The BIM is a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability. 3D Parametric Modeling (3D Model with Attributes) - Model elements not only include visual aspects of the building elements they represent, but also have the properties (or knowledge) of the solids they represent. 4D Model - Term used to describe the linkage of a schedule to a 3D model - essentially turning on model elements in the order in which they are built. 5D Model - Term used to describe the linkage of estimating software to a 3D model element quantities are downloaded from the model database and imported directly into estimating software. AIA Protocol Transmittal Forms - The AIA has provided several forms for transmittal of BIM Models between design team members and contractors. AutoCAD - AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by AutoDesk, Inc. Initially released in late 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers, and notably the IBM PC. Most CAD software at the time ran on graphics terminals connected to mainframe computers or minicomputers. There are many other similar cad software manufactures but AutoCAD is known as the Kleenex of construction cad softwares. - Building Information Modeling is the development and use of a BIM computer software model to simulate the construction and operation of a facility. The resulting model, a Building Information Model, is a data-rich, object-oriented, intelligent and parametric digital representation of the facility, from which views and data appropriate to various users needs can be extracted and analyzed to generate information that can be used to make decisions and improve the process of delivering the facility. BIM Software Package Categories : Building Estimating Software (added)- TBD Analysis Software - complete engineering analyses (examples include: Risa 3D, RAM, STAAD, and ETABS);
3 3 [also 4 and 9] 7 1 3 3 3 8

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 Design Software - produce coordinated construction drawings (examples include: Autodesks Revit and Architectural Desktop, and Bentleys MicroStation or V8); Coordination Software - host and/or merge Design and Detailing Models (examples include: Navisworks, Tekla Structure, and Graphisoft); Detailing Software - produce shop drawings and control fabrication processes (examples include: Xsteel, SDS/2, QuickPen, and CADPIPE); Rendering Softwareprovide a three-dimensional interactive rendering of the project (examples include: Sketchup and MS PowerPoint); Facilities Management Software (added) - TBD BIM Team A collaborative team comprised of the owner, design professionals, the general contractor, various subcontractors (typically steel, mechanical, plumbing, fire protection and electrical/LSS) for the intent purpose of development of a BIM model. CAD - Computer Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer technology to aid in the design of a product, particularly the drafting of a part or the producta part visual (drawing) and part symbol method of communications particular to a specific technical field. It is in origination, the use of computers to aid the art of draftingthe integral communications of technical drawings which for a three dimensional object are typically represented by three projected views at right angles drafting is the Industrial Arts subdiscipline which underlies all involved technical endeavors. Collaboration - A structured, recursive process where two or more people work together toward a common goal - typically an intellectual endeavor that is creative in nature - by sharing knowledge, learning and building consensus. Construction Coordination - The process of ensuring that the various elements of a building are constructed in a sequence that allows the various elements of the building to be. Coordination Model - A Building Information Model that is developed from a completed design. The creation of the model is an interpretation of a design as opposed to the creation of a design. Conceptual Design Phase - When the Owners needs have been defined and the initial research completed, an early conceptual design of the building is developed. This process permits the architect/engineers to integrate user requirements. It also allows development of an overview of what the building systems may look like prior to hard tradeoffs that must be made later. The conceptual designs output may take the form of a series of functional sketches, drawings and/or outline specifications along with descriptions of the building. The conceptual design and related supporting materials will often serve as the basis for project go/no-go decisions as well as the Basis of Design. Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBIE) The objectives of the Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBIE) project are two-fold. The first object is to reduce the cost of collating handover documents by providing a context within which those responsible for handover information may directly contribute that information. The second objective is to provide the handover information in a clearly defined format that can be utilized by faculty maintainers, operators, and asset managers.
2 7 3 3 4 4 7

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Contract Documents 5- Used to describe all of the documents needed to build a project. Typically these include the plans, specifications, general conditions and the contract for construction. Because every project is different and every owner has a different set of expectations and requirements, every set of contract documents will be different. Construction Document See Contract Documents Data Models Data models establish the relationships between various data objects and the associated data elements in a format that ensures that data is only entered once and therefore has to be maintained in only one location. The data model will serve several roles: A structure for people to find items for use in information exchanges / Information Delivery Manuals (IDM) and other similar organizational structures. Normalizing information for efficient data maintenance Common definition of data elements with synonyms to support various views of the information, which is the basis of standardization A directory structure for the storage of collected information so that the information as it is collected can be stored in the data structure Data Richness Identifies the completeness of the building information model from initially very few pieces of unrelated data to the point of it becoming valuable information and ultimately corporate knowledge about a facility. Delivery Method Data delivery is also critical to success. If data is only available on one machine then sharing can not occur other than by email or hard copy. In a structured networked environment if information is centrally stored or accessible then some sharing will occur. If the model is a system oriented architecture (SOA) in a web enabled environment the netcentricity will occur and information will be available in a controlled environment to the appropriate players. Information assurance must be engineered into all phases. Design-Assist is a collaborative team-oriented project delivery method Design-Assist that capitalizes on the benefits of early engagement of design-assist subcontractors. Using the Design-Assist process, the project team is able to utilize the specialty expertise of the design-assist subcontractors in both design and construction phases to minimize design and constructability related issues prior to construction, optimize project cost and maximize overall value, constructability efficiency and quality of the final product. Design Coordination - The process of ensuring that the various elements of the design (architectural, structural, electrical, etc.) fit together and complement one another. Design Development Phase - Transitional phase of an architect/engineer (A/E) services in which the design moves from the schematic phase to the contract document phase. In this phase, the A/E prepares drawings and other presentation documents to crystallize the design concept and describe it in terms of architectural, electrical, mechanical, and structural systems. In addition, the A/E also prepares a statement of the probable project cost.
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Embedded Information - In a BIM, the elements are simulations of building components. A wall, for example, knows it's a wall. It can know about the types and quantities of materials it includes, its fire rating, sound transmission characteristics, etc. Since the element's relevance to other components and its meaning to the building are embedded within the BIM, the element can simulate an actual building component's behavior, such as its load-bearing capacity or its response to heating and cooling loads. FTP (Site) 7 - FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to and from another computer over the Internet. FTP 4 - Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the internet. FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer. Industry Foundation Classes - The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) specification is a neutral data format to describe, exchange, and share information typically used within the building and facility management industry sector (AEC/FM). The IFC specification is developed and maintained by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) as part of its buildingSMART mission. For more information see http://ifc.buildingsmart.com. Integration Software integration is a special case of interoperability when the same data model is part of a group of applications internal data structure. Typically, the group consists of a limited set of applications that each serve a different discipline, industry process or business case. Data sets are directly imported and/or exported from one application in the group to another and reused without any transformation or mapping. Traditionally, Integrated data models and applications are both proprietary. Intellectual Property - A legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical, literary, and artistic works; inventions; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and related rights. Under intellectual property law, the holder of one of these abstract "properties" has certain exclusive rights to the creative work, commercial symbol, or invention which is covered by it. Interoperability Software interoperability is seamless data exchange among diverse applications which each may have their own internal data structure. Interoperability is achieved by mapping parts of each participating applications internal data structure to a universal data model and vice versa. If the employed universal data model is open (i.e. not proprietary), any application can participate in the mapping process and thus become interoperable with any other application that participated in the mapping. National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) The National Institute of Building Sciences was established by Public Law 93-383, Sect. 809 in 1974. The unique 501c3 organization was established to build bridges between the public and private sector to encourage the flow of information related to the construction industry. 7 [also see 4 and 10] RFI (Request for Information) - A RFI Procedure in the construction industry is used in cases where it is necessary to confirm the interpretation of a detail, specification or note on the construction drawings or to secure a documented directive or clarification from the architect, engineer or client that is needed to continue work. A RFI raised by the general contractor or sub contractor that has been answered by the client or architect/engineer and distributed to all stakeholders is generally accepted as a change to the Scope of Work unless further approval is required for costs associated with the change. Schedule Used for the Contract Time analysis for all the work specified in the Contract Documents including all activities of subcontractors, vendors, suppliers, utilities and all
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12 [also see 13]

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other parties associated with the construction of the project. All work including but not limited to submittals, major procurement, fabrication, delivery of critical or special materials and equipment, utility construction / relocation, and construction activities. Schematic Design Phase - First phase in the design of a project where an architect/engineer prepares schematic diagrams giving a general view of the components and the scale of the project after detailed discussions with the client (owner). Virtual Models The virtual model is a concept of a building in BIM. The entire development cycle is based a single building model, which begins early in the development process and growing throughout the lifecycle of the building. This model generates the drawings needed for public approvals and initial calculation of pro-formas and extends to more accurate prediction of operating expenses, thereby reducing risk throughout the entire development cycle. Virtual Design Construction (VDC) - Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects to support explicit and public business objectives. The VDC project model emphasizes those aspects of the project that can be designed and managed (i.e. the product [typically a building or plant], the organization that will define, design, construct and operate it, and the process that the organization teams will follow).
Foot Note
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AIA C106 - 2007 is the Digital Data Licensing Agreement, and AIA E201-2007 is the Digital Data Protocol Exhibit. National BIM Standards Definitions Website: http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/index.php AGC Contractors Guide to BIM, Edition 1 Website: http://www.agcnebuilders.com/documents/BIMGuide.pdf Wikipedia term or definition. Term by Alan Seale, Architect From the Web Author unknown ACE BIM Workgroup, April 2008 .

4 5 6 7 8

Web site: 3D Scan Company Website: http://www.3dscanco.com/services/2d-drawings.cfm 9 . AutoSketch. Website: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Auto+CAD 10 Website: http://www.simplexity.net/articles/simplexity_rfp_rfi_paper.pdf 11 . Paraphrased form the ACE Design Assist Best Method Approach to Subcontracting 12 . AECbytes Viewpoint #20 (December 13, 2005) Title: BIM and Process Improvement Author: Jim Bedrick, AIA, Director of Systems Integration, Webcor Builders 13 . GoStructural.com Feature Article | Posted: Saturday, February 10, 2007 Building information modeling: How the promise of new technology challenges the existing order By Howard Ashcroft, date unknown. 14 Website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/design-developmentphase.html
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Website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/schematic-design-phase.html Virtual Design and Construction: Themes, Case Studies and Implementation Suggestions Authors: John Kunz and Martin Fischer, CIFE, Stanford University, Date Jan. 2008

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RELATED STANDARDS The National BIM Standards are currently under development in this emerging technology. At the current time, some of the following references listed are under consideration and is included in the National BIM Standard. The references listed should be considered for use on BIM projects.
BIM Overall Scope, Coverage of Version 1.0 Hyperlink: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/bim.php Hyperlink: http://cic.vtt.fi/projects/vbe-net/data/What_is_the_NBIMS.pdf CAD-National CAD Standard v 4.0 Hyperlink: http://www.nationalcadstandard.org/ CAD-GIS-BIM Open Standard - OWS-4 Hyperlink: http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/testing_tm_rept_071906.pdf Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBIE) Project Hyperlink: http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/bim_fs_cobie.pdf Hyperlink: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cobie.php Ductwork fabrication ductXML mapping to IFC Hyperlink: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/bim.php Structural Steel CIS/2 mapping to IFC Hyperlink: http://cic.nist.gov/vrml/cis2.html Hyperlink: http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2005/CIS2format.html FIATECH Roadmap Hyperlink: http://www.fiatech.org/projects/idim/inds.htm GSA BIM Guidelines Hyperlink: http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channelPage=%252Fep%25 2Fchannel%252FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-18161 Hyperlink: http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/GSA_BIM_02_Appendix_v09_R2C-a3l_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf Information Delivery Manual (IDM) Documentation Hyperlink: http://idm.buildingsmart.no/confluence/display/IDM/Home;jsessionid=B63F2AB0C505D00422C2D AAE1395908D Hyperlink: http://www.iai.no/idm/ BIM Capability Maturity Model NIST Project Handover Guide Hyperlink: http://www.fiatech.org/pdfs/articles/NISTIR7417.pdf Hyperlink: http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build06/PDF/b06016.pdf CSI OmniClass Tables International Reference Standards International Alliance for Interoperability, IFCs (ISO PAS 16739) STEP (ISO 10303) Hyperlink: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38056 Integration of life-cycle data for process plants including oil and gas production facilities (ISO 15926) Hyperlink: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29557 Framework for Information (ISO 12006) Hyperlink: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=35333

For more BIM information, refer to the AGC BIM for Contractors or the AIA Integrated Project Delivery, A Guide 2007 - Version 1. Also see new AIA and AGC legal contracts. In particular, the AGC will publish the BIM Addenda to go with their consent documents, sometime in 2008.

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CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS
NAME
Gary Aller Brion Boucher Arnold Canales Jay Combs

COMPANY
Alliance for Construction Excellence DMJM Design ARC Consulting The Weitz Company

Consulting

Rob Duceatt

FESWest

Eli Geschwentner

Tri-City Mechanical

Aparna Gupta

AMBA Solutions

Jon Haug Jacki Houchens Don Humke Brian Kennedy Kurt Kindermann Kini Kundson

MidState Mechanical Alliance for Construction Excellence University Mechanical Austin Commercial Paragon Structural Design City of Phoenix

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CONTRIBUTORS
NAME
Keith Larkin

COMPANY
DPR Construction

David Morris Beth Scarano Rob Smalley Matt Steer

EMCOR Group Mortenson University Mechanical Mortenson

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SPONSORS
NAME COMPANY

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