Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport [AASTMT] College of Engineering and Technology Mechanical Engineering

Department

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

CONCENTERIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

NAME: Amr Salah El-Din mahmoud SUPERVISOR: ENG. NIHAL

Objectives
The Hilton Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been designed specifically to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchanger in the most convenient way possible in the laboratory classroom. The apparatus requires only a cold water supply, single phase electrical outlet and a bench top to enable a series of simple measurements to be made by students needing an introduction to heat exchanger design and operation.

1. Abstract/summary
Regarding to the experiment objectives that are to determine the differences in temperature between a parallel flow and a counter flow and to determine the most efficient of concentric heat exchanger whether the parallel flow or counter-current flow, this experiment is based on the transfer of heat at a different temperature gradient. We used concentric heat exchanger. This instrument was combined with thermometers and flow rate meter, thus we can control and indicate the temperatures of T Hin, TH out, TH mid, TC mid, TCin, and TC out and also the water flow rate (hot and cold). The experiment divided into 2 section A and B. A, constant flow rate, temperature varies and B, constant temperature, varies flow rate. In experiment A, parallel flow is more efficient than counter flow. For parallel flow, the average efficiency is 29.31% while the overall heat transfer coefficient, U is 1.096 W/m 2 K at 60 C and 1.12 W/m2K at 70 C. Meanwhile for counter flow the average efficiency we get is 26.67% while the overall heat transfer coefficient, U is none at 60 C and 0.94W/m2 K at 70 C. In experiment B, counter flow is more efficient than parallel flow. For parallel flow, the average efficiency we get is 34.62% while the overall heat transfer coefficient, U is 1.10 W/m 2K at 2500 cm3/min and 1.53 W/m2 K at 3500 cm3/min. Meanwhile for counter flow the average efficiency we get is 35.39% while the overall heat transfer coefficient, U is 1.44 W/m2 K at 2500 cm3/min and 1.4 W/m2K at 3500 cm3/min. The experiment was completely and successfully done.

Procedures
1. Configure the experiment for counter flow heat exchanger operation such as turn ON the heating elements to heat the fluids. 2. Set the required hot water inlet temperature to Th,in = 50 with the decade switch and set the cold water volumetric flow rate(Vc) to run at a constant2000 cm/min. 3. Initially set the hot water volumetric flow rateVh to 1000 cm/min. Wait until5 minutes before the six temperature readings are records. 4. Repeat this for volumetric flow rate,Vh of2000,3000 and 4000 cm/min for hot water. Record the temperature readings in the table. 5. After finish up the experiment, turn OFF the heating elements, close the valve for hot and cold water.

Overall outcome

The process of heat exchanger between two fluids that are at different temperatures and separated by a solid wall occurs in many engineering application. The device used to implement this exchange is termed a heat exchanger, and specific applications may be found in space heating and air conditioning, power production, waste heat recovery, and chemical processing. Heat exchanger is typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of construction. The simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids move in

the same or opposite directions in a concentric tube (or double- pipe) construction. In the parallel- flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and leave at the same end. In the counter flow arrangement, the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.

The heats were transfer between the two fluids by convection mode which is from the hot fluid to the wall and also by conduction which is occur within the wall itself and back to the convection which is from the wall to the cold fluid. This concentric tube heat exchanger is the simplest one of heat exchanger between the other types of heat exchanger. This type mainly used for small flow rates of fluid. Another type heat exchanger is shell and tube heat exchanger. This heat exchanger has some number of shell-and-tube passes and the simplest form which involves single tube and shell passes. This type usually
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Contents sheet

Objective of the experiment..1 Apparatus of experiment...2 Observation of experiment3 Results of experiment4 Discussion of experiment..5 Conclusion of experiment.6

Objective
Concentric Tube (or Pipe) Heat Exchangers are used in a variety of industries for purposes such as material processing, food preparation and air conditioning. They create a temperature driving force by passing fluid streams of different temperatures parallel to each other, separated by a physical boundary in the form of a pipe. This induces forced convection, transferring heat to/from the product.

3. Aims/Objectives The objectives of this experiment: Understand the operating principles of concentric tube heat exchanger. Determine the differences in temperature between a parallel flow and a counter flow. Determine the most efficiency of concentric heat exchanger whether the parallel flow or counter-current flow

Concentric tube heat exchangers are the basic flow arrangements for a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid flows in the inner tube that is surrounded by a concentric tube carrying the cold fluid. In the parallel-flow (PF) arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and exit at the same end. In the counter-flow (CF) configuration, the two fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and exit at opposite ends. Figure 1. Basic flow arrangements for concentric tube heat exchangers A note on flow configuration: The counter -flow configuration is the predominantly preferred flow direction in liquid -to-liquid heat exchangers because it results in a higher temperature difference driving heat transfer within the heat exchanger, thus minim izing the heat transfer area required. On the other hand, parallel flow, while rarely used, does have the advantage of lowering the heat exchanger wall temperature on the hot side fluid. This can be useful for temperature -sensitive fluids or as a means of Heat Exchanger Investigation

Minimizing temperature-sensitive deposits. Another commonly found flow configuration (in particular in air-to-liquid heat exchangers) is the cross-flow heat exchanger, where the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.

Apparatus
1

2 10 3

4 5

6 9 8 7

Refer to the abo e figure:

1. C t ll . 2. El t i l suppl swit . 3. C l wat fl w meter.

4. C l water control valve. 5. Col water outlet. 6. Col water inlet. 7. Hot water flowmeter. 8. Hot water flow control valve. 9. Valve arrangement. 10. Thermometers.

Descri tion
1. Controller: 2. Electrical supply switch: 3. Cold water flow meter: 4. Cold water control valve: 5. Cold water outlet: 6. Cold water inlet: 7. Hot water flowmeter: 8. Hot water flow control valve: 9. Valve arrangement: 10. Thermometers:

Observation Parallel flow arrangement

      

Control hot water temperature = Hot water flow rate Cold water flow rate


cc/min

cc/min

 

Power emitted Power absorbed Power lost Efficiency( )

 

 

   

Power emitted
 

Power absorbed

50

44

29

33

Power emitted(W)
50160000 W

Power absorbed(W)
33440000 W

Power lost(W)
16720000 W

Efficiency( )
66.67

Counter flow arrangement

      

Control hot water temperature = Hot water flow rate Cold water flow rate


cc/min

cc/min

Summary of the theory: Power emitted Power absorbed Power lost Efficiency( )
       

Power emitted
 

Power absorbed

50

43

28

34

Power emitted(W)
58520000 W

Power absorbed(W)
50160000 W

Power lost(W)
8360000 W

Efficiency( )
85.71

Results

Discussion
Heat exchanger are commonly used in practice, and an engineer often finds himself or herself in a position to select a heat exchanger that will achieve a specified temperature change in a fluid stream of known flow rate, or to predict the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids stream in a specified heat exchanger. The variation of temperature of hot and cold fluids in a counter-flow heat exchanger is given in figure 4. Note that the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger from opposite ends, and the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in this case may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid. In the limiting case, the cold fluid will be heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. However, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid can never exceed the inlet temperature of the hot fluid, since this would be a violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Conclusions
It can be concluded that the experiment is done successfully. The power emitted and power absorbed are increased when we compared the effect of changing the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid. Besides, the power lost that we get shows decreasing value unless the last reading give some increased value. This is maybe because of the error while doing the experiment that may cause by conduction and convection between hot and cold fluid while doing counter flow operation. The overall efficiency are reasonable and doesnt exceed the 100%. From our experiment, the overall heat transfer coefficient will increase when the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid are increase. So that, the conclusion that can be done is the overall heat transfer coefficient, the power emitted and power absorbed are influenced by the changing of volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid.

The primary advantage of a concentric configuration, as opposed to a plate or shell and tube heat exchanger, is the simplicity of their design. As such, the insides of both surfaces are easy to clean and maintain, making it ideal for fluids that cause fouling. Additionally, their robust build means that they can withstand high pressure operations.[3] They also produce turbulent conditions at low flow rates, increasing the heat transfer coefficient, and hence the rate of heat transfer.[4] There are significant disadvantages however, the two most noticeable being their high cost in proportion to heat transfer area; and the impractical lengths required for high heat duties. They also suffer from comparatively high heat losses via their large, outer shells

This experiment makes use of a venturi flow meter to indicate volumetric flow rate. In this type of flow meter the pressure differential developed across a venturi will determine the actual flow rate in the system. The equation to determine the flow rate is given by: