8 THE PASSIVE Use We use the passive when : 1 we don't know or care who is the doer of the action

The walls were painted white. The blackboard has been cleaned. 2 the doer is obvious The robbers will be found and arrested. He was operated on this morning. 3 the action itself is more important than who did it My car has been stolen! The president was assassinated in 1963. Sometimes we also use the passive to put more emphasis on the doer of the action. Then we add the by + person at the end of the sentence to say who the doer is: The bicycle has been repaired by Peter. This essay wasn't written by you, it was written by Jane. Form To form the passive, we use be (in all tenses) + third form of the verb The door is always locked. (Present Simple) The kitchen is being redecorated. (Present Continuous) All the documents were burnt in the fire. (Past Simple) A copy can easily be made. (with can) The clothes were being dry-cleaned while they were shopping. (Past Continuous) Our house has been burgled while we were away. (Past Perfect) The old cinema building is going to be demolished. (whit going to) 13 TENSES 13.1 PRESENT SIMPLE Uses We use Present Simple tense : 1 to talk about activities that we repeat regularly (routines, habits) Peter goes to work by bus. She wears a pony tail. 2 to talk about a permanent situation now : I have 2 roses in my yard. She lives in Paris. 3 to talk about general truths : Famous people suffer from a lot of stress. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.

4 to talk about future official fixed arrangements or timetables which we cannot change Christmas falls on a Sunday next year. The Chinese delegation arrives tomorrow at 10 a.m. Form [VERB] + s/es in third person (-y ending changes in ies) He speaks English very well. She hurries to work every morning. In questions, negative sentences and short answers we use does (for 3rd person singular) or do (for other grammatical persons) Does she like tomato juice? No, she doesn't. We don't watch soap operas. It doesn't rain a lot in summer. Time adverbials always, usually, regularly, every morning/night/evening/day/week, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly ever, never Passive Once a week, Tom cleans the car. ACTIVE Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE

13.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS Uses We use Present Continuous : 1 to talk about activities that are going on at the time of the speaking That boy is singing awful. I am going to shop. Do you need anything? 2 to talk about activities that happen regularly but only for a limited period of time around the present (temporary routines or habits) She's working on a new book. I'm learning to drive. not necessarily at the actually time of speaking 3 to talk about future events that we have already fixed or arranged I'm getting married in June. (Arrangements have been made.) We're going to the theatre tonight. (We've got the tickets.) Form [am/is/are + present participle] I'm sitting on the sofa. He isn't working. Special rules for spelling of ing 1 when the verb ends with a consonant + e (write, smile, come) we drop final e (writing, smiling, coming) 2

2 when the verb ends with one vowel + one consonant (put, run, sit) we double the final consonant (putting, running, sitting), except after w and x (knowing, fixing) Time adverbials just, now, at the moment, at present Passive Right now, Tom is writing the letter. ACTIVE Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. PASSIVE 13.4 PAST SIMPLE Uses We use Past Simple tense to talk about : 1 finished actions in the past Yesterday in the cinema they watched a touching drama. He discovered a desert island in the Pacific. 2 past situations, repeated or continuous, and past habits The service was terrible. She always rang me on Fridays. I went to primary school in England. Form [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs It rained all day yesterday. I read your e-mail 3 days ago. In questions and negative sentences we use the infinitive and did or didn't : Did you see the match last night? We didn't like the play, it was too long. Time adverbials yesterday, last month, last Tuesday, three days ago, five years ago Passive Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE The car was repaired by Tom. PASSIVE 13.5 PAST CONTINUOUS Uses We use Past Continuous tense to talk about 1 an activity or activities that continued for some time in the past It was raining during the all concert. He was playing the Playstation3 all afternoon. 2 activities that form a background of some events We were talking quietly when a fight broke out. She was waiting for a bus when we meet her for the first time.

Form We form the Past Continuous using was/were + -ing The driver was sitting behind the wheel. He wasn't painting the wall. Passive
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. ACTIVE The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. PASSIVE

13.7 PRESENT PERFECT Uses 1 Past events or habits with results or consequences in the present The menager has gone out. (He is still not here now.) I've cut my finger. (It's bandaged.) 2 a single or repeated action in past, often with adverbials such as often, sometimes, usually, when were not interested when something happend I think I have met him once before. 3 We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now, often with adverbials like for five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Form has/have + past participle People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Time adverbials You cannot use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Passive Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE 13.8 PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. 4

I went to Mexico last year.

WENT TO

MEXICO

IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.

I have been to Mexico in the last year. I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 13.10 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

DAYS AGO AND NOW.

Uses We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about 1 repeated or continuous activity that started in the past and hasnt finished James has been teaching at the university since June. We have been waiting here for over two hours! 2 past activities that have some consequences or side effects in the present Ive been reading all night. (Thats why Im so sleepy now.) Have you been running? (Im asking because youre out of breath now.) Form [has/have + been + present participle] You have been waiting here for two hours. Have you been waiting here for two hours? You have not been waiting here for two hours. Passive Recently, John has been doing the work. ACTIVE Recently, the work has been being done by John. PASSIVE 13.12 PAST PERFECT Uses The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past : Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. She didnt know that he had got married. We use the Past Perfect and Past Simple in one sentence to show order of past events I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Form [had + past participle] You had studied English before you moved to New York. 5

Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Passive
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. ACTIVE Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. PASSIVE

13.13 THE FUTURE WILL + INFINITIVE Use 1 to make predictions based on a experience or intuition I think she will win the competition. The medicine will revile the pain. 2 to express a sudden decision made in time of speaking I will send you the information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. Will you help me move this heavy table? 3 to express fixed intentions or promises Ill always be your friend. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. Don't worry, I'll be careful. 4 to make a request or an offer Will you join us? Ill make some tea, if you like. Passive The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE Use 1 to make prediction about a future event based on observing the present situation He is going to fail the test. (We notice that he doesnt study much.) Look at those clouds, its going to rain. 2 to express an intention to do something I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. 6

Passive Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - we use Present Continuous to talk about future events that we have fixed or arranged A lot of people are coming to our wedding. (The invitations have been sent.) Were going to the theatre tonight. (Weve got the tickets.) PRESENT SIMPLE - we use Present Simple to talk about fixed arrangements or timetables that we cannot change The meeting begins after lunch. What time does the concert start tomorrow? MAY/MIGHT + INFINITIVE (may less possible) - to make uncertain predictions It may snow tomorrow. Peter might call in the evening. SHALL + INFINITIVE - to make a polite offer or suggestion, or ask for a advice, with I or we Shall I help you with that ? Shall we wait for the others? What shall I do if she refuses? 15 WISH Uses : 1 to say that we arent happy with the present I wish they werent singing so loudly. I wish I was taller. 2 to say what we regret about the past I wish she had told me about her problems. 3 to say what we want to change in our present I wish you would stop smoking. I wish the weather would change.