Royal Scientific society

Princess Sumaya University College for Technology

Computer Graphics
(and Graphical User Interface)

Dr. Arafat Awajan

Chapter One
Introduction To Computer Graphics
I.1. What is Computer Graphics I.2. Purposes of Computer Graphics I.3. Computer Graphics and Computer System I.4. Interactive Graphical Systems I.5. Applications I.6. History of Computer Graphics
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I. 1. What is the Computer Graphics a. Introduction - CG is a field of computer science (rapidly growing field) - CG deals with the Hardware and the Software - CG started with the display of data on hardcopy ,plotters and then using the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT screens) - CG deals with : The creation and production of images from diverse fields Storage and retrieval if images Manipulation of Images and graphics. Graphical User Interface

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Sr. Arafat Awajan - PSUT

b. Definition of Computer Graphics The computer Graphics is the field of computer science that deals with the techniques used for implementing algorithms able to create, process, use and store graphics and images.

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Sr. Arafat Awajan - PSUT

I. 2. Computer Graphics main purposes a. Data presentation: - The CG is an effective mean for information presentation and interpretation ( a picture is worth ten thousand words) - It is used to present large amount of data in a clear and understandable form using charts, graphs, images .. - Example : the population of Jordan over 80 years. b. Visualization: representation of objects, phenomena, ideas by images c. Human-machine interaction or Graphical user Interface(GUI). Using special input output devices, icons, menus, buttons, etc to make the computer systems more friendly.
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I. 3. Computer Graphics and Computer System a. Computer system: Input data Computer System Information

b. Data and Information forms - Textual form - Numerical forms - Graphics and images - Voice ( sound ) - any type of physical signals

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Sr. Arafat Awajan - PSUT

c. Computer Graphics And Computer Systems - CG can be seen as the set of techniques dealing with the form and the presentation of input data or the produced information in a computer system - CG provides mainly the interaction capabilities between the computer system and the users

Text or Numbers
Traditional Interface

Computer System User Graphics,Images

Graphical Interface
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I. 4. Interactive Graphical System a. Remark Computer systems with graphical capabilities need powerful hardware and special software, because they manipulate large quantities of data and deal with complicated calculations b. Hardware CPU : speed Bus : Number of bits I/O devices : interactivity c. Software Algorithms : Efficiency Languages : Assembly+C Packages
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Memory : Size External Storage:Access time+size Screen & printers: resolution Data Structures :Linked lists,trees Files : Special structures

Sr. Arafat Awajan - PSUT

I. 5. Applications a. Visual Operating system a1. Command line O. S. : Using text (lines) to determine operations Input Device : Keyboard Examples : DOS,UNIX a2. Visual O. S. : Using Graphical Tools to communicate commands to computers Tools : menus, Icons, figures, images are used Input devices : mouse, Touch-screen, light pen , etc Examples : XEROX O.S. ( 1981) Apple Lisa (1983) Apple Macintosh ( 1984) Microsoft windows PS/s of IBM MS Windows 95/98 a3. Visual Programming Languages : Delphi, Vbasic, Visual C++
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b. Presentation Graphics ( Business Graphics) b1. Definition : Using graphs, charts, curves, to present vast amount of data and information in a compact , clear and meaningful form b2. Applications : Financial data, statistical data, Mathematical data, Scientific data, economic data, etc b3. Users : Scientists, Decision makers, Large Public b4. Forms : Bar chart, Line and Curves, Surface graph, Pie chart, Chart with icons, 3d Bar chart, 3D pie charts . b5. Packages : Lotus123, Excel, Quatro, ...
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c. Computer Aided Design (CAD) c1. Definition CAD is a generic term that encompasses any activity where a computer aids in the design of a product. c2. Components : Graphical editor, Multi-window environment, special I-O devices c3. Applications: Drafting and part design, Building design,Automobiles, Aircraft, Electronics circuits, Computers, Space craft c4. Operations of CAD: (steps) - Enter the objects dimensions ( primitives) - CAD produces outlines of the object ( Wireframe drawing) - Advanced techniques are used to obtain more realistic drawing (3D drawing,Colors, Shadows, hidden lines and surfaces) - Testing features and performances (Using animation and simulation and virtual reality techniques).
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d. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) for educational and cultural purposes e. Computer art and Entertainment e1. Examples : Animated movies and Cartoon, Advertisement, Games, Realistic drawing, B/W movies coloration e2. Techniques : Coloring, Animation : Translating, Zooming, Rotation, Shadows, Real images and drawing images f. Office Automation and Electronic Publishing Text + Images + Graphics + Charts,etc
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g. Model Representation g1. Definition : Graphical representation of a phenomena (physical, Chemical, Biological, Mathematical Modes, ) in order to study it. g2. Model of a Phenomena : Data Functions Relationships Knowledge g3. Examples : Cartography DNA Representation Integration, 3D surfaces in Math. Models.
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CG Techniques Programs

Graphical Models

h. Simulation for training h1. Example: Flight Simulator System for training airplane pilots and spaceship astronauts h2. FSS components : Aircraft models, Airports models, Geographical models, Maps Weather conditions, Failure models, Emergency takeoff and landing, etc h3. FSS features: Complex computation Special Purpose Hardware real time system Expensive Large databases Special Purpose Software Interactive system

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Sr. Arafat Awajan - PSUT

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l. Process Control Flight controllers ( RADAR) Status display in refineries Nuclear central Control m. Image Processing n. Graphical User Interface Spacecraft Controller Military applications Power plants

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I. 6. History of Computer Graphics a. Hardware:

1940s: Printers( hardcopy) 1950 : MIT produces the first CRT for computers (prototype) 1963 : PHD of Ivan Sutherland and the first line drawing System 1965 : IBM introduced the first mass produced CRT ($100,000) 1968 :Tektronix introduced the Storage tube CRT ($15,000) 1975 : The first raster scan system (CRT TV type Monitor) 1980s: Personal Computers.

b. Software:
1963 : I. Sutherland proposed algorithms and DS for 2D graphics 1966 : Steven Coons proposed algorithms for 3D graphics 1972 : Pierre Bezier proposed algorithms for curved surfaces

c. Standards:
1979 : USA, the standard : Core Graphics System 1980 : Germany , The standard Graphical Kernel System (GKS) now : The Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard (PHIGS)
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