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The Beginning of Art (Prehistoric Art) Cave of Lascaux 15000 BCE France Altamira 15000 BCE Spain Chauvet 30000 BCE France Paleolithic Carvings: o o Bison from La Madeleine 10000 BCE Venus of Willendorf 25000 BCE

Mesolithic many rock painting, pottery, early hieroglyphics o o Stonehenge made of big stones (dolmens) Cromlech made of many huge dolmens Many buildings were built with post and lintel structures Romans created the arch which was used after the post and lintels

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Art Elements v Form: o o v Shapes: o o o o v Line: o o o Curve, dash, zigzag, diagonal, etc Shapes are made by joint lines Lines make texture Crosshatching Light and dark shadows Ex. Edvard Munch The Scream (1920) Uses line texture Flat 2-D Irregular geometric Organic (such as humans) 3-D Has length, width, and height

Perspective of boardwalk and gate going back to horizon point

 v Texture: o o v Space: o o

Response to nuclear explosion from Norway

Illusion texture (implied) in paintings by artists Rough, smooth, bumpy, etc

An empty place surrounding an artwork (2-D or 3-D) There are negative space Background in black = emphasis on the background

There are positive space The object itself is being emphasized

Value: o o The change of color, not price Black Pure White

Color: o o o o o o o Light waves of everything around us can be broken apart by prisms A rainbow is a white light but changes colors reflected by surroundings White light consists of all colors If object absorbs all wavelengths becomes black If object rejects all wavelengths becomes white If object absorbs everything but red becomes red Complementary colors: o Blue Yellow Red

Secondary colors (composed of primary color mixture): Green Orange Purple

o o

Tertiary colors: mixture of primary and secondary colors Warm colors:

Red Orange Yellow

Cool colors: Green (depending on shade) Blue Purple

Neutral colors: Black Gray White Brown Beige

o o

Tints: light value of a color Shades: dark mix of a color and black

Principles of Art Balance: describes how artists uses lines, shapes, colors o Symmetrical balance: both sides are symmetrical

o Asymmetrical balance: visual weight of one side is same as other side, not symmetrical o v Radius balance: lines all come out from the middle

Contrast: o o o Complementary colors make high or low contrast make things stand out Orange and yellow high contrast White with slight hints of color low contrast

Emphasis: o o Uses to make a center piece stand out Pulls your eyes to the item alone

Proportion: o Golden ratio o 2x thumb = 1x wrist Arm span = height of person

Da Vinci uses the golden ratio to proportionalize man

Pattern: o o o Repetition of lines and shades Linear = same repetition Natural ex. repeating lilies

Rhythm: o o o Visual, patterns Rhythm leads eyes through a landscape Texture = bumpy or smooth

Unity: o o o The feeling that everything in the art is together and united Everything fits Patterns and rhythm makes wholesomeness

Variety: o o Makes artwork more interesting Adding something that stands out from the rest

Mesopotamian Art Aim: Who were the Mesopotamians? Topic: Ancient Art, Near East o 1st Civilization: Sumer 3500 3000 BCE o o Architecture: Ziggurats, Cella (rituals) performed in the center room of the ziggurat Sculptures: Human figures

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Cylinder/cone statues Pottery Steles, low reliefs Cylinder seals Cuneiform writing Inlays ( ex. musical instruments)

The Sumerians: Akkadians Gudea of Lagash, ruler, Head (2144-2124 BCE) Babylonians: Stele of Hammurabi (Hammurabis Code) Hitties/Kassites Assyrians: palaces, reliefs Neo-Babylonians: Ishtar Gates Persians: palace at Persepolis, reliefs, sculpture, metalwork Sassanian Art: coins (Asian Society) Alexander the Great conquers the area

Ancient Egyptian Art Aim: Where were the ancient Egyptians? Topic: Egyptian Art, 3150 BC 350 BC o Cradle of Western Civilization o Three Major Kingdoms: their history is divided into dynasties Old

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Middle New

Pharaohs royal and bloodlines remained pure Religion dominated by multiple deities; strong belief in afterlife Writing hieroglyphics; picture based Architecture: Mastabas Step pyramids Pyramids

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*** King Zoser Step Pyramid 2780 2720 BCE *** Pyramids ex. Giza, Cheops *** Great Sphinx *** Temples: Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri Colonnades Amun at Karnak (Laxor) *** Ramses II at Abu Simbel Amarna Period: realistic

Art Rules: Hieroglyphics: picture based, 600 characters Strive for clarity, not illusion, practical, communication Religious purposes tombs/temples Figures always young, idealized and nature is always lush and perfect Stylized with lines and borders/registers, bonded lines (complete message) Symbolic meaning Size matters hierarchal proportions, descriptive perspective Frontality (max. exposure) most familiar Painting full figure, mix of profile and frontal pose o o Eyes/shoulders = frontal Head/feet = profile Men: painted color reddish brown Women: painted lighter

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Earth tones: yellow-brown-green Little shading Book of Dead (ex. Greenfield Papyrus) Sculpture: Contra-posto pose, to be viewed from the front and sides *** Bust of Queen Nefertiti (Amarna period, Akenhaten ruler) *** King Tuts Sarcophagus *** Palette of King Narmer oldest unification of Egypt *** Menkaure and his wife a.k.a. Mycerinus and his Queen *** Prince Rahotep and his wife Jewelry cortouche, necklaces, bracelets (ex. Sacred Animals) King Zoser built 1st pyramid Imhotep 1st designer names, 1st architecture 1st pyramid built around 2600 BCE step pyramid Longest built for Cheops 13 acres, 911 ft on each site Built during 4th Dynasty at Giza

o Other 2 pyramids were constructed for Chefren (2500 BCE0 and Mycerinus (2470 BCE) o v o o o v o v Amarna Period: Akhenaton ruled Stresses realism in art The Greenfield Papyrus: o The Book of the Dead a book of charms and magic to allow spirits to move onto afterlife Great pyramids were guarded by the Great Sphinx (60 ft tall) Middle Kingdom: funerary temples were built near Thebes designed to hold mummies the temple by Queen Hatshepsut was done in the Middle Kingdom style The Temple of Ramses II: Made out of the earth 4 statues of Ramses II as guards Ramses II was buried there

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Drawing: Registers horizontal bands in layers

o Descriptive perspective: the more important figures are larger than the less important figures v o v Queen Nefertiti: Bust sculpture from shoulders up

King Tuts Tomb: o Nothing was stolen from his tomb

Palette of King Narmer: o Oldest historic artwork that depicts a real event (the conquest of the eastern part of Lower Egypt a slate

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Old Kingdom: Frontal pose both figures are facing forward and looking straight ahead Stylized they have idealized bodies; not accurate depictions Jewelry: o Heart scarab Scared animals The Rosetta Stone: Found by Napoleon armies Top is Ancient Egyptian writing Middle is Demotic Hieroglyphics Bottom is Greek Hieroglyphics

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aegean Art Aim: Who were the Aegean? Topic: Greek Art Time: 2800 1800 BCE *** Egyptian influence v o Aegean were made of: Minoans (Crete) King Minos Luxury Life Style Trade/Sailors

No Temples Sacred No Fortifications, no weapons Artworks: Palace of Knossos Dolphin Fresco Bull Dance Snake Goddess Bull Head Pottery Jewelry (sea and animal themes)

o Mycenae

Cycladic Islands neighboring islands Cycladic Statues buried with them Harp players Jewelry Murals Pottery

*** Art: possible imported by Minoans Mainland Greece Warriors Metalworks Large stoneworks Fortification Monuments Burial Tombs (beehives, citadels) Lions Gate Pottery Harvester Vase

Greek Art Topic: Greece The Major Periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic o Archaic: (600 480 BCE) Free standing figures

Archaic smimle Stiff, rigid pose Artworks: Kouros (male)/ kore (female) Ex. Kroises/ The Maiden Charioteer of Delphi Calf Bearer

Classical: (480 323 BCE) Artists and Architects are well known Artworks/Sculptures: *** Kritios Boy Riace Warriors (A and B) Zeus *** The Discus Thrower [Venus de Milo]

Hellenistic: (323 150 BCE) Movement and pathos (feeling pity and/or compassion) *** Rise of the Roman Empire Artworks/Sculptures: Three Goddesses *** Nike of Samothrace (Winged Goddess) *** Dying Gaul Laocoon Group Old Market Woman

The human figures, especially the male, was place at the center of Greek culture [Beauty + Math = Gods/Goddesses] Artists: Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias

Architecture:

 *** Acropolis Parthenon, Erechtheum (Porch of the Maidens), Temple of Nike *** Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Temple of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Architect Phidias Temples, 3 Orders: Vases: Hydria water; principle vessel for water Amphora wine Kraters 2 handles 2 handle vase that holds wine Doric Ionic Corinthian

*** Key design Checker board patterns

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Roman Art Topic: Roman Art Aim: Who were the Etruscans? c. 700 300 BCE o Descendents from Villanova early Iron Age o o o o *** Influenced by the Greeks, Mesopotamians (Phoenicians), and Egyptians Believed in the hereafter multi-deities (Greek Gods) very superstitious Sailors (large fleets) *** Architectural engineers and town planners Art: Pottery Sculpture tomb decorations Ex. ***She-Wolf (Capitaline Wolf) Bronze Paintings murals, frescos

 Architecture stone bases, grid system, bridges, fortifications, drainage systems Ex. Porta Augusta gate house in Perugia

Topic: Roman Art/Architecture c. 476 300 BCE o *** Borrowed from Greeks and Etruscans o o o *** Rise in Greek Hellenistic era *** Discovery of quick drying cement for sculpture and architecture Realistic portrayals including busts Ex. Constantine head is 8 ft long

o Paintings mostly found in Pompeii, frescos, wall panels, still life, landscapes, portrait o o Decorative use of solid colors RED *** Mosaics must be durable, useful, and beautiful Architecture: *** Vitruvius master builder Arch with keystone and Voussoirs Vaults barrel, groin Aqueducts - ***Pont du Gard

Roads, Bridges, Stadiums - ***Coliseum and Forum, ampitheatres Bath Houses - *** Caracalla Vast interior spaces *** Pantheon oculus, dome, gilded, coffered ceiling *** War Monuments civtory arches, columns Ex. Trajans Column 130 ft of reliefs *** Basillicas Apartment houses, atriums

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Middle (Dark) Ages Europe 480 980 AD Topic: Early Christian, Byzantine and Islam o 308 Ad The Roman Empire splits in two: Western Empire declines

Eastern Empire (orthodox) rises Constantinople Moscow Fall of Rome The church becomes the center of life

Christianity rejects all previous accomplishments in art, wants symbolic representation distorted Art is used for propaganda, for the church Depicts the life of Christ (Old and New Testament) Art is symbolic and emotional lacks realism is flat and

*** Art is portable illuminated manuscripts, icons, diptychs, triptychs, crucifixes Mosaics, tapestries, sculpture, painting, and church service ornaments 1. Celtic Germanic other Animals, interlacing lines, abstract motifs

2. Carolingians very ornate, Byzantine influence (King Charlemagne) o o o o o Ottonian: Spiritual action Pastels Out of proper proportion Architecture: Basilicas 1st churches *** St. Basil in Moscow onion domes *** Hagia Sofia starts out Byzantine The Archangel Michael a triptych portable Religion is practiced in a catacomb Dead is also buried in the catacomb Christianity becomes legal Churches are built Churches are rectangular shapes

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Teserae glass mosaic Rotunda circular shape Minerets a mosaic to a mosk

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Romanesque Topic: Romanesque c. 1000 1150 o Influenced by Roman, early Christian, and Byzantine o Church increased in power, influence, and money

o *** Architecture is the #1 form (sculpture and paintings are used as ornaments and decoration) o *** Church Construction: Vaulting, including ribbed and fan vaults Thick walls Small windows Round arches Interiors do not match exteriors A tympanum at entrance

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gothic 1100 1400 o Gothic churches become taller (cathedrals), building higher means getting closer to god o o o o o o Tin walls supported by flying buttresses Tall windows stained glass, clerestory Rose windows large, round window on south transept Interior and exterior matches Pointed arches Gargoyles on the outside Ex. St Patrick New York Ex. St. Johns New York Ex. Riverside New York Ex. Notre Dame France Chartes France

 Renaissance v o o o o o o v o o o o Artists: Giotto: Lamentation Ghiberti: sculpture Gates of Paradise Brunelleschi: architect, sculpture, dome Donatello: sculpture - ***David, Feast of Herod Masaccio: painter - ***Tribute Money, Holy Trinity Botticelli: painter - *** Birth of Venus, Primavera Bellini: painter, Venice Saint Francis in Ecstasy Part I Early Renaissance (1420 AD) Inspired by Greeks and Romans *** Art centers - Florence, Siena, Venice De Medict family were patrons of the art Baptistery Door Competition: Humanism Powerful guilds *** Invention of Perspective: 1. Atmospheric Perspective Masaccio 2. Linear Perspective Brunelleschi *** Four Breakthroughs: 1. Perspective 2. Use of light and shadow 3. Pyramid configuration 4. Oil paint and stretched canvas

Part II High Renaissance (1500s AD) Age of Giants Artists as genius Oil paint *** Aerial Perspective atmospheric haze to add depth

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*** Sfumato gray haze *** Chiaroscuro contrast between light and dark Artists: Leonardo Da Vinci: painter, inventor, engineer, poet Aerial perspective - *** Mona Lisa, *** Last Supper Michelangelo: sculptor, painter, architect, poet *** Pieta, *** David, *** Sistine Chapel, St. Peters Dome Raphael: painter - *** School of Athens Titian: painter, leader in Venice, color, mood, layers of paint, and glaze

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Part III: Mannerism (1525 1600 AD) *** Period between the end of High Renaissance and Baroque Crisp and frozen shapes Elongated bodies Distorted forms Peculiar perspective views Artists: Parmigianino: elongated forms - *** Madonna with the Long Neck El Greco: distorted forms - *** Burial of Count Orgaz

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Part IV: Northern Renaissance (1325 1600 AD) Flanders (Bruges) is the art capital, Belgium (Flanders), Holland *** Use of oil paint Rise of universities and printed books (invention of the printing press), guilds Centralized power nations Protestant Reformation weakening of the Catholic Church Decline of Feudalism rise for cultural, social, and economic change The north continued making Gothic art/arch

o Burgundy Dukes were patrons of the arts furniture, tapestries, illuminated manuscripts o Artists: THE NETHERLANDS/FLANDERS

Jan Van Eyck: *** Arnolfini Wedding, The Ghent Altarpiece Robert Campin: Merode Altarpiece

Hieronymus Bosch: *** Garden of Earthly Delights (triptych, heaven earthhell depiction) Pieter Bruegel: ***Peasant Wedding, Tower of Babel, parables, *** Return of the Hunters, everyday activities GERMANY Albert Durer (International Artist): woodcut prints, self portraits Hans Holbein (Court Painter): Ambassadors, portraits realistic Hans Memling Lucas Cranach Matthias Grunewald: altarpieces

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Baroque c. 1600 AD v ITALY AND SPAIN o o o Starts in Rome spreads throughout Europe Church and aristocracy continue to patronize art and commission artists Lots of motion, ornate, grandiose, emotional

o Use of tenebrism a violent contrast of light and dark, a heightened form of chiaroscuro o Tromp loeil trick of the eye, used in Baroque ceilings and Berninis *** Ecstasy of St. Theresa o Artists: ITALY: Caravaggio: chiaroscuro, tenebrism, natural light streaming in *** Calling of St. Matthew SPAIN: Diego Velasquez: *** Maids of Honor a.k.a. Las Meninas Riberia Murillo Bernini: sculptor - ***David, ***Ecstasy of St. Theresa Borromini: architect Artemisia Gentileschi: Judith and the Head of Holofernes

FRANCE: France is the most powerful nation in Europe Louis XIV, the Sun King Paris becomes the art capital until WWII The French Academy rules art Artists: *** Nicolas Poussin: classical painter Rape of the Sabine Women Claude Lorrain George de la Tour

Architecture: *** Palace of Versailles a chateau built by Louis the XIV, a symbol of glory *** Hall of Mirrors

ENGLAND: Christopher Wren: architect

GERMANY: Chateaus

DUTCH AND FLEMISH: Flanders (Belgium): catholic, religious iconology Holland: Protestants, free market, still life Landscapes, portraits Flemish Artists: *** Peter Paul Rubens: swirling action, color, Rubenesque women, Rococo style Raising of the Cross, Garden of Love, Lion Hunt Anthony Van Dyck Judith Leyster

Dutch Artists: *** Rembrandt van Rijn: painter, printmaker, self portraits, portraits, landscapes The Night Watch *** Jan Vermeer: family portraits, used a camera obscura Girl with a Pearl Earring

Frans Hals: master of the moment Ruisdael: landscapes

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rococo c. 1700 1760 AD v FRANCE: o o o o o o o o o Rise of the middle class Louis the XIV XVI High Fashion Stresses beauty over depth *** developed 1st in the Decorative Arts (Interior and Exterior) Use of asymmetrical designs More feminine Rediscovery of Chinese porcelain (Meissen from Germany) Paintings: o Artists: Jean Watteau: *** Pilgrimage to Cythera a.k.a. The Embarkation for Cythera, Mezzetin Francois Boucher *** Fetes Galantes: picnic scenes (elegant entertainment) Theme: love Mood: playful, superficial, alive with energy Style: light, graceful, delicate Colors: pale white, silver, gold, light pink, blues, greens

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Neo-Classicism c. 1750 1820 o Roman Fever a reaction against Rococo o o o o o Age of Reason (logic, enlightenment) order, ennobling virtues Rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum Rise of Napoleon 1st museum Portraits of heroes (noble gestures/expressions) Art stress: Balance of composition

 o Artists:

Emphasis on drawing and line, NOT ON COLOR

Painters: Jacques Louis David: no visible brushstrokes, promoted by Napoleon - *** Death of Socrates, *** Death of Marat Jean August Ingres: bathers, portraits, Davids pupil Elizabeth Vigee: Le Brun portraits

Sculptors: Antonio Canova: nude, marble sculptures, considered the Best of the 18th Century Jean Houdin: busts

Decorative Arts: Josiah Wedgewood: ceramics/ dinnerware

Architecture: Thomas Jefferson: Monicello, University of Virginia

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Romanticism c. mid 18th century o A reaction against Neo-Classicism o o o o Emphasis: adventure, war, emotion, imagination, historical, nationalism, nature Ignites excitement throughout Europe Influence by the French Revolution, Gothic (horror), nature, violence, exotica Painting Styles: o Artists: Theodore Gericault: leader of the movement - *** Raft of Medusa Quick brushstrokes Strong contrast Use of diagonals

Eugene Delacroix: becomes the leader after Gericault dies, paints subjects of the Revolution - *** Lion Hunt (influenced by Rubens), *** Liberty Leading the People Francisco Goya: at first he is Rococo, after seeing a murder, he turns to Romanticism, paints horrors of war - *** 3rd of May JMW Turner: seascapes, landscapes, color

John Constable: landscapes, line, black/white, Romantic and Realist William Black: illustrator and poet William Fuseli Caspar Friedrich

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Realism c. mid 18th century 19th century o Realists are against Neo-classical and Romanticism o o o o o Subjects: common people, objects, landscapes Colors: realistic tones, no bright colors, muted tones Watercolors become popular Photography is born Artists: BARBIZON SCHOOL FRANCE Gustave Courbet: Father of Realism Camille Corot Jean Millet: The Gleaners Rosa Bonheur: The Horse Fair Honore Daumier: cartoonist

HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL USA Thomas Cole: landscapes Winslow Homer: watercolors (self-taught) John Singer Sargent: famous for portraits James Whistler: uses black, white, and gray Whistlers Mother Geroge Inness Thomas Eakins: landscapes Albert Bierstadt: landscapes

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Impressionism c. mid 19th Century o Realism dominated o o Discovery of photography New paints: In tubes

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New colors

Academic des Beaux Art, the Salon Impressionist Style: Breaks away from historical and religious subject matter Embraces landscapes, portraits, still-life

Spontaneous painting, short brushstrokes, patches of color, little blending, complimentary colors o Artists: Edouard Manet: Father of Impressionism - *** Luncheon on the Grass, *** Olympia Claude Monet: Rouen Cathedral, series, water lilies Camille Pissaro: landscapes Concerned with sunlight and atmosphere En plein air: painting outdoors *** All Impressionists start as Realist painters

Pierre Auguste Renoir: happy scenes, young girls - *** Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, *** Luncheon of the Boating Party Edgar Degas: ballerinas, horse races, bathing series Frederic Bazille Mary Cassatt: American mother and child scenes, feminine world, indoors Berthe Morisot Alfred Sisley: landscapes Gustave Callebotte Rodin: sculptor - *** The Thinker, Kiss, Balzac

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Post Impressionist o French academy (Bougereau/Gerome) o o o o Japanese Woodcuts Portraits, landscapes, still life Post Impressionist were dissatisfied with the Impressionists They break into two camps: Scientific Design:

Dots, places of color Ex. George Seurat, Paul Cezanne

Emotional: Attention to light, color, and line Ex. Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec

Artists: Vincent Van Gogh: line, warm/cool, impasto - *** Starry Night Paul Gauguin: Tahiti series Paul Cezanne: The Father of Modern Art - *** Mt. Saint Victoire Henri Toulouse-Lautrex: burlesque posters, bar scenes, Moulin Rouge George Seurat: pointillism - *** Sunday on La Grande Jatte Georges Rousseau: Sleeping Gypsy Edvard Munch: Expressionist - *** The Scream Gustav Klimt: symbolist, Vienna Art Nouveau