ANALYZING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER TO A LOAD RESISTANCE USING MATLAB, SIMULINK, AND GUI.

Objective:

1. To calculate and plot maximum power against load resistance, using M-file. 2. Use of GUI and Simulink to plot maximum power against load resistance. 3. Analyzing and discussing on my plotted graphs.

DONE BY: AMINU ILIYASU BUGAJE.

INTRODUCTION: In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be made the same as that of the source. If the load resistance is smaller than the source resistance, then most of the power ends up being dissipated in the source, and although the total power dissipated is higher, due to a lower total resistance, it turns out that the amount dissipated in the load is reduced. Maximum power is transferred from an active device such as a power supply or battery to an external device occurs when the impedance of the external device matches that of the source. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_theorem#References).

Fig 1. A voltage and an internal resistance Rs supplying a load resistance RL In the diagram above opposite power is being transferred from the source, with voltage 240v and fixed source resistance Rs of 100, to a load with resistance RL, find the value of the load resistance RL, resulting in a current I. By Ohm's law, I is simply the source voltage divided by the total circuit resistance:    

The power PL dissipated in the load is the square of the current multiplied by the resistance:


*Plot the power supply to the load as a function of the load resistance.

M-File Program

Aim: To calculate and plot power against the load resistance.

%date

programmer

%********

***********

%30/7/2010

Aminu iliyasu bugaje

%variables

V=240;%voltage supplied Rs=100;%source resistance Rl=1:10:1000; % load resistance array I=V./(Rs+Rl) % calculate current P=(I.^2).*Rl; %calculte the power supplied to the load. plot(Rl,P,'R'); %ploting power supplied as function of load resistance. title('power against load resistance'); xlabel('resistance(Rl)'); ylabel('(power(Pl)'); fprintf('this is the power value%d',P) I=

Columns 1 through 7

2.3762 2.1622 1.9835 1.8321 1.7021 1.5894 1.4907

Columns 8 through 14

1.4035 1.3260 1.2565 1.1940 1.1374 1.0860 1.0390

Columns 15 through 21

0.9959 0.9562 0.9195 0.8856 0.8541 0.8247 0.7973

Columns 22 through 28

0.7717 0.7477 0.7251 0.7038 0.6838 0.6648 0.6469

Columns 29 through 35

0.6299 0.6138 0.5985 0.5839 0.5701 0.5568 0.5442

Columns 36 through 42

0.5322 0.5206 0.5096 0.4990 0.4888 0.4790 0.4697

Columns 43 through 49

0.4607 0.4520 0.4436 0.4356 0.4278 0.4203 0.4131

Columns 50 through 56

0.4061 0.3993 0.3928 0.3865 0.3803 0.3744 0.3687

Columns 57 through 63

0.3631 0.3577 0.3524 0.3473 0.3424 0.3376 0.3329

Columns 64 through 70

0.3283 0.3239 0.3196 0.3154 0.3113 0.3073 0.3034

Columns 71 through 77

0.2996 0.2959 0.2923 0.2888 0.2854 0.2820 0.2787

Columns 78 through 84

0.2755 0.2724 0.2694 0.2664 0.2634 0.2606 0.2578

Columns 85 through 91

0.2550 0.2524 0.2497 0.2472 0.2446 0.2422 0.2398

Columns 92 through 98

0.2374 0.2351 0.2328 0.2305 0.2284 0.2262 0.2241

Columns 99 through 100

0.2220 0.2200

this is the power value5.646505e+000this is the power value5.142440e+001this is the power value8.261731e+001this is the power value1.040499e+002.

I observed that the power is increasing and the load resistance is increasing, and the power started decreasing when the resistance is value was going higher . Maximum power is 150watt when load resistance is 100. So this shows that the higher the resistance the lower the power supplied. I can see that the Maximum Power Transfer occurs in the load when the load resistance, RL is equal to the source resistance, RS so then: RS = RL = 100 .

GUI PROGRAM
function varargout = Aminu(varargin) % AMINU M-file for Aminu.fig % AMINU, by itself, creates a new AMINU or raises the existing % singleton*. % % H = AMINU returns the handle to a new AMINU or the handle to % the existing singleton*. % % AMINU('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local % function named CALLBACK in AMINU.M with the given input arguments. % % AMINU('Property','Value',...) creates a new AMINU or raises the % existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are % applied to the GUI before Aminu_OpeningFunction gets called. An % unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application % stop. All inputs are passed to Aminu_OpeningFcn via varargin. % % *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one % instance to run (singleton)". % % See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES % Edit the above text to modify the response to help Aminu % Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 29-Jul-2010 21:51:58 % Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT gui_Singleton = 1; gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ... 'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ... 'gui_OpeningFcn', @Aminu_OpeningFcn, ... 'gui_OutputFcn', @Aminu_OutputFcn, ... 'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ... 'gui_Callback', []); if nargin && ischar(varargin{1}) gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1}); end if nargout [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:}); else gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:}); end % End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

% --- Executes just before Aminu is made visible. function Aminu_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin) % This function has no output args, see OutputFcn. % hObject handle to figure % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) % varargin command line arguments to Aminu (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for Aminu handles.output = hObject; % Update handles structure guidata(hObject, handles); % UIWAIT makes Aminu wait for user response (see UIRESUME) % uiwait(handles.figure1);

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line. function varargout = Aminu_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) % varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT); % hObject handle to figure % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) % Get default command line output from handles structure varargout{1} = handles.output;

% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1. function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) V=240;%voltage supplied Rs=100;%source resistance Rl=1:10:1000; % load resistance array I=V./(Rs+Rl) % calculate current P=(I.^2).*Rl; %calculte the power supplied to the load. plot(Rl,P,'R'); %ploting power supplied as function of load resistance. title('power against load resistance'); xlabel('resistance(Rl)'); ylabel('(power(Pl)');

I observed that the power is increasing and the load resistance is increasing, and the power started decreasing when the resistance is value was going higher . Maximum power is 150 when load resistance is 100. So this shows that the higher the resistance the lower the power supplied. RL is equal to the source resistance, RS so then: RS = RL = 100 . The maximum power is transferred from an active device such as a power supply or battery to an external device occurs when the impedance of the external device matches that of the source

Simulink program

I observed that the power is increasing and the load resistance is increasing, and the power started decreasing when the resistance is value was going higher. So this shows that the higher the resistance the lower the power supplied.

CONCLUSION: In the circuit above the maximum power is transferred from source resistance to a load resistance when the resistance of the load is same as that of the source (Rs=RL). The power was at maximum point (150) when the resistance value was low (100), and the power value started decreasing when the resistance value was increasing. So this implies that the higher the resistance the lower the power supplied and the lower the resistance the higher the power. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is another useful analysis method to ensure that the maximum amount of power will be dissipated in the load resistance when the value of the load resistance is exactly equal to the resistance of the power source.

Reference:
1. H.W. Jackson (1959) Introduction to Electronic Circuits, Prentice-Hall. 2. Sedra Adel. (1991). Microelectronic Circuits. 3 ed. Saunders College Publishing.

3.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_theorem#Maximizing_power_transfer_versus_ power efficiency. Last accessed: 28 July 2010.

4. William J. Palm III. (2005). Introduction to MATLAB 7 for Engineers. Prentice hall 5. Wayne storr (2010). Electronics Tutorial about Maximum Power Transfer : Available
at http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_9.html. last accesed:28 july 2010.