AP.Dr.

MuhannadTalibShuker AP Dr MuhannadTalibShuker GPEDepartment

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

I t d ti t W ll T ti IntroductiontoWellTesting
esc pt o o a e est DescriptionofaWellTest WellTestobjectives Informationobtainedfromwelltesting g

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

D i ti f W ll T t DescriptionofaWellTest
g p Duringawelltest,atransient p pressureresponseis createdbyatemporarychangeinproductionrate(1).
Rate e,q drawdown Pi Pressure,P buildup

Time,t

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Th ll i ll i dd i Thewellresponseisusuallymonitoredduringa relativelyshortperiodoftimecomparedtothelifeof p g p j thereservoir,dependinguponthetestobjectives. Forwellevaluation,testsarefrequentlyachievedinless thantwodays. Inthecaseofreservoirlimittesting,severalmonthsof I h f i li i i l h f pressuredatamaybeneeded. Inmostcases,theflowrateismeasuredatsurface whilethepressureisrecordeddownhole. Beforeopening,theinitialpressurePiisconstantand uniforminthereservoir. f h Duringtheflowingperiod,thedrawdownpressure responsepisdefinedasfollows:
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

BU&DDPressureSequence

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Whenthewellisshutin,thebuilduppressurechangepis estimatedfromthelastflowingpressurep(t=0):

Thepressureresponseisanalyzedversustheelapsedtimet sincethestartof theperiod(timeofopeningorshutin). h d ( f h )

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

W ll T t bj ti WellTestobjectives
y p Welltestanalysisprovidesinformationonthereservoir andonthewell. Geological,geophysicalandpetrophysicalinformationis usedwherepossibleinconjunctionwiththewelltest d h ibl i j ti ithth llt t informationtobuildareservoirmodelforpredictionof thefieldbehaviorandfluidrecoveryfordifferent operatingscenarios. Thequalityofthecommunicationbetweenthewelland thereservoirindicatesthepossibilitytoimprovethewell productivity. Usually,thetestobjectivescanbesummarizedasfollows:
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Explorationwell: toconfirmtheexplorationhypothesisand toestablishafirstproductionforecast:natureandtherateof producedfluids,initialpressureandwellandreservoir properties(DST DrillStemTesting) properties(DST Appraisalwell: toconfirmthewellproductivity,reservoir heterogeneitiesandboundaries,drivemechanisms.Bottom holefluidsamplesaretakenforPVTanalysis.Longer holefluidsamplesaretakenforPVTanalysis Longer durationtesting(productiontesting)isusuallycarriedout. Developmentwell: periodicteststoadjustthereservoir descriptionandtoevaluatetheneedforwelltreatment,such d i ti dt l t th df llt t t h asworkover,perforationstrategyorcompletiondesign,to maximizethewell'sproductionlife.Communication betweenwells(interferencetesting),monitoringofthe b ll (i f i ) i i f h averagereservoirpressurearesomeusualobjectivesof developmentwelltesting.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

InformationObtainedfromWellTesting
Welltestresponsescharacterizetheabilityofthefluidflowthrough thereservoirandtothewell.Testprovideadescriptionofthe reservoirindynamicconditions,asopposedtogeologicalandlog data.Astheinvestigatedreservoirvolumeisrelativelylarge,the estimatedparametersareaveragevalues.Frompressurecurve i d l F analysis,itispossibletodeterminethefollowingproperties(1): Reservoirdescription
Permeability(horizontalandvertical) Reservoirheterogeneities(naturalfractures,layering,changeof characteristics) Boundaries(distance,sizeandshape), Pressures(initialp;andaveragep).

Welldescription
Productionpotential(productivityindexPIandskinfactorS) WellGeometry
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Testprocedure p
Drawdowntest:theflowingbottomholepressureisused foranalysis.Ideally,thewellshouldbeproducingat constantratebutinpractice,thisisdifficulttoachieve b i i hi i diffi l hi anddrawdownpressuredataiserratic. Theanalysisofflowingperiods(drawdown)isfrequently difficultandinaccurate. Builduptest:theincreaseofbottomholepressureafter shutinisusedforanalysis.Beforethebuilduptest,the h i i df l i B f h b ild h wellmusthavebeenflowinglongenoughtoreach stabilizedrate.Duringshut inperiods,theflowrateis stabilizedrate.Duringshutinperiods,theflowrateis accuratelycontrolled(zero). Itisforthisreasonbuilduptestsshouldbeperformed.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Injectiontest/fallofftest:whenfluidisinjectedintothe Injectiontest/fall offtest:whenfluidisinjectedintothe reservoir,thebottomholepressureincreasesand,after shutin,itdropsduringthefalloffperiod.Theproperties oftheinjectedfluidareingeneraldifferentfromthatof fth i j t dfl id i ldiff tf th t f thereservoirfluid,interpretationofinjectionandfalloff testsrequiresmoreattentiontodetailthanforproducers. Interferencetestandpulsetesting:thebottomhole pressureismonitoredinashutinobservationwellsome distanceawayfromtheproducer.Interferencetestsare distanceawayfromtheproducer Interferencetestsare designedtoevaluatecommunicationbetweenwells.With pulsetests,theactivewellisproducedwithaseriesof shortflow/shutinperiodsandtheresultingpressure h fl h d d h l oscillationsintheobservationwellareanalyzed.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

G ll Gaswelltest:specifictestingmethodsareusedtoevaluatethe
deliverabilityofgaswells(AbsoluteOpenFlowPotential,AOFP)andthe possibilityofnonDarcyflowcondition(ratedependentskinfactorS). TheusualproceduresareBackPressuretest (FlowafterFlow),IsochronalandModifiedIsochronaltests. InthefollowingFigure,thetypicaltestsequenceofanexplorationoil wellispresented. Initially,thewelliscleanedupbyproducingatdifferentrates,untilthe fluidproducedatsurfacecorrespondstothereservoirfluid. Thewellisthenshutintorunthedownholepressuregauges,and reopenedforthemainflow.Theflowrateiscontrolledbyproducing throughacalibratedorificeonthechokemanifold.Severalchoke diametersarefrequentlyused,untilstabilizedflowingconditionsare reached. Aftersomeflowtimeataconstantrate,thewellisshut inforthefinal Aftersomeflowtimeataconstantrate,thewellisshutinforthefinal builduptest.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Typicaltestsequence

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Inputdatarequiredforwelltestanalysis

Testdata:flowrateandbottomholepressureasafunctionof
time.Thetestsequenceofeventsmustbedetailed,including time Thetestsequenceofeventsmustbedetailed including anyoperationalproblemsthatmayaffectthewellresponse. Resultsofanalysisaredependentupontheaccuracyof thewelltestdata. Whentheproductionratehasnotbeenmeasuredduringsome flowperiods,itmustbeaccuratelyestimated. flowperiods itmustbeaccuratelyestimated

Welldata:wellboreradiusrw wellgeometry(suchasinclined
orhorizontalwell),depths(formation,gauges).

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Reservoirandfluidparameters:f formationthicknessh(net), ti thi k h( t)

porosity,compressibilityofoilco,watercw,andformationcf; watersaturationSw,oilviscosityo andformationvolumefactorB. Thetotalsystemcompressibilityct isexpressedas: Th l ibili i d

Theabovereservoirandfluidparametersareusedforcalculationof theresults;usinginterpretationmodel.Afterafirstinterpretation, theresults;usinginterpretationmodel Afterafirstinterpretation theymayalwaysbechangedoradjustedifneededtorefinethe results,forthesametheoreticalinterpretationmodel. Additionaldatacanbeusefulinsomecases:productionlog,gradient dd ld b f l d l d surveys,reservoirtemperature,bubblepointpressureetc.General informationobtainedfromgeologistandgeophysicistsare requiredtovalidatethewelltestinterpretationresults.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Typesofflowbehavior
Thedifferentflowbehaviorsareusuallyclassifiedintermsof rateofchangeofpressurewithrespecttotime. f h f h

1Steadystate
Duringsteadystateflow,thepressuredoesnotchangewith Duringsteady stateflow thepressuredoesnotchangewith time.Thisisobservedforexamplewhenaconstantpressure effect,suchasresultingfromagascaporsometypesofwater drive,ensuresapressuremaintenanceintheproducing drive ensuresapressuremaintenanceintheproducing formation.

2Pseudosteadystate
Thepseudosteadystateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse. Thepseudosteadystateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Withaconstantrateproduction thedropofpressure Withaconstantrateproduction,thedropofpressure becomesconstantforeachunitoftime.

3Transientstate
Transientresponsesareobservedbeforeconstantpressureor closedboundaryeffectsarereached. Thepressurevariationwithtimeisafunctionofthewell Th i ti ithti i f ti fth ll geometryandthereservoirproperties,suchaspermeability andheterogeneity. g y

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

Usually,welltestinterpretationfocusesonthetransient pressureresponse. Nearwellboreconditionsareseenfirstandlater,when N llb diti fi t dl t h thedrainageareaexpands,thepressureresponseis characteristicofthereservoirpropertiesuntilboundary effectsareseenatlatetime(thentheflowregimechanges topseudosteadyorsteadystate).

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

SteadystateFlow Steady state Flow

Theflowregimeisidentifiedasasteadystateflowifthepressure ateverylocationinthereservoirremainsconstant.Inotherwords, duringsteadystateflow,pressuredoesnotchangewithtime. Mathematicallythisconditionisexpressedas:

P =0 t i
ThisequationstatesthattherateofchangeofpressureP with q g p respecttotimet atanylocationi iszero.Inreservoirthiscondition canonlybeachievedwhenthereservoirissupportedbyastrong aquifer,gascaporpressuremaintainingoperations.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

PseudosteadystateFlow Pseudosteady state Flow

Whenthepressureatdifferentlocationsofthereservoiris decliningataconstantratetheflowregimeiscalled pseudosteadystateflow.Mathematicallythisconditionis expressedas:

P = constant t i
ThisequationstatesthattherateofchangeofpressureP with q g p respecttotimet atanylocationi isconstant.Thepseudosteady stateregimecharacterizesaclosedsystemresponse.

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

UnsteadystateFlow (TransientFlow) (T i t Fl )
Unsteadystateflow,alsoknownastransientflow,isobservedbefore constantpressureorclosedboundaryeffectsarereached.The l db d ff h d Th pressurevariationwithtimeisafunctionofthewellgeometryandthe reservoirpropertieslikepermeabilityandheterogeneity. y p Mathematicallythisconditionisexpressedas:

P = f (i, t ) t i
Welltestinterpretationfocusesonthetransientpressureresponse. p p p Nearwellboreconditionsareseenfirstandlater,whenthe drainageareaexpands,thepressureresponseisthecharacteristics ofthereservoirpropertiesuntilboundaryeffectsareseenatlater time(atwhichflowregimechangestopseudosteadystateor steadystate.
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

FlowRegimes Flow Regimes

P P =0 t i
Pressureat tlocationI inthereser rvoir
Steadystateflow

P = constant t i

Pseudosteadystateflow

P = f (i, t ) t i

Unsteadystateflow

Time
Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011