Lesson 1: Introduction to Electronics A.

Describe term Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices. (www.thefreedictionary.com/electronics) One way of looking at an electronic system is to divide it into the following parts:
1.

Inputs - Electrical or mechanical sensors (or transducers), which take signals (in the form of temperature, pressure, etc.) from the physical world and convert them into current/voltage signals. Signal processing circuits - These consist of electronic components connected together to manipulate, interpret and transform the signals. Outputs - Actuators or other devices (also transducers) that transform current/voltage signals back into useful physical form.

2. 3.

Take as an example a television. Its input is a broadcast signal received by an antenna and fed in through a cable. Signal processing circuits inside the television converts the signal into voltage levels that represents the brightness, color and sound information from this signal. The output devices are a cathode ray tube that converts electronic signals into a visible image on a screen and magnet driven audio speakers. Class Discussion: What is the difference between Electronics and Electrical terms? B. Classification of Materials and their Atomic Structures Classification of Materials 1. Insulator a material that does not allow current to flow. Examples: plastic, paper, rubber, dry wood 2. Conductor a material where electric current flow easily. Examples: metal wires (e.g. copper, silver, gold, aluminum, bronze), water 3. Semiconductor a material that has a conductivity level somewhere between an insulator and a conductor. Examples: silicon, germanium Bohrs Atomic structure

enucleus

e-

+14 neutron

evalence electrons

e-

+32 neutron

e-

e-

e-

Silicon (Si) Atomic Number = 14 = 32

Germanium (Ge) Atomic Number

C. OHMS LAW Ohms Law - states that current is directly proportional to voltage and is inversely proportional to resistance. Current (A) is the rate of flow of electrons through a conductor. Voltage (E) is the pressure of electromotive force. Resistance () is the opposition to current flow
WHEEL of DC RELATIONSHIPS in OHMS LAW

D. Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) Direct Current or DC is the first type of current because it was easy to produce. This type of current always flows in one direction. Ex. Batteries. Alternating Current or AC is the solution to the problem of DC. AC allows the flow of current in two directions. Ex. 220V outlet.

RMS Value or True Effective Value Using alternating current does not give you its true value. The peak-topeak value of alternating current is the measure from the positive peak to the negative peak of the waveform. AC current can be expressed in peakto-peak value, peak value or RMS value. Most voltmeters are calibrated to measure VRMS.

To get the RMS value voltages, the formula

of is

AC

E. Schematic Diagrams and Electronics symbols Schematic Diagram uses graphic symbols, shows the connections and functions of a specified circuit arrangement. electrical

R1 = 14
Ex.

10 V

IT

R2 = 6

Electronics symbols is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. Example: Resistor Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit. Some publications still use the old resistor symbol:

Resistor

Lesson 2: Measures

Electronic

Tools,

Test Instruments

and

Safety

A. Electronic Tools: It's hard to do a good job of electronics construction unless proper electronic tools and knowledge of using them are adequate. Some of the basic tools that should prove useful are listed below: Tool Name Picture

Soldering Iron

Soldering iron stand

Desoldering pump

Long nose Plier

Side cutters

Wire Stripper

Small flat-blade screwdriver

Electric Drill and Drill Bits

B. Test Equipments:
An Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under tests. Using this, the proper operation of a device under test can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired. Test Equipment Description is used to measure voltage, resistance, and current with analog meter scale. Picture

Analog Multitester

Digital Multimeter

have a digital display as the readout device which is used to measure voltage, resistance, current, and frequency.

Oscilloscope

measures voltage, time and frequency through waveforms on screen. provides a voltage source with multiple outputs, typically sinewave, square wave, and sawtooth waveforms. is used to measure inductance, capacitance, and resistance. are used to identify logic levels in digital circuits.

Function generator

LCR bridge

Logic probes

Logic pulser

provides short pulses for injecting signals into digital circuits.

High voltage probe

is used to test high voltages.

C. Working Safety Measures Personal and Equipment Safety Work only in clean dry areas. Do not wear loose or flapping clothing. Wear only nonconductive shoes. Remove all rings, wristwatches, bracelets, ID chains and tags, and similar metal items. Do not use bare hands to remove hot parts. Use a shorting stick to remove high voltage charges on capacitors. Make certain that the equipment being used is properly grounded. If more than 50V are to be used in the work, at least two other people must be present in the lab, including an instructor. Always wire a circuit completely before connecting it to the power source.
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 Review the wiring to avoid damage to components due to accidentally

misplacing the wire in the circuit. Furthermore, always disconnect the source end of a wire before disconnecting a wire from a circuit. Provide a switch within easy access with which the circuit can be deenergized. Turning off a power supply while the circuit is still connected to it can damage components as current and/or voltage spikes can occur as the supply turns off. Remove power from the circuit or equipment prior to working on it. Remove and replace fuses only after the power to the circuit has been de-energized. Make sure all equipment is properly grounded. Use extreme caution when removing or installing batteries containing acid. Use cleaning fluids only in well-ventilated spaces. Dispose of cleaning rags and other flammable materials in tightly closed metal containers. In case of an electrical fire, de-energize the circuit and report it immediately to the appropriate authority.

HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Consider the result of each act. Keep away from live circuits. Do not work alone. Do not tamper with interlocks. Do not ground yourself. Never energize equipment in the presence of water leakage.

First Aid For Electrical Shock Turn power OFF & remove victim from electric contact. Do not touch victim until power is removed. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing. Keep victim warm. Keep victim head low so blood can flow to brain. Avoid placing victim where breathing obstruction may occur. Cold water or ice pack for first degree and minor second degree. Dont break blisters! For open blisters, no water or cold pack and use thick clean bandages to avoid infection. Do not remove charred clothing instead let a medical pro do it.

Task ( By Group): List 10 tools not stated in our discussion. For each tool, state its description and give a picture of it. Create a 5S of Good Housekeeping chart stating the 5s in Japanese and English with their definitions. Place it on a illustration board.
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Lesson 3: VOM Fundamentals, Measuring and Reading A. VOM Fundamentals Definition VOM-Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, A multimeter is an electrical instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance Two basic types of VOM
1.

Digital multimeters have numerical displays, like digital clocks, for indicating the quantity of voltage, current, or resistance. Two types:

Switched -Manually switch between ranges to get the most accurate reading Auto Range- Switches between ranges automatically for best reading. Parts of a DMM Front panel:

2.

Analog multimeters indicate these quantities by means of a moving pointer over a printed scale.

B. Measurements

VOM

DC or AC Voltage Measurements using Voltmeter 1. Place voltmeter in parallel with the load being tested. 2. Select the DC or AC Volts 3. If not an auto-ranging mutimeter then start at the highest volts scale and work your way down. 4. Be very careful to not touch any other electronic components within the equipment and do not touch the metal tips. Example.
+ + VT _ + _ VT + R2 V2 _ R1 V1 _

Current Measurements using Ammeter 1. Turn Power Off before connecting multimeter 2. Break Circuit 3. Place multimeter in series with circuit 4. Select highest current setting, turn power on, and work your way down. Example.
+ R V _ I o _ A o 9 +

C. Resistance Measurements using Ohmmeter 1. Power always has to be off 2. Component has to be removed from circuit 3. Start at lowest Ohm setting Example.
Swa

+ V -

R1

R2

Swb D. Analog Voltmeter Reading

Voltmeter Scale (DC or AC): Range MinimumMaximum 0.1 V 0.002 V 0.1 V 0.25 V 0.005 V 0.25 V 2.5 V 0.05 V 2.5 V 10 V 0.2 V 10 V 50 V 1 V 50 V 250 V 5 V 250 V 1000 V 20 V 1000 V Formulas:

Volts/graduatio n 0.002 V/grad 0.005 V/grad 0.05 V/grad 0.2 V/grad 1 V/grad 5 V/grad 20 V/grad

Volts/ grad = Range Used / 50 Range MinimumMeasured voltage value = Number of graduations x volts/grad Example: Range at 10v Pointer at 7th graduation Measure voltage: Solution: Volts/grad = 10/50 = .2 v/grad Vm = 7 grad x .2 v/grad Vm = 1.4 v Exercises:
1. 50v 2. 10v 3. 2.5v 4.
1000v

5. 250v

0 0 0

2 10 50

4 20 100

6 30 150

8 40 200

10 50 250

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E. Milliammeter Reading Milliammeter Scale: Range Minimum-Maximum 50 A 1 A 50 A 2.5 mA .05 mA 2.5 mA 25 mA .5 mA 25 mA 250 mA 5 mA 250 mA .25 A .005 A .25 A mA/graduation 1 A/grad .05 mA/grad .5 mA/grad 5 mA/grad .005A/grad

Formulas: Milliampere per graduation (mA/grad): mA/grad = Range/50 Measured current (Im): Im = Number of graduation x mA/grad Example: Range at 25 mA Pointer at 6th graduation Measure current Solution: mA/grad = 25 mA/50 = .5 mA/grad Im = 6 grad x .5 mA/grad Im = 3 mA Exercises:
.25A

25mA

2.5mA

50uA

250mA

0 0 0

F. Ohmmeter Reading

2 10 50

4 20 100

6 30 150

8 40 200

10 50 250

Ohmmeter Scale: Range x1 x10 x100 Minimum - Maximum 0.2 2 k 2 20 k 20 200 k

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x1k x10k x100k Exercises:

2k 1k 500 200 100 50 30 20

200 2 M 2 k 20 M 20 k 200 M

10

x100 5.

x10k 4.

x1k 3.

x10 2.

x1 1.

Lesson 4: Oscilloscope Fundamentals, Calibrating, Measuring and Reading The oscilloscope is an electronic instrument designed to measure graphically voltage and current signals with respect to time. What Oscilloscopes do? 1. You can determine the voltage and time values of the signal. 2. You can calculate the frequency of the signal. 3. You can find out how much of the signal is AC or DC. 4. You can tell if a component in a circuit is properly functioning.

Two Types Oscilloscopes

1. Analog Oscilloscope

2. Digital Oscilloscope

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Parts of an Oscilloscope The front panel has three sections: display, time base, and channels.

The display is either a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD), on which lines are displayed called traces. The time base controls the speed of the traces across the screen. The channel has a probe input and vertical control for each trace. Basic models have one or two channels, but the professional models usually have four or more.

Oscilloscope Calibration Steps

1. First, set all of the buttons and switches to their normal positions. This means, all push button switches should be in the out position, all slide switches in the up position, all rotating dials are centered, and the TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV and the HOLD OFF are in the Calibrated (CAL) position. 2. Set the VOLTS/DIV to 1V/DIV. 3. Set the TIME/DIV control to 2s/DIV 4. Switch the power ON. You should now see the trace moving across the screen. 5. Locate the Y-POS control. This is used to move the trace up/down the screen. 6. Now locate the INTENSITY and FOCUS controls. These will allow you to control how bright the trace is and whether it is sharp or blurry. 7. A connection to the input of channel 1, CH 1, of the oscilloscope can be made using a special connector called a BNC plug, as shown below:

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8.

You should obtain a clear picture of the 2 V signal, which should look like this:

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