Compendium Cae March 2008

SELECTION OF BEST STUDENT PROJECT Aerospace Engineering Department
During the final phase of engineering studies, twenty one (21) students of 64th Engineering Course underwent their project phase. A total of thirteen (13) different projects were undertaken, which included six team projects. These project s covered different specialties namely Aerodynamics , Structures, Propulsion s and Materials. The scope of the projects included stress and fatigue analysis of Mirage aircraft, design and fabrication of smoke tunnel for flow visualization, material characterization, development and stress analysis of composite materials, software development for aircraft conc eptual design and centrifugal compressor, design and development of airship, full scale fabrication of UAV and development of MAV. All the students gave their final presentation to defend their project from 17 to 18 March, 2008. The faculty of Aerospace Engineering Department vetted all the presentation s and after considerabl e debate, three projects were nominated for the award of the Best Student Project. In order to finalize the award, a team of five faculty members was formulated which comprised the following: Wg Cdr Abdul Munem Khan (Structures Group) Wg Cdr Ahmad Aizaz (Propulsions Group) Wg Cdr (R) Taimur Qureshi (Structures Group) Sqn Ldr Tauqeer (Aero Group) Sqn Ldr (R) Muhammad Anwar (Aero Group)
The team had a detailed assessment of selected projects and emphasis was given to: Quantum of academic work by the student in terms of design, analysis and application of knowledge to solve a given problem. Ability of the student to write a comprehensiv e report at the end of the project in the required format with sufficient project details. Final presentation made by the student to defend his work, handling of the Q & A session, confidence level and learning from the project itself. Physical output of the project in terms of completion of objectives defined at the start of the project. Importance of the project vis --vis PAF and National interest.
Keeping aforesaid into consideration, the decision of the committee was to award the best student project to the project titled Study of Material Characte rization Methods and Determination of Microstructure of Selected Aviation Materials by using Optical Microscope.
ABSTRAC T OF BEST PROJECT IN AEROSPAC E ENGINEERING
Study of Material Characterizatio n Method And Determinatio n of Microstructur e of Ferrous and Non Ferrous Alloys by Using an Optical Microscope
Plt Off Farrukh Nawaz Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Gp Capt Fahim Hashmi Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department of ferrous and non
Introduction/Abstract
The using aim of the project is to study and analyze with basic the microstructur e of ferrous and non ferrous alloys by proper metallographic techniques for along establishmen t of a well equipped metallographi c facility in CAE which can be utilized metallographi c Objective M ain objective of the characterizatio n . The secondary objectives are to establish specimen preparation laboratory and commissionin g of optical microscope for metallographi c and fractografi c analysis intended to be used for educationa l and research purposes. Methodology LITERATUR E REVIEW project is to learn basic metallographic techniques which are used for material techniques material s science and engineering . teaching and researc h in the field of
Analysis The analysis of microstructur e
Metallographic Results
ferrous alloys including
plain carbon steel, alloy steel,
austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys was done by identifying different phases observed in their respective microstructures. Heat treatment s done on each material was validated through the microstructura l results obtained. The expected behavio r of the material was also predicted along wi th effect of different alloy constituent s on the properties of the material. Sensitizatio n effect in austeniti c stainless steel was also studied through AISI 4130 (Annealed) . The structure is ferrite and pearlite at 500 X, 4% picral as etchant. microexaminatio n of welded parts, along with the processes required to control sensitization . More over a comparativ e study to determine the major changes caused in the microstructur e under different service conditions was also carried out. Conclusio ns The project is a successful attempt in preparing a facility which can be utilized for future research projects relating to material sciences and it can also help a lot in investigatin g material failures. Specimen preparation facility is adequatel y established for metallographi c analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Optical Microscop e has been fully commi ssioned; its operating manual has also been prepared. Heat treatment s can be verified through metallographic examination. AISI 321 (serviced) Micrograph shows partially recrystallize d austenit e grains, some carbide particles; the whole matrix is austenite at 500 X, 15ml HCl, 10ml HNO3 and 10ml acetic acid used as etchant.
ESTABLISHMEN T OF A METALLOGRAPHI C FACILITY
SPECIME N PREPARATIO N FOR METALLOGRAPHY
METALLOGRAPH Y OF FERROUS AND NONFERROU S ALLOYS
ANALYSI S OF RESULTS
Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
SELECTION OF BEST STUDENT PROJECT Aerospace Engineering Department
In the final semester of Bachelors of Avionics Engineering, students apply their engineering knowledge of complete an assigned project. A total of eighteen (18) different projects were undertaken by 21 students of 64 Engg Course, which included three projects sponsored by the PAF and the remaining were proposed by the faculty of Avionics Engineering Department. These projects comprised design and fabrication of active and passive circuits in RF / Microwave domain, Robotics and Control, Simulation and Modeling of advanced concepts in Electromagnetic s and Communications , fabrication of Electronics Systems and design of Automated Test Equipment. All the students presented their projects from 17 to 18 March, 2008. The faculty of Avionics Engineering Department validated the quantum and quality of work done and after comprehensiv e deliberations ; three projects were nominated for the award of the Best Student Project. Following tem was constituted to finalize the award: Gp Capt Ahmed Ejaz Nadeem, Head Avionics Engg Department Gp Capt Abdur Rehman, Group Head Communications Wg Cdr Farid Gul, Group Head Navigation and Control Systems Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor, Group Head Digital & Embedded Systems Sqn Ldr Muhamma d Aamir Khalil, Officer In charge Student Projects and Group Head Circuits and Power Electronics.
th
The team adjudged the best project based on the following criteria: Quantum of academic work by the student in terms of design, analysis and application of knowledge to solve a given problem. Ability of the student to write a comprehensiv e report at the end of the project in the required format with sufficient project details. Final presentation made by the student to defend his work, handling of the Q & A session, confidence level and learning from the project itself. Physical output of the project in terms of completion of objectives defined at the start of the project. Importance of the project viz -a-viz PAF and National interest.
Based on above stated criteria the committee awarded the best student project to the project titled Design and Developmen t of a Software for CoLocation of Radars.
1 BE Projects Compendiu m 64 EC
Design and Developmen t of software for CO-LOCATION OF RADARS PHASE III
Pilot Officer Ghazzaal Mazhar Hashmi, Pilot Officer Waqas Mehboob. Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisory Committee : Wg Cdr Irfan Majid, Sqn Ldr Muhamma d Shahid, Sqn Ldr Abdul Mateen Sponsorin g Agency: ACAS(SE )
installation and efficient use of the software application . Introduction/Abstract Objective Develop a software to predict safe separation distance between two co-located radars. Brief Descriptio n / Abstract Radars are being used for surveillance , air traffic control, maritime applications , weather mapping, high resolution imaging, satellite altimetry, and numerous air defence and weapon control applications . This has resulted in systems that share the same frequenc y spectrum, causing EM interferenc e and susceptibilit y concerns. In PAF, as the air defence environmen t gets denser, similar problems are likely to be faced. The major concern is the co-location of Air Traffic Control Radar (ATCR-33S) and long range high powere d radar (TPS-43G). A multi -phased project was undertaken at CAE to design and develo p a software to predict safe separation distance between two co -located radars. In Phase -I, three teams comprising six students implemente d interferenc e models catering for environmental , propagation , beam shape, and co - existence of another radar in close proximity. Receiver susceptibilit y models and 3-D beam pattern were developed. Additionally , Matlab based code was developed to predict safe separation distance. In Phase -II, a two member team acquired and integrated a highresolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the software application developed earlier. Lin e of sight calculation s were included in the design to enhanc e efficiency of software. Additional l y, virtual radar scope and Google earth utility was also created. In the final stage (Phase-III), receiver susceptibilit y models and interferenc e models pertaining to propagatio n losses were verified, updated and improved using a customize d lab setup by a two member team. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and software codes developed in earlier phases were optimized, refined and packaged as a standalone application. Additionally , a User Guide was compiled to facilitate Conclusion Besides reliably predicting the safe separatio n between co located radars, the robust software application developed during this multi -phased project can also be used for line of sight calculations , sector blanking estimations, terrain masking , virtual radar scope showing ground clutter and terrain features, and a convenient and reliable aid for radar deploymen t and coverage estimation.
Field testing of radar receiver susceptibility
Lab testing of interference models
Software prediction
Figure 2 Software GUIs

Compare
Agreed Disagree Refinement
Revised susceptibility models
Revised interference models
Software Integration and code optimization
Software packaging Figure 1 Methodolog y of verification .
Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
FORMULATIO N OF PROCEDURES , INSTRUCTION S AND DATA SHEETS OF ALL THE EQUIPMENT OF PROP LAB
Senior Gentlema n Cadet Tayyaab Umer Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Sadiq Amin Date o f completion : 15 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department Operating procedures , safety precaution s were prepared. In the end, all the relevant data was integrated in to software , made in MATLAB Flow Chart of Work carried out on all the apparatus as wall as in Matlab
Lab equipment was never explored to its limits due to limited scope of BE students . During the project capabilitie s of the equipmen t were explored and accuracy of and safety precaution s have been developed for all equipment. Additionall y a GUI using MATLAB to bring the scattered informatio n under one umbrella. Available software of the equipment have also been interlinked and for easy calculations , Excel sheets have also been added to GUI the lab handouts was verified. Working, Maintenanc e instructions
Analysis
Experiment s on selected equipmen t had been performed and problems experimen t observed upon are have and in the some nature, of for of equipment complexit y particular inclusion been of of were the these on rectified. Based recommendation s three equipmen t
curriculum made
subjects,
experiment s in undergraduat e studies. Experiment s already
Objective
To perform detailed experimenta l work on every equipment . Preparatio n instructions. Revising lab handouts of the experiments . Preparatio n of data and result sheets for every experiment. Enhancing the skill level of lab staff. of their maintenanc e and working
performed by students of various courses. Efforts are in hand by the lab for problems , which could not be rectified during the project.
Conclusion
Lab equipment , though very old can still be used for performing experiment s by BE students Results can still be improved by removing
the discrepancie s observed in the lab equipment.
Methodology
Thorough understandin g of the equipmen t and related theory was developed. Lab experiment s were performed on all equipment. A number of readi ngs were taken for each experiment.. Lab handouts were revised for all experiment s and m aintenance , working instructions were prepared
GUI developed can easily be used by students for performing experiment s and data reduction by students.
. Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
Development of Aircraft Conceptual Design Software

NUST CADET K ashan Saleem NUST CADET Faisal Mohammad Aerospace Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering Advisor Sqn Ldr Messam Abbas Date of completion : 17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospace Department
Brief Description
ACDS is a newly design ed software which was developed keeping in mind the limitations of RDS-Student software . This softwar e has been developed in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. The software has the capabilit y of automati c iterations and non-repetitive inputs resulting in reduction of design time. It encompasses the whole design process from mission profile selection till optimizatio n unlike RDS. ACDS consists of several aerodynami c modules which separately calculat e componen t parameters ,
Working of ACDS
A new project in ACDS demand s selection of a hypothetical mission profile, which is used in computatio n of various modular outputs like take -off gross weight etc. For initial design point selection the software can perform constraint analysis. Next the software requires the user to select airfoils and geometr y of the subject aircraft which are then used to calculate various geometric parameter s providing the built-in CAD tool with various inputs to model the aircraft in 3-D. The user then has to select a propulsion system to meet the mission requirement s of the aircraft. ACDS on the basis of user inputs compute s various parameter s of aerodynamics, propulsion, structure and weights which are then used to analyze the performanc e of the aircraft.
A Snap of Main Screen
weight, propulsio n data, aircraft geometry etc.
All the modules in this software are inter-linked and interrelated. This software can be refined over a period of time to meet the emerging technologie s requirement s.
A Snap of 3D Modeling & Layout Module
Objective
The aim of the project is to develop software for aircraft conceptua l design process which overcome s limitations of RDS, has better user interaction and can be utilized for all aircraft design needs of PAF.
Conclusion
ACDS covers all the limitations of RDS and BDS. It also facilitates the user in each step of conceptua l design process. A number of airfoils have been added in ACDS to provide a wider range of selection. It has a better graphical user interface and has a very friendly user interface . The CAD tool included in this software is very comprehensiv e and easy to use. Also help is provided by the software for each input require d from user.
Methodology
Complet e understandin g of Aircraft Conceptua l Design Process. Understandin g and Working of RDS & BDS. Highlightin g Main Limitation s of RDS & BDS and Improvement s required for new software. Platform Selection (Visu al Basic 6 was selected). Developmen t of Software .
Aerospace Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
BE Projects Compendium 64 EC
FABRICATIO N OF MAV BY INTEGRATE D PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPEMENT

NUST CADET Afaq Mustafa PIA/OFF Taimur Ellahi Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur AdvisorSqn Ldr Messam Abbas Naqvi Date of completion: 17 March 2008 Sponsoring Agency: Aerospace Department
In this project, two different design spaces were explored for the fabrication of micro air vehicle and two different configuration s were selected with the help of a morphological matrix. After the exploratio n of the design space a set of all possible variable parameter s were selected and then were reduced to a set of most effective set of input parameter s by doing a sensitivity analysis by identifying the variabilit y of responses through screening test. After selection of final set of input parameter s, ranges were assigned to these variables and optimizatio n was performed on a full factorial design of experiment s array. A final optim ized configuratio n was selected, fabricated by CNC machining and flight tested.
taking their three values, max, min and average. A combinatio n set was made out of these three values with all other parameter s and after that the whole setup
A 3D view MAV configuration 1
was automize d using a software automate and the final results obtaine d out of these combination s were then optimized on the basis of performanc e parameters
Conclusion s
Multidisciplinar y design optimizatio n technique is very useful for exploring different design spaces This project helped in understandin g the complete advanced design process. This project also involved understandin g and application of CNC fabrication technique. More work should be done on the avionics of MAV to reduce its weight and drag due to protruded wiring. A single chip avionics integrated solution could help reduce weight significantl y and enhance MAV performance. MAVs are the future of aerospac e industry and must be pursued in order to stay current with the developed world.
Objective
The aim of the project is to design and fabricate a micro air vehicle by developin g a technique which optimizes a selected design space to get an optimal configuratio n.
A 3D view MAV configuration 2
Methodology
Studying basics of optimizatio n methodology. Exploratio n of two different design spaces and selecting their input parameters. Optimizatio n of these configuration s on the basis of output performanc e parametrs .
Optimization
The optimizatio n of these configuration s is done by first selecting the ranges of these input parameter s and then
DESIGN AND FABRICATIO N OF A SCALED DOWN MODEL OF AIRSHIP FOR SURVEILLANCE, RECONNAISSANC E AND ADVERTISEMENT
PIA Off Umair Ahmed, PIA Off Zain ul abidin Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Wing Commande r Azhar Sajjad Date of completion: 17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department
An airship is a lighter than air vehicle. In the present era it is mostly used for advertisemen t and aerial photography . The airship utilization. size Historicall y varies the depending largest upon airship their was DESIGN The conceptua l design was developed and weight was given the utmost importance . Negative buoyancy was considered as to ensure safe recovery and the vertical lift was generated by brushles s motor/propeller combination . Directiona l control an d forward motion was achieved with the help of two DC motors. The structure was developed in solid edge and analyzed in Ansys Software. FABRICATION The fabrication was selected for undertaken with due consideratio n of hull, Styrofoam for to available resources and material. Balsa wood was manufacturin g gondola and stabilizers. Gigs were prepared for bending of frames, and assembly of the hull. used for joining of structure. THEORETICA L STUDY gondola. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The DETAIL DESIGN scope of the project ability to was plan applicatio n and of Toughlon Epoxy resin was was used as RECOMENDATIONS
approximatel y 1800 ft long. With the advancemen t of technology they can also be employed for surveillanc e and reconnaissance. Objective The objective of this projec t is to design and fabricate a small airship having the following capabilities i) ii) iii) capable of outdoor flight To have the ability to capture images and transmit them to the ground The final product could be used for aerial photography , advertising purpose Methodology surveillanc e and
outer covering to the structure. All avionics was set up in
CONCEPTUA L DESIGN
theoretical knowledge,
execute
developmen t work at the same time explore options and MATERIAL SELCTION possibilitie s for solution of problems experience d at different stages. FABRICATION Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
BE Projects Compendiu m 64 EC
Study of Material Characterizatio n Method And Determinatio n of Microstructur e of Ferrous and Non Ferrous Alloys by Using an Optical Microscope
Plt Off Farrukh Nawaz Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Gp Capt Fahim Hashmi Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department of ferrous and non
The using aim of the project is to study and analyze with basic the microstructur e of ferrous and non ferrous alloys by proper metallographic techniques for along establishmen t of a well equipped metallographi c facility in CAE which can be utilized metallographi c Objective M ain objective of the characterizatio n . The secondary objectives are to establish specimen preparation laboratory and commissionin g of optical microscope for metallographi c and fractografi c analysis intended to be used for educationa l and research purposes. Methodology LITERATUR E REVIEW project is to learn basic metallographic techniques which are used for material techniques material s science and engineering . teaching and researc h in the field of
Analysis The analysis of microstructur e
Metallographic Results
ferrous alloys including
plain carbon steel, alloy steel,
austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys was done by identifying different phases observed in their respective microstructures. Heat treatment s done on each material was validated through the microstructura l results obtained. The expected behavio r of the material was also predicted along wi th effect of different alloy constituent s on the properties of the material. Sensitizatio n effect in austeniti c stainless steel was also studied through AISI 4130 (Annealed) . The structure is ferrite and pearlite at 500 X, 4% picral as etchant. microexaminatio n of welded parts, along with the processes required to control sensitization . More over a comparativ e study to determine the major changes caused in the microstructur e under different service conditions was also carried out. Conclusio ns The project is a successful attempt in preparing a facility which can be utilized for future research projects relating to material sciences. Important decisions relating to repair and replacemen t of material can be made. AISI 321 (serviced) Micrograph shows partially recrystallize d austenit e grains, some carbide particles; the whole matrix is austenite at 500 X, 15ml HCl, 10ml HNO3 and 10ml acetic acid used as etchant.
ESTABLISHMEN T OF A METALLOGRAPHI C FACILITY
SPECIME N PREPARATIO N FOR METALLOGRAPHY
The service condition of a material for a particular task can be established. Heat treatment s can be verified through metallographic examination.
METALLOGRAPH Y OF FERROUS AND NONFERROUS ALLOYS
This metallographi c facility can contribute significantl y in aircraft accident investigation s relating to material failure .
ANALYSI S OF RESULTS
Stress analysis and Structural Refinement of an AMF Drone COMET using ANSYS software
P/O MUEED LIQAT Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Wing Commande r Abdul Munem Khan Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department
This to project is one of the application s Method of that an is DETERMINATIO N OF LIMIT AND ULTIMAT E LOAD Analysis The physical dimensions of the structural members were measured and drawings were created , from which complete FEM model for the drone was created . The load profile was generate d from the aerodynami c anal ysis carried out earlier .Tensile and bending tests were performed to determin e the material strength .The load profile and constraint s were The objective of this project is to benefit PAF by identifying the high stress areas, causes of failure and applying differe nt refinement s to the structure to overcome failure. Methodology PARAMETRIZATIO N OF GEOMETR Y OF THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATIO N OF MATERIAL S AND THEIR TESTING CREATION OF FINITE ELE MENT MODEL Conclusio ns The material used for the wing is very weak thus applied on the model. Stress concentratio n areas and failure causes were determined , Structural refinement was carried out to overcome failure modes. The limit and ultimate load factors were determined Complete FEM Model of Comet FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS excellent technique , Finite Element
perform structural analyses of COMET drone. Comet is
the scaled up model of BAZZ and had several occurrence s of failure. The state of art software Ansys was used for this work. After Modeling of the FE model load profile were generated based upon the aero dynamic analysis carried earlier. From stress analyse s results high stress areas and possible causes of failure were to be found . Based on these results structural refinement has also been done. Objective
indicating flaw in manufacturin g method Absence of ribs caused the maximum stress on the skin at the bolts.
LOAD PROFILE CREATION DETERMINATIO N OF STRESS CONCENTRATIO N AREAS AND FAILURE CAUSES Change of structural geometry was also required in addition to improvemen t of material strength. Stress concentratio n areas
Redesigning of Fuel System of Super Mushshak Aircraft

G Cdt Ali Hammad Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor: Wg Cdr Omar Ameen Qazi Sponso ring Agency: AHQ Fuel imbalance between the two wing tanks. Fuel vapourisatio n leading to fuel starvation in various phases of flight. Analysis of fuel system led to identificatio n of following possible causes for these problems. Differenc e in layout of fuel feeding pipes on left and right sides of the aircraft. Vapourisatio n due to change in ambient conditions at altitude leading to vapour lock in certain conditions . Vapourisatio n in wing tanks due to fuel sloshing during manoeuvre s. Non-availabilit y of indication system for pilot to identify fuel feeding problem in the initial stage before fuel imbalanc e goes out of limit. Analytical analysis was carried out wherever possible to quantify the effect of each factor and to study the effect of possible solutions. Vapourisatio n due to change in ambient conditions cannot be controlled without installing a pressurisatio n system. excessive for SMK The requirement s of aircraft and are
Introduction
PAF has experienced some problems with the fuel system of Super Mushshak (SMK) aircraft. The aircraft has a gravityThe reported defects fed fuel system which is supplemente d by a fuel booster pump in critical phases of flight. with fuel indicatio n system. problems. The current project was floated as the initial study to identify the problems , ascertain their causes and to propose feasible solutions. include fuel imbalance , improper feeding and problems CAE was tasked by AHQ to redesign th e fuel system of SMK aircraft to eliminate these
pressurisatio n system were considered to be not recommended. Vapourisatio n in wing tanks due to fuel sloshing can be controlled A through modi fication further has compartmentation .
been proposed that would reduce the effect of this factor but it effect could not be quantified exactly. The recommendation s of a previous project to install digital gauges and individual flow indicators for both tanks were further strengthen ed by this study.
Objective
The aim of the project was to identify problems in the existing fuel system of SMK Aircraft and to propose viable solutions to address these problems.
Conclusions
This project has laid out the general framework for a detailed analysis can of SMK fuel system for elimination of its existing problems . project carried out The recommendation s of this project at CAE to formulate a viable
Methodology
The first step in this study was to gather defects data for SMK aircraft fuel system. from the following sources: Discussion s with aircrew. Flight line defects data for the current year. . Defect history and trend analysis from Control squadron. The collected data highlighted three main problems with the fuel system. Fluctuation s in fuel level indicatio n system. This data was collected
Analysis
The study concluded the following: Differenc e in layout of fuel feeding pipes on left and right sides of the aircraft can generate a fuel imbalanc e of only 1.4 gallons in one hour of flight. Therefor e this factor was not considere d critical. However, an increase in pipe dia on right side is suggested to eliminate the existing differenc e in fuel flow.
be further analysed in conjunctio n with a previous
modificatio n plan for the aircraft.
. Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
Determinatio n of Anisotropy in Toughness of Aluminium alloy 2024 T3 plate using the Impact Toughness Test
Plt Off Muhamma d Habibullah Siddiqui Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Gp Cap t Fahim Hashmi Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department
This research was carried out to investigat e the effect of specimen orientatio n on the impact toughnes s values of the Aluminiu m alloy 2024 T3 and compare the values with some know n results to verify the reliability of the work and alloy. Objective The objective of the project is to quantify the existence of anisotrop y in toughnes s of an alumini um alloy 2024 T3 plate using the impact test. There is a further need to establish the direction in which the impact toughnes s of aluminium alloy 2024 T3 plate is maximum and minimum. This is to ascertain the integrity of aircraft structural component s in PAF so that whenever a new componen t is designed the direction of maximum toughnes s is kept in mind to economiz e the weight and the amount of material used on the aircraft. Moreover, the validtaion tester at CAE is required M ethodology THEORETICA L STUDY of the results of the impact to establish the anisotropy in toughnes s of the said Analysis
FRACTOGRAPHY
Table of Results
SPECIME N NO. ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MEAN VALUE ASTM VALUE ABSORBE D ENERGY (JOULES) L-S(A) 15 15.5 15 13 14 15.5 16 15.6 15 17.51 16.1 15.5 14.6 14.4 15.25 13.96 15.65 14.23 15.10 15 L-T(B) 9 10 9.5 11 10 10.5 10.11 9.52 10.7 11.29 10.1 9.02 9.9 10.6 11 11.29 10.7 11.2 10.30 10 T-S (C) 20.5 20 19 20.1 21.46 19.95 18.81 20.79 19.1 19.5 20.79 19.46 19.83 20.13 20.13 20.13 20.13 20.13 20 N/A T-L(D) 16 15 16 16.5 16.87 16 16.23 15.9 16.23 15.6 16.87 16.23 16.23 15.6 16.87 16.87 16.23 16.23 16.20 N/A
The specimen s of four different orientations : L-S, L-T, T-S and T-L which were machined at NCNDT, Islamabad , were analyse d using the Charpy impact toughnes s test. Overall, 72 specimen s orientation, keeping in mind the ASTM E 23 standard specifications . results were astoundingly clear that the The T-S were tested, 18 of each
orientatio n is the toughest orientatio n of the plate absorbing 20 J of energy on impact. There was no similarity in absorbed energy of the four showing that the toughness values of the plate are anisotropic . Furthermore , error analysi s of each orientation with the known ASTM standard values was carried out and the results were within 6% variation which verified the reliability of the experiments. Fractographi c analysis of each specimen orientation was also carried out which showed remarkabl e differences in ductile and brittle regions for different orientations. Conclusions specimen orientation s
Graph of Results
MATERIAL COLLECTION SPECIME N PREPARATION
The T-S orientation is the toughest orientatio n of the plate The error analysis verified the reliability of the experiment s and results The project provides a comprehensiv e data for further work in this aspect of material sciences. Fractographi c analysis provides a microstructural verificatio n of the anisotrop y of this alloy plate.
EXPERIMENTS
COMPARISO N OF RESULTS
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Laminated Honeycomb Specimens used for Lightweight Aircraft Applications and Comparison with FEM Results
ntroduction/Abstract
aminated honeycomb structures are efficient lightweight aterials , and consist of two thin and high-strength skins or face anels bonded to a thick and lightweigh t core. The aim of this roject was to select various design and finally panel aircraft parameter s c( ell shape, cell ize, core density core depth, lamination type, bonding agent, dhesive, dimensions) application s , and of fabricate its high because for ghtweigh t strength
Analysis
Sub/Lt Nosher khan, Sub/Lt Junaid Irfan Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Wing Commande r Abdul Munem Khan Date of completion: 17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Departmen t , CAE The project provides an understandin g that dimension s C364-94 C365-94 C393-94
Type of Test Cell size (in)
Specimens were prepared as per Edgewise Compressiv e Tests Flat wise Compressiv e Tests Three Point Bending Tests
prescribed
honeycomb Sandwic h Panels can be used in smart structures where high stiffnes s along with most important property of structure i.e. weight saving is required
by ASTM Standards for different tests as are given below:
Table of Results
Experimental Results 3.467 3.12 2.053 1.898 1.237 1.449 ANSYS Results 3.748 3.324 2.142 2.138 1.354 1.596 Percentage Difference 7.49% 6.137% 4.15% 11.2% 8.7% 9.12%
Series of strength tests were carried out on aluminum honeycom b-cored sandwich panel specimens in three point bending , flat wise compressio n and edgewise compressio n loads on Universal Testing Machine, and 10 Ton Testing Machine available in CAE. Effect of the change of the cell size, and core density wasobserved in all the experiments . Also the difference in propertie s between Aluminum Facing Honeycomb Sandwich Panels and of Glass Fiber Facing Honeycom b Sandwic h Panels was investigate d in three point bending tests. Specimen s of the same dimension s as for experiments were modele d in ANSYS software by using bottom up approach. Load was applied in same manner as was applied for three types of conducted experiments, and non linear analysis was done. And required results (displacement s and stresses) were obtained. Test Results
0.25(Aluminum Lamination) 1.571 1.726 9.03% Edgewise compressive strength (MPa) 3 Pt Bendin g test for Core shear strength (MPa) Flat wise compressive strength (MPa) 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.25 0.375 0.25 (GFRC Lamination) 0.375 (GFRC Lamination)
to eight ratio.
Perform ing FEM Analysis was an important part for omparison of the experimenta l results.
bjective
he main aim of this project was to design, fabri cate, and vestigate sandwich anels of investigatio n was o determine the structural failure characteris t ics of aluminum andwich panels because due to their design they exhibit very pecial failure modes such as buckling, shear crimping, face heet wrinkling, face sheet dimpling, and face/core yielding. ethodology THEORETICAL STUDY EXPERIMENTAL TESTING& ANALYSIS MATERIAL SELECTION FABRICATION& FEM MODELING IN ANSYS the strength with characteristic s of aluminum core aluminum honeycom b
experimentall y and omputationally using FEM. The major area
1.250
1.358
7.95%
Conclusio ns Flat wise compressiv e stress, edgewise compressiv e stress, and core shear stress has been determine d from experiment s and FEM Analysis. There is some differenc e between experimenta l and analytical results because of Geometri c and Material Nonlinearities , and also because of human errors.
Flat wise compressiv e stress
3 Pt. bending specimen
erospace Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
FABRICATION OF A FULL SCALE WEAPON CAPABLE UAV (KILLER DRONE)

Plt/Off Aamir Dawood Plt/Off Waqas Nazar Nust/Cdt Salman Ahmed Nust/Cdt Umair Sufyan Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Messam Abbas Naqvi Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsoring Agency: Aerospac e Department
The emerging need for sophisticated , intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles has been the center stage of aviation for the last decade . Pakistan Air Force is a hitech air force with a vision to empl oy UAVs as a major componen t of their air- defense network. Air dominanc e with computer controlled highl y maneuverabl e lethal aerial vehicles minus the human stress endurance limitations , is the vision worth pursuing. Former efforts include target drones and small size emissary UAVs . Recently , the task of developing a weapon capable UAV was undertake n at CAE to fulfill the operational requirement s of PAF . In the initial phases a conceptual design of a diamondwing-configuratio n UAV was presented an d verified by a successfu l flying half scale model. Based on this designs success, detailed design of a full scale UAV was carried out including the CFD analysis to validate the basic design parameter s. Th e current project aimed at the full scale fabrication of this unique UAV design . Th e challengin g task was successfull y accomplishe d in a short span of 20 weeks. The UAV is completely made of composit e materials and is capable of carryi ng explosive payload up to 50 Kg and cruise at a speed of 1 45 knots at an altitude of 7000 ft.
Objective
The aim of the project is to fabricate a full scale remotely controlled, GPS navigated and weapon capable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV ).
Conclusions
Refining of design features helped us to relate theoretical knowledge with practical experience. This project was helpful in comprehensio n and implementa tion of the complete aircraft fabrication process.
Methodology
Studying the conceptua l and detailed design of the UAV. Refinemen t of the final design configuratio n and systems identification. Exploratio n and selection of the fabrication processes in composit e constructio n. Full scale fabricatio n and systems installati on .
UAV under fabrication
Fabrication
The fabricatio n was started by generating manufacturing drawings for templates , foam to which exact were shape used and to wire cut polystyren e foam modules (i.e. fuselage, wing s, vertical tail etc). Hi -stress bearing areas were frame further strengthened . making proper Engine seating mounting for them. Surface was installed in the fuselage. Wings were joined to contours.
Fiberglass layu p was performed on these exact shaped
the fuselage after removal and
Access hatch was made on the fuselage for fuel tank access to electrical system. finishing and painting was done afte r this. Lastly landing gears were attached along with engine installation.
Fully fabricated killer drone
Finite Element analyses of M irage aircraft using commerciall y available Finite E lement software, ANSYS
SG/C Muhamma d Ali, PIA Off Muhamma d Ayaz Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Wing Commande r Abdul Munem Khan ate of completion : 17 March 2008 Sponsoring Agency: Mirage Rebuild Factory, PAC, Kamra
This project is an applicatio n of Finite Element Method on a fighter aircraft for determinin g high stress areas and to do necessary fatigue calculation s. This project is a continuation project; was profile was prepared using available data and statistical techniques . Project was broken down in two part s; stress and fatigue analyses . From stress analyses results obtained Kamra. Objective The objective of the project is to estimate high stress areas and calculate fatigue life of Mirage aircraft. These results would be helpful for MRF in conducting third overhaul of Mirages and different inspections. Methodology
VERIFICATION OF THE MODEL
stress no.26
areas
were
obtained
from
the
results
of
stress analyses which mainly are main spar, bulkhead and wing-fuselage main attachment. The results analyses for of mission were performed flight namely thus obtained were compared with the results obtained from MRF Kamra. Fatigue using data conditions . Three types from stress analyses different profiles
Stress Analyses Results : Von-Mises Stresses
in
the
last
semester
FE
model
prepared. ANSYS was used for this work. Load
cruise (Navigation) , ge neral and severe combat mission were prepared for fatigue analyses to simulate the behavior of Mirage completely . Predicted life of Mirage is obtained by fatigue analyse s and the results are shown in the table. Conclusions The correctnes s and completenes s of the model is verified and it is ready for further analyses. Stress results are in complete accordanc e with results prescribed in manual s by the manufacturer. There is not much stress on the skin except the skin in the vicinity of main spar and bulkhead no.26. Since main wing fuselage attachmen t and main spar are the principal structural elements, therefore, their fatigue life is basically the structural life of the aircraft. Displacemen t Vector Sum
high
stress
areas
were
obtained to venture into fatigue analyses . All the results from anal yses were duly verified from MRF
STRESS ANALYSES FOR 1- g AND 6- g LOAD CONDITIONS
FATIGUE ANALYSES
Table of Results
Fatigue Calculation Results: Main Spar Life Type of Mission (hours) Severe Combat 2433 Mission 9133.62 General Mission Simple Cruise 45021.28 Mission Attachment Life (hours) 3248 12069 55695
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
Analysis Load profile for delta wings of Mirage aircraft was constructed . Stress analyses were done by applying loads and suitable constraint s on the FE model of Mirage. High
Aerospac e Engineering Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
Developmen t of software to design and optimize performanc e of a centrifugal compressor for different design features considered for variety of fluids
NUST CADET Awais Iqbal Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor: Sqn Ldr Abdul Naeem Khan(Retd) Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsoring Agency: CAE
Centrifuga l compresso r was first developed during the Second World War by the Bri tish. Since then it has been widely used in aerospac e application s as well as in industry. Although, compresso r application s use in small but the developmen t its use in of find axial its
Met hodology
Studying basics of flow in turbo machinery. Derivation of equations for each componen t of centrifugal compresso r from governing equations. Equations for each componen t are solved iteratively to reach design. Software and GUI developed in MATLAB
Conclusion
The software developed calculates all the values of the geometric parameter s of a centrifuga l compressor . The algorithm is developed in such a way that it involves the design optimizatio n of all component s as well as their interaction with each other. Complete theoretical analysisof the centrifugal compresso r has been done following the onedimensiona l approach. Because of simplifying assumption s made to make theoretical analysis possible actual flow in a compressor will be somewhat different but the values obtained from the software developed , can serve as the initial step of a complete design process. Besides the complete design of centrifuga l compressor, the effects of change in various geometric parameters on performanc e of a centrifuga l compressor are also shown in the form of plots. A user friendly GUI makes the design process easy.
has minimize d
aerospac e
still centrifuga l
compresso r
turboprop engines. They are still widely
Ana lysis
The requiremen t to develop software to design and test the performanc e of a centrifuga l compresso r to optimize pressure ratio for different design features considere d for variety of fluids called for an Inverse Design Approach . Inverse Design Approach parameter s given that of of is determinin g of geometri c from based the on a centrifuga l compresso r parameter s
used in industry where they hav e many advantage s over axial and piston compressors. The flow pattern in threedimensiona l flow passage of the impeller of a centrifuga l compresso r is very complex . For simplificatio n the flow in centrifugal compresso r is considered in the radial -axial (meridional ) by plane. it Further to be simplificatio n inviscid. An in theoretica l for analysis of flow through centrifuga l compresso r is obtaine d assuming approach determinin g geometric parameter s of centrifugal compressor from the specified performanc e requirement s is discussed in this project and a computer code along with graphical user interface is developed to calculate these geometric parameters.
performance requirements . The opposite process calculating performanc e inputs is usually called analysis or direct
geometri c
calculation . An algorithm and compute r code implementin g the Inverse Design Approach is developed . The geometri c parameter s separatel y for from each component are calculated required performance parameter s and
Objective
The aim of this project is to develop soft ware which is capable of calculating all the geometri c parameter s required to obtain specific performance . A Graphical User Interface is also to be developed to interact with the user during design process and to make design process easy to understand.
then are integrated to check that the required performanc e of the whole machine is achieved. If the desired performanc e parameter s are not achievabl e the software displays error message and also guides the user in this regard. Similarly for unrealisti c inputs or outputs the software displays appropriat e error messages.
ge of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF Colle
Design and Fabrication of a Smoke-Tunnel for Visualisatio n of Dynamic Flow Behaviour

Plt Off Zakria Ghazanfar Toor Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor: Wg Cdr Omar Ameen Qazi Sponso ring Agency: CAE with computerise d control of pitch and rate of pitch.
Introduction
Smoke-tunnels are used as training aids for visualisatio n of flow behaviour around aerodynami c objects. problems . They can also be used for experimenta l investigatio n into flow At CAE, a smoke tunnel is used for flow to students as a part of the curriculum. demonstratio n
Methodology
Literature survey and study of the existing design. oil droplet Preliminar y design and m arket survey for component s. Detail design and production of manufacturing drawings . Design and programmin g of computer interface Fabricatio n of the final design. Operationa l testing of the smoke tunnel. Developmen t of users manual. Completio n of project report. The
However, the following improvemen t were desired in the design of the existing smoke -tunnel: In has this Increase in operation time Enhancemen t of stream density at mid-section Computerise d control of pitch and rate of pitch Possibilit y of using Laser Doppler Anemometry project, design the and fabrication of a smoke above Fan and was
Analysis
The final design of the smoke -tunnel fulfils all projected design requirements . of operation for an extended period of time. used for -tunnel tunnel. to conduct measurement s through LDA technique. demonstratio n in the The models smoke In existing The new wind tunnel is capable
(LDA)equipmen t for experimenta l investigations -tunnel incorporatin g features highlighted
been undertaken .
Conceptua l design, detail design
and fabrication of the equipment was completed. Computerised control
smoke generation modules were developed indigenously . interface developed using LabView software. Conceptua l design for installation of LDA equipment has also been carried out. Compatibilit y of design with the existing smok e tunnel was ensured to facilitate the use of existing model s with the new smoke tunnel.
in Aerodynamic s Lab can be used with the new
addition, the tunnel ca n be fitted with seeding equipment
Conclusions
The design caters for requirement s of fluid flow demonstration to supplemen t BE curriculum at Aerospac e Departmen t and also provides a tool for experimenta l i nvestigation s of Boundary layer flows. . .
Objective
The aim of the project was to design and fabricate a smoke tunnel with the desired stream density and operation time and
Avioni cs Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur
Tensile and Fatigue testing of adhesively bonded metal structures in the constructio n of light weight aircraft
Plt O ff Muhamma d Sohaib Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Ahmad Junaid Date of completion :17 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Aerospac e Department
The aim of this research is to investigat e the effect of replacing riveting in aircraft structures by adhesive bonding bonding. Amongst the three generally acce pted methods for joining structural accomplishe s reactions. Objective The aim of the project was to analyze the adhesivel y bonded structures through tensile and fatigue testing. The objective was to develop the pragmati c approache s used in aircraft industry related to adhesive bonding by carrying out structural fatigue tests in butt joint configurations , single lap shear tests to determine lap shear strength in single lap joint and tensile tests to evaluate tensile strength in butt joint configuration. Methodology THEORETICA L STUDY OF ADHESIO N THEORY members , adhesive the strength of structures through chemical
Analysis Three different engineering metals were selected for
Table of Results
Adhesive
analyzing adhesive bonding and they were Aluminum, Stainless Steel and Nickel. One alloy for each metal was selected : K500, etching AA 2024-T3, Each SS alloy cleaning, 400 was and MONEL to chemical respectivel y. with subjected
pretreatment s like solvent mechanica l etching with
priming,
acids, chemical etching with alkali and
sand blasting for surface preparation . Each prepared plate was bonded using five different adhesives in different combination s of constituent s, by weight. Shear tests were conducted as per Japan Industrial Standard JIS K6850. Fatigue butt and tensile tests were to conducted in Industrial joint configuration according Japan
EPOWELD 13230 REDUX FILM 775 ARALDITE 2014 CYTEC FM 47 BETAMATE XD 4600
Chemical Chemical Chemical weightage weightage weightage 60/40 70/30 80/20 7.76 7.88 8.20 8.12 8.44 6.88 9.66 8.24 8.55 6.96 9.81 8.34 8.91 7.20 10.06
Standar d JIS K6849. for all materials
Failure strengths in all three cases,
Fractograph y of SS 400
were compared for different adhesives , surface treatments and weight compositio n of adhesive. Fractograph y of study SEM fracture (courtesy the failed surfaces was done to
MATERIA L SELECTION SPECIME N PREPARATION EXPERIMENTS
characteristic s of bonded
joint,
using
Mech Engg Dept GIKI Topi). Conclusio ns Adhesive Betamate XD 4600 provided the best shear strength for all weight combination s of resin and hardener. Adhesive Redux Film 7 75 gave best tensile strength characteristic s. Araldite 2014 gave the best fatigue strength characteristic s.
(Courtesy Mechanical Engineering Department, GIKI Topi)
Intergranula r features on SS 400
FRACTOGRAPHY
Display and Enhancemen t of the Output of Thermal Imaging System

Plt/Off Akhunzada Ilyas Said PIA/Off Nizamuddin Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur AdvisorGp Cpt Abdul Rehman Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department
Study of completed student projects on thermal imaging systems.
Conclusion Thermal images have been successfull y acquired and displayed on PC monitor and flat panel display. More work on image enhancemen t needs to be done on the acquired IR images.
CAE is conducting R&D in the field of thermal imaging. So far, more than 20 student projects have been completed in different areas related to thermal imaging. The objective of this project is to acquire the IR thermal image of an existing system for image enhancemen t applications. A detailed study of the completed techniques project were reports to flat
Evaluatio n of different techniques for acquiring IR image. Study of the data acquisitio n schemes to acquire the IR image. Study of the video display of the PC and flat panel display.
was undertaken . Various
studied
Study of microcontrolle r for acquiring and displaying IR image on flat panel display. Study of parallel port and image acquisitio n card for acquiring and display ing image on computer monitor.
interface the existing thermal imaging system with display and image acquisitio n card for PC has been used. After acquiring the thermal image, different
panel display and PC. Finally, microcontrolle r for flat panel
image
Application
and
evaluation
of
different
image
Fig1: T he IR search system
enhancemen t techniques were
applied, evaluate d and
enhancemen t schemes. Development of a GUI to compare the effects of image enhancemen t techniques
the comparison of results is displayed in the form of a GUI.
Objective
This project aims to acquire and display the IR image of an existing thermal imaging system on flat panel display and PC monitor, apply different image enhanceme nt techniques and evaluate their performanc e .
Analysis After acquiring and displaying the thermal images on flat panel monitor, display and PC monitor, technique various performs image On PC better Fig2: Enhanced thermal image shown on a GUI enhancement techniques have been applied.
Gamma correctio n
Methodology
Study of the existing thermal imaging system.
than others. On flat panel display, only alternate raster scan is displayed due to faster scan information update rate.
Developmen t of a Palm-print Based Authenticatio n System

SG/C Hassan Masood Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor, Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department individuals.
Biometric s-based personal identification an effective pattern method for hand, automaticall y including a is regarded as recognizing number a of
Implementatio n of classifiers for template matching. Evaluatio n of results on the developed database of images and the database of Polytechni c universit y of Hong Kong.
persons identity. Palm -print is the unique inner surface of human discriminatin g features, suc h as principal lines, wrinkles , etc. In this project a new and is images. The proposed for the personal identificatio n palm -print
Analysis The results obtained on the databases using different mathematica l transforms employing Euclidean distance base d classificatio n are.
singular points, texture reliable approach presented using
system consists of two parts. An indigenousl y made image acquisitio n system and an efficient algorithm for palm - print verification . The image dataset is acquired using a digital camera with a resolution of 200 dpi. The acquired images are pre-processed in order to remove translationa l and rotational invarianc e and then the palm -print is extracted. The obtained regio n of interest is analyzed for its texture using the DCT (Discrete Contourlet Transform) , the Contourlet tran sform and the FFT. Distinct features were extracted and were stored in templates . The both at the feature level employing the Euclidean Distance and the dot product classifier. The algorithm has been tested on the world largest database of 5400 images acquired from the Polytechni c University of Hong Kong Hand Image Databas e and also it has been verified on palm-print images from 120 users collected using the indigenousl y made imag e acquisition system. . Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur feature and vectors at the or templates level extracted from texture have been combined and tested decision Objective Reliability in the personal authen tication is key to the security i n the networked society. This project attempts to develop a reliable palm-print-based verification system by analyzing and extracting distinctive features from palm -print texture using different transforms of image processing. Methodology Study of image processing. Literature survey of existing biometric s and on going search in palm -print authenticatio n systems. Development of Image acquisitio n platform. User training and image acquisition. Image registration. Extracting features from the registered images and making a gallery containing the templates of registered It was analyzed that the results on the acquired database can be improved by removing the problem caused by motion blur and illuminatio n invariance . degraded Conclusion The successful demonstrated the completion effectivenes s of of the project has images was found authentication. The enhancemen t of effective in reliable
palm -print based
authenticatio n system. A novel Contourlet based feature extraction and classification encouragin g results. is investigate d that gave
Computer Vision Based Automatic Scoring of Air to Ground Ranges

Plt/Off Faizan Ali Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Sponsoring Agency: Directorat e Of Plans Image database development. Applicatio n of contrast stretching based on Power Law Transform to enhance the image in the spatial domain. Applicatio n of Morphologica l operations based on Erosion to facilitate implementat i on of the algorithm. Applicatio n of Hysteresi s Thresholdin g to segment the target from the backgroun d and the bullet hits from the target. Applicatio n of Distance Transform to locate the centre of the bulls eye and cropping the bulls eye out of the target. Labeling of bullet hits and scoring based on eight pixels connectivity.
IMAG E SEGMENTATIO N BY HYSTERESIS THRESHOLDING THICKENIN G THE BOUNDARIE S OF FOREGROUN D PIXEL S BY EROSION
implementatio n of the system.
Scoring at PAF Air to Ground ranges is presently done manually where a scorer is detailed to count the number of bullet hits after the aircrafts firing mission. The pre sent scorin g system is time consuming and also raises safety issue s for the scorers present on the firing range. This project attempt s to replace the present manual scoring system with a compute r vision based automati c scoring system. It will considerabl y reduce the scoring time and is also safe and secure . A detailed literature survey was carried out which provide d the basic platform for the developmen t of the algorithm. Images of Air to Ground range targets were collecte d and then processed with the help of the algorithm developed based on digital image consists of image and image segmentatio n techniques which processing techniques . The algorithm enhancemen t separates the target area from the backgroun d and then distinguishe s the bullet hits from the target area.
BASIC STEPS IN ALGORITHM

IMAGE ACQUI SITION
IMAGE ENHANCEMEN T BY POWE R LAW TRANSFORMATION
Analysis
After the developmen t phase of the algorithm, PAF Indus firing range was visited for testing and validation of the developed algorithm . The algorithm has an accuracy of 92.96% for real Air to Ground range targets. Scaled down version of strafing targets were made for simulated testing in the Lab environment . The results are: SAMPLES ACCURACY 98.3 %
LABELIN G AND SCORING
Objective
The project aims to develop a computer vision LAB EXPS based automatic scoring system with the processing application s to automaticall y label and score the bullet hits on the strafing targets. help of Image
100
Conclusion
The developed system is able to automaticall y score the bullet hits on the strafing targets. It is much more efficient as compared to the present manual scoring system. A windows compatibl e the . Graphical User Interface is designed for
Methodology
Literature survey. Development of the algorithm.
System Graphical User Interface
Design and Developmen t of Mobile EOD Robot

P/O Altaf Omer Khan Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor, Sqn Ldr Sarfraz Khan Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department microcontroller.
Conclusion
The Mobile EOD robot now has an improved motor circuitry. RF receiver has been interfaced integration with of motor driving circuitry throug h Successfu l microcontroller .
Inspired by the advancement in the field of Robotics, the project Mobile EOD Robot (Phase -III) was undertaken for making a prototype vehicle that can be used as an alternative to human beings for Explosive Ordinanc e Disposal (EOD) tasks. The project is an extension of the phase -II Mobile EOD robot. The phase II robot was driven through mechanica l switching. The mechanica l switches were actuated by
Finding the parameter s of the servomotor s used in the arm. Modeling and simulatio n of the joint of the arm in Simulink. Stability analysis of the joint. Addition of solar panel. View enhancemen t by using additional cameras.
microcontrolle r makes this robot more flexible. Availabilit y of backup solar power enhances the mission endurance . One additional camera has been installed at the front end to enhance the view.
Analysis
In many application s motors are driven by motor driving circuitry normally known as h-bridge circuit. The circuit is used to drive the motor in both directions . The RF receiver gives out pulse modulated signals of variable duty cycle of 1 ms, 1.5 ms and 2 ms used for servo control. The task was to convert these pulse modulated signals into 0s and 1s required by the h-bridge circuit. Programmin g of 89c52 microcontrol ler was done to convert these PWM signals into logic inputs. Two channels of the receiver were utilized for this purpose with a motor being controlled by both of them. Joint wise stability analysis of the robotic arm has Figure 1: Motor Driving circuitry been carried out where each joint is a combinatio n of gears and servomotors . This involved th e calculatio n of unknown parameter s of a servomoto r and modelin g the joint in Simulink to simulate the response. The missio n enduranc e was increased by adding solar power capability vehicle which charges the battery with sunlight. to the
servomotor s to give bidirectiona l movement to DC motors in order to move the vehicl e in forward, reverse, right and left direction. Various up-gradation measures to the previous work have been undertake n in phase -III. It includes interfacing of RF receiver with motor driving circuitry, joint-wise stability analysis of additional endurance. robotic arm, view enhancemen t using cameras and solar power capability for more
Objective
The project aims at improving the previously developed robot. The robotic vehicle is remotely controlled . A command and control station is required to be interfaced with the robot to control the movemen t of robot and make decisions.
Methodology
a Study the previous system. Understandin g and implementatio n of driving circuitry. Interfacing of driving circuitry with RF receiver using
. Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering, PAF Academy Risalpur
Computer Aided Visual Inspection of Aircraft Surface

Plt/Off Mustafa Mumtaz Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering, PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department computationall y efficient computer aided visual inspection of through different methods like thresholdin g technique s of Otsu and Entropy, Gabor Filter for texture analysis, Nonsubsample d Network. Adaptiv e address Contourlet models Transform were and optimized Neural to
Visual Inspection is, by far most widely used methods in aircraft surface inspection . This inspection is used to ensure structu ral integrity of aircraft surfaces. This project attempts to replac e have visual inspection Various by computer vision and machine intelligence . enhancemen t technique s
aircraft surfaces which would be beneficia l for PAF by reducing cost and repair time of maintenance.
Methodology
Studying basics of Digital Image Processing (DIP). Real data collection by identifying and photographing different crack susceptibl e areas of aircrafts. Formulatio n of suggestion s for ni clusion of surface imaging in existing periodic inspections. Study of various enhancemen t techniques for their applicabilit y to the project. Optimizatio n of parameter s for automati c crack marking system. Testing and evaluating various methods to differentiate between crack and scratch. Optimizatio n of algorithms to decrease FAR (False Alarm Rate).
random illuminatio n variations . Differentiatio n of
crack and scratch was performed through various methods like Neural Network Classifier, Discrete Cosine Transform in collaboratio n with Dot Product Classifier and energy calculation s via Wavelet Transform in order to minimize critical aircraft FAR. A set of 400 images of differen t
been applied to get better analysis of surface like texture analysis,
cracks. Automatic marking of surface cracks has been performed by various techniques thresholding , various transfor m based and classifier based
surfaces were taken under various illuminatio n condition s over a span of five months. This data set was divided into training and validation set of 100 images each for surface scratch and crack. FAR of 3% was achieved for scratch and 10% for crack.
methods. This led to a set of generalize d techniques . A new visual method is devised to differentiat e between crack and scratch to supplemen t existing NDI techniques. In PAF, periodic inspection s are carried out according to work card and pre -defined manuals. Surface imaging is suggested i n existing periodic inspection s which assist in better record keeping identified and and trend prone analysis to of aircrafts. were Various areas of aircraft cracks
Conclusion
The project depicts intelligent utilization of DIP for specific applications . The project is capable of automati cally marking the cracks present in aircraft surfaces and for
Analysis
Surface imaging is suggested in existing periodic inspection for better record keeping and trend analysis of aircraft. The surfaces prone to cracks were photograph for 10 T-37 and 4 Mushshak aircraft weekly. Standard scale and angle were defined and maintaine d while photographing . Image enhancemen t technique s were implemente d for analysis of surface cracks to smoothen out light intensity variation, adjust contrast variations reduce blurriness, and increase sharpnes s. Automati c marking of cracks was investigated
differentiation of crack and scratch with an accuracy of 97% for scratch and 90% for crack. Suggestion s for surface imaging in existing periodic inspection s have also been formulated .
were photographe d weekly. Suggestion s
for conducting surface imaging at certain scale and angle were also defined. The propose d computer aided visual inspection techniques will reduce cost and repair time for maintenance , thus ensuring maximum utilization of aircraft for flying.
Objective
This and project aims to develop cost effective
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF AN RF/MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM CONSISTING OF AN ANTENNA AND AN AMPLIFIER TO SETUP A RECEIVER IN THE 0.8- 1.3 GHz BAND
Paying Cadet Ahmed Hafeez Avionics Engineerin g Department , College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Coordinato r : W//CDR IRFAN MAJEED S/L ABDUL MATEEN Sponsoring Agency: CAE
Literature review Theoretical and analytical design Modeling and simulation using IE3D and ADS Design optimization Fabrication Measurements
The aim of the project is to design and fabricate a measurement system to detect radiations in the frequency range of 0.8 1.3 GHz. The setup consists of an antenna connected to a Low Noise Amplifier. The output of the system is displayed on a spectrum analyzer. The system is a receiver system, therefore, it is required to have low noise and high gain characteristics. Th e antenna is log periodic type wi th printed dipoles on a thin sheet of copper clad silica -fiber (FR4). A 3V driven Low Noise Amplifier is connected to the receiving antenna. The amplifier in design has been simulated by modeling the ADS (Advanced Design Systems) antenna in IE3D and the Momentum. Fabricatio n of the antenna and LNA pad has
Analysis
The log periodic printed dipole array antenna was designed using IE3D, a Method of Moments based simulation software. The amplifier circuitry was modeled in ADS. The whole system was 50 ohm matched. The results of the two are shown in table 1. Table 1
been done using LPKF PCB prototypin g machine.
Antenna Gain Antenna efficiency
8.5 dBi Average 69% average 800 MHz -20 dB average 28 dB at 1.3 GHz <1.8
Objective
To design and fabricate an RF/Microwav e measuremen t system consisting of an antenna and an amplifier to setup a receiver in the 0.8 1.3 GHz band
Antenna Bandwidth Antenna Return loss Amplifier Gain Amplifie r VSWR
Targets
Detect cellular emissions in the 0.9 GHz band Detect radiations of MPDR-90 radar in the 1.1 1.3 GHz band
Conclusion
An EM measuremen t setup is designed capable of measuring emissions in the specified frequenc y range of 0.8 to 1.3 GHz
Methodology
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL AVIONICS NETWORK BASED ON CAN BUS
Sub Lt. M. Junaid Alam Avionics En gineering Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor: Wg. Cdr. Irfan Majid Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department
Analysis Introduction/Abstract
Avionics system forms a major componen t of aircraft. Evolution from analog for into digital has response, enhanced the system capabilit y fast multiple function, The sensors developed during the project include the temperatur e sensor simulatin g engine bus. Microcontrolle r transmission is controlling temperatur e the timely
and communicatin g it on to the PC using the CAN of temperatur e data on to CAN bus and is
system integratio n and easy maintenance . In the categories of small aircraft, communicatio n network between avionics system (data buses) needs to be light weight, error free, fast, reliable and simple. Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol and node s are available options providing the network designs in automobile s and aviation industry. CAN network has not been utilized so far, however, it has tremendou s potential for UAVs.
also re sponsible for controlling the CAN unit in terms of what to transmit and when to transmit. The other sensor is GPS attached to the CANcontroller for the transmission of latitude and longitude; this is also controlled by the microcontroller . The central node is receiving the data from the sensor. The network is made flexible enough and additional nodes could be attached to communicat e desired data. Figure :1 Avionics network over CAN
Objective
The project aims at the real time implementatio n of the CAN bus by designing and developing some avionics sensor nodes and communicatin g the data from one node to another using CAN bus protocol.
Conclusion
The designed network is a good platform to demonstrate ho w different avionics system interacts with each other using data bus in an aircraft. More nodes can be added easily on to prescribed protocol implementatio n fulfills on all the the network by The using CAN the bus for electronics equipments . UAVs and
Methodology
Study of CANbus protocol. Study of assembly language and microcontrollers. Developing a sensor. Sensor interfacing with microcontroller. Interfacing of sensor and microcontrolle r unit with CAN Controller. Programmin g the the microcontrolle r to transm it
required dem and MAVs
for establishin g
digital avionics network
Figure :2 Electronic control unit(ECU) of CAN node
required data over CANbus. Receiving the data on a central node (PC) using parallel port.
DESIGN AND FABRICATIO N OF RF / MICROWAV E FREQUENC Y MIXERS

PIA Officer Syed Muhamma d Asim Avionics Engineerin g Department , College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor : Wg Cdr Irfan Majeed Sponsoring Agency: CAE Modeling and simulation using ADS Design optimization Analysis Fabrication Measurements LO RF
Mixer Block
RF Input Signal m f RF + n f
LO
Neglecting the practical losses due to loss tangents, diffraction, inefficienc y of substrate , the ideal results from simulation s are as under: 900 MHz 1 mW 0.1 mW 271 W 34.33 dB LO RF IF Gain 2500 MHz 10 mW 1 mW 480 W 26.812 dB
Mixer is three terminal device with LO and RF ports as input and IF port as output used to shift the frequenc y and is widely used in communication receivers, t ransmitte rs, signal generators , m odulators , phase detectors. Frequency is converted for many reasons like better filtering,
IF
Analysis
BJT NPN transistor AT41533 a general purpose transistor, was used in given range along with SMD inductors , capacitors, resistors of 0805 size for impedanc e matching, filtering, biasing etc. It is a 50 Ohm system. The substrate used for this design and fabricatio n was FR4.The integrated designed using Agilent Design System (ADS) circuitry is
Gain
Oscilator processing, amplification e tc. The designed mixer down converts from RF/Microwav e range to IF.
Local
Conclusion
Mixer circuit in the frequenc y range of 850 900 MHz with 45 MHz IF and the frequency range of 2.5 GHz and 100 MHz IF has been produced. In general, the conversion gain decreases as the local oscillator signal weakens
A AY I NLS
4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5
Amongst
the
active
and
passive
mixers
active device
was selected for this design because of its high conversion gain and reduced numbe r. of stages for given specification s. Fabrication of the frequency mixer was done using LPKF PCB prototyping machine using the Circuit Cam and Board Master fabrication software.
S OF LO P W O E R OE R C NE S N V O V R IO G IN IN d A B
The performanc e of the fina design has been anal yzed b Design and fabricatio n of a mixer circuit in the frequenc y range of l y simulation s comprising of s-par meter and harmonic balance. 850 900 MHz with 45 MHz IF attaining a conversion loss of a <15dB. Using the same configuratio n design and fabricatio n of second mixer for 2.5 GHz and 100 MHz IF. Based on these results analyze the effect of LO power on conversion gain.
Objective
1 0 5 0 -5 -1 0 -9 0 -8 0 - 0 7 -6 0 -5 0 -4 0 -3 0 - 0 2 -1 0 0
LO
(d ) B
Methodology
Literature Review Theoretical and analytical design
STUDY & DESIGN OF COMPACT AND BROADBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
Plt Off Muhamma d Awais Khan Avionics Engineerin g Department , College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor S/L AB DUL MATEEN Sponsoring Agency: CAE
The aim of the project is to study and design compact and broadban d microstrip patch antennas working on multi - frequencies . The steps included in this project are to All the final four achieved
Methodology
Review literature Theoretical design Modeling and simulation on IE3D Design optimization Fabrication Measurements
Antenna 1
Table for antenna 2
study, design and fabricate a four band micro strip patch antenna for cellular phones. resonant frequencies should be greater than 1.7 GHz. Initially two simple single band and dual band antennas techniques for were selected from the were literature. Differen t compactness and gathered. broadband and regard ing broad bandwidth, other parameter s of available techniques ,
Analysis
The performanc e of the design has been analyzed by modeling the antenna in IE3D. VSWR was measured at KAARF using scalar network analyzer. Measured and simulated results are shown in table 1. Table for antenna 1
enhancing
Through applicatio n
compact microstrip patch antennas were
designed and fabricated to meet the desired requirements . Fabrication of th e antenna was done using LPKF PCB prototyping the machine. The in IE3D, Substrate a used M oM for design and fabrication was FR4. simulated by modeling antenna design was
Antenna 2
Conclusion
Four frequenc y micro strip and low patch antenna with wide bandwidth were reflection losses has been
(Method of Moments) based microwav e simulation software that reliably predicts the performanc e of a modeled design .
successfully modele d and fabricated . Two antennas that initially selecte d are operating on four frequencie s having same size as they had initially. The antenna can be easily integrated to accomplis h the requirement s of modern mobile handsets.
Objective
To design and fabricate a four frequency microstrip pa tch antenna for cellular phones above 1.7 GHz. Initial Modified
BE Projects Compen dium 64 EC
Design and implementation of frequency hopping system for a software deSfinceadrerCadroiow(iBnioM-AToLuAsBti)c

Plt off SahibPzialodtaOMffiuchear mAlmi IzahdaWr Naqiaazsi Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor: GpA.dCvaispot.r:MS.qAnbdLudlrRSeohhm aial nAhKmhaend SponsorSinpgonAsgoernincgy:AAgveinocnyic: sDDteeopfaFrtlmighetnSt, aCfeAtEy
Bird strikes constitut e a significant and continuou s drain on financial , engineerin g and manpower resources in flying operations. Broadcas t of distress calls (calls given by birds when caught by a predator or handled by man) is one of the most effective ways of sc aring birds away from an area. The effect of distress calls is enhanced when it is supplemented by loud weapon sounds and predatory birds calls. The aim of this project is to develop an efficient bird dispersal system sounds based on distress calls, weapon and predatory birds calls. A standalon e system
Identificatio n of birds Collection/recordi ng of bird distress calls, weapon sounds and predatory calls Developmen t of audio files Developmen t of a standalone system Evaluatio n of recorded calls
Analysis
Distress calls of all the required birds have been recorded along with weapon sounds and predatory birds calls. During the evaluation of the broadcas t of recorded distress calls, it is observe d that most birds approach the source of sound, circl e above the source for length of broadcas t and disperse wel l away from the source following the cessation of the call. The results show that birds respond to these calls and do not treat it as an unfamiliar noise. If the calls are used randomly followin g an intelligent scheme, the system can be an effectiv e means of bird dispersal. (GUI) containing the Fig 1: (a) Overview of the project (b) Standalon e application
consisting of a megaphon e and a wirelessly controlled audio player has been developed which can be used as a bird dispersal tool. An evaluation scheme to monitor the effectivenes s of distress calls has also been developed. A Graphical User Interface about basic informatio n calls. birds, can record/view
Conclusion
Distress calls of all the applicable birds have been recorded and audio files have been developed. A standalone system has been developed. An evaluation scheme of calls has been made and the schem e for using distress calls against various species ha s also been given. Fig 2: A view of GUI
observations, program the audio player and play recorded
Objective
Aim of the project is to develop an efficient standalon e bird dispersa l system which can be used at aerodrome s to scare the birds away from its vicinity, minimize hazards to flying activities and maximize flight safety.
Methodology
Basic research and contact with external agencies
BE Projects Compen dium 64 EC
Frequenc y Hopping (FH) is a spread spectrum technique which can effectively combat jamming. After transmittin g a short burst of data on one frequency , the transmitter quickly adjust s its frequenc y to another value. The transmitte d data will only be received by the receiver if the transmitte r and the receiver are fully aligned (synchronized). In this project a complete FH communicatio n system has been designed and implemente d in MATLAB. The FH system is capable of hopping on a set of 64 different frequencies, thereby making ht e system robust against jamming. Full simulatio n of the system has been done in MATLAB. All the functions of the system are implemente d in the software domain, thus facilitating implementatio n on a Software Defined Radio (SDR). An SDR based platform allows easy reconfiguratio n of the communicatio n system.
Designing demodulato r and FH receiver Synchronizatio n of system Performanc e analysis of system
Analysis
An analog voice data signal is sampled and quantized. is converted to bits which are The quantized modulated by
modulated using FSK scheme. This signal is further a hopping carrier generated by a pseudo -noise generator . This signal passes through an Additive White Guassian Noise (AWGN) channel where signal noise is is adde d. In the receiver,the hopping de-hopped after correct bits which are
allignmen t of the hoppin g sequence. This signal is then demodulate d to yield the received converted to analog channel. Performanc e of the system is evaluated using Bit Error Ra te (BER) plot for various values of SNR.
Conclusion Objective
Aim of the project is to design a FH system which can support a large number of frequencie s in HF or VHF range. Complete FH system has been implemented in MATLAB. Successfu l transmission/receptio n of voice data has been done across the link. A synchronizatio n method to align the transmitte r and receiver has been implemented.
Methodology
Study and design of FSK modulator Study and design of PN sequence generator Study and design of digital frequency synthesizer Implementatio n of FH transmitter
Random Frequenc y Hop Pattern of the system
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF A PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA AND INTERFACE IT WITH SWEEP OSCILLATOR AND MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER TO EXECUTE FUNCTION OF A TRANSMITTER IN 2.4 GHz BAND
Paying Cadet Usman Mahfooz Avionics Engineerin g Department , College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Coordinato r : W//CDR IRFAN MAJEED S/L ABDUL MATEEN Sponsoring Agency: CAE Fabrication Measurements
Aim of the project is to design and fabricate a phased array antenna with control circuitry to provide a sector scan of 60 degree in 2.4 GHz band. The resonant frequency is 2.4 GHz. A microstrip array antenna has been designed comprising of 5 rectangula r patch elements . A separate 5 way power sector divider has been included to feed the ports of the five elements. To provide a sector scan, a switched line phase shifter has been integrated with each of the five element s to provide necessary phase shift. The switched line phase shifter is controlled with a custom programme d microcontrolle r to ensure automatio n of sector scan. design and fabrication is FR4. Design System. Fabricati on of The the Substrate used for design has been antenna is done
Analysis
The integrate d circuitry is designed on ADS Momentum and finally incorporate d with IE3D. The performanc e of the final design has been analyzed by modeling the whole antenna in IE3D, a Method of Moments based microwav e simulatio n software that reliably predicts the performanc e of a modeled design. Simulated results are shown in table 1. Table 1 Gain 8.6 dB Frequency (2.4 GHz) Sector scan of 60 degree Average Directivity Bandwidth 450-520 MHz 3 dB Beamwidth 16.12 o Average Return Loss -20.2 dB Average Antenna Efficiency 38% Average
simulated by modeling the antenna in IE3D and Agilent using LPKF PCB prototypin g machine.
Objective
To design and fabricate a Phased Array Antenna capable of providing 60 degree scan at a resonant frequenc y of 2.4 GHz
12.21 dB Average
Conclusion
A Phased Array Antenna with all the necessary signal control circuitry is designed which provides a 60 degree secto r scan in the elevation plane at 2.4 GHz. All the result s achieved conform to assigned specifications.
Methodology
Literature Review Theoretica l design and analysis Modeling and simulation on IE3D and ADS Design optimization
ACOUSTIC BASED FAULT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR J69 ENGINE (T37 AI RCRAFT)
Pilot Officer Hammad Ahmed Advisor: Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Date of completion : 02 March 2008 Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department
Study of analysis tools that include Fourier Transform , Short Time Fourier Transform, Octave Analysis and Wavelets.
diagnosti c of various type s of engine s including J69. The results identified various unknown fault noise frequencies and assisted in developmen t of an automate d system. Acoustic Fault Noise Identifier (AFNI) identifies: Rumble noise during acceleratio n and deceleration. High and low ru mble noise in fix RPM ranges. Banging noise in Fix RPM ranges.
Engine maintenanc e involves extensive test runs of unit under inspection . This test is the final check on engine build quality, prior to installatio n on aircraft. Various parameters checked during engine test run include fuel flow, exhaust temperatures , vibration and noise. in engine, certain abnormal Due are audio to improper generated range to combustion , improper fuel flow or any other abnormality sounds in indicating symptoms of malfunction . Occurrenc e of such noise causes certain cross a frequencie s normal threshold . This project presents a novel
Collection of engine sound samples of acceleration, deceleratio n and segmented steady RPM samples. Algorithm design for problem solution. Implementatio n of developed algorithm. Extensive testing and analysis. Commissionin g of system.
Extensive testing and evaluatio n results strengthene d the concept with following correct results 97.37% in acceleratio n inspection. 98.7% in deceleratio n inspection. 99.58% in fix RPM ranges.
Analysis
Total of 72 engines have been analyzed and 750 sound sampl es experimental analysis revealed that frequency of rumble noise during acceleratio n range from 1.2KHz to 1.25KHz, whereas , in case of fix RPM, a low rumble noise has frequenc y from 535Hz to 645 Hz. At certain RPM ranges such noise is considered acceptable . Various filters were evaluated and Butterworth filter was found the best, considerin g low processin g time and high attenuation in stopband. have been collected and tested. The
approach of detecting these fault noise frequencies and subsequentl y of designing an Automate d Fault Noise Identifier (AFNI) that detects a faulty engine acousticall y and the particular fault.
Presently , this system works offline. Upgradatio n to online system with additional input measures will result in real time data analysis, will reduction and be shown of processing quality. time, Fault noise increased accuracy indications improved
Objective
The subjective assessment s of engine sounds during test run by humans may be erroneous due to i.e., competence , fatigue, boredom , etc. Also, the training of new supervisor s is time consuming , lacking reliability due to non- availabilit y of reliable training data. The project is aimed to addres s elements shortcoming s of manual assessmen t Wing and its constituen t and assist Engineerin g various factors
as soon as faul t
occurs. Hence, leading to correct RPM indications and noise classification . For the real time processing , equipment has also been identified.
Conclusion
Change in sound is usually the first symptom of malfunction. The ge neration and detection of noise in case of aircraft jet engines has been studied from the point of view of acousticall y differentiatin g The proposed an acceptabl e methodolog y engine and a faulty engine. is effective in fault
in maintenance of J-69 engine.
Methodology
Design and Identificatio n of Avionics Suite for Autonomous Micro Air Vehicle (MAV)
Plt/Off Ahnaf Hannan Lodhi Avionics Engineerin g Department , College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Mohamma d Shahid Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department Referenc e System (AHRS) and GPS. MAVs are inherently unstable and therefore very difficult to control. Out of the different constrain ts that govern the design study MAVs to are develop the an latest
This project is a air feasibilit y vehicle.
Objective
The aim of the project is to design and identify avionics suite for MAV and to develop a Simulink Model based on the integratio n of AHRS and GPS for autonomou s navigation of a MAV, weight, power and volume are the major factors. The design requirement s include control, navigation and tracking, communication s and mission specific sensor. Integration of the onboard systems poses yet another challenge. The non -availabilit y of military standard equipment is another problem in enabling a fully functional , military capable MAV. Autonomou s navigation capability is essential in order to fully exploit the advantage s of a MAV. The different design requirements have been addressed by exploring address the commercia l equipmen t available which conforms to the design constraints . In order to the autonomou s navigation problem, a Simulink based model has been developed which is based upon the integration of GPS and AHRS to automaticall y identify and set course for the MAV based on pre-fed waypoints.
autonomous micro
generation of aerial vehicles with wingspan of less than 24 and a payload in grams . MAV has the potential for military and civil usages, lik e and hazard or proximity reconnaissanc e contaminant detection. The system
Methodology
Familiarizati o n with the concept of Micro Air Vehicle Study of configurations Analysis of constraints Identificatio n of design requirements Developmen t of architectura l model Identificatio n of application based avionics suite Developmen t of Simulink Model for autonomous navigation
requirement s have been identified for avionics suite and its architectur e for an autonomou s MAV having basic fixed wing configuration . Off the shelf equipment useabl e for an MAV has also been identified depending on basic constraint s of weight, volume and power. The biggest challenge to be scaled is developmen t of the autonomous MAV. Navigation model for autonomou s MAV has also been developed using Simulink for integration of Attitude Heading
Analysis
Presently , the field of MAV is relatively new and still under development . standards Its origins lie in its biological counterparts , birds and also in the model RC planes. Different of wingspan and payload as well as multiple configurations have been designed by various organizations . These include fixed - wing, rotor based and flapping wings design. However, due extremely small size,
Conclusion
The basic constraint s and design requirement s for a MAV hav e for been investigated . A baseline configuratio n an autonomou s MAV capable of video surveillance navigation , a Simulink model
has also been identified. Finally, in order to address the problem of autonomou s developed. based on the integratio n of GPS an AHRS has also been
Design and developmen t of Palm Print Based Authenticatio n System

NUST Cadet UBAID-UR-REHMAN Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Sponsorin g Agency: Avionics Department Alarm Rate (FAR). Flow chart diagram Analysis Three feature extraction techniques , Palm lines, Principal Componen t Analysis and Wavelet Transform were evaluated. From 4 to 6 ima ges per person were collected of 120 users to evaluate the system. System has also been tested on Hong Kong University database of 3876 images of 387 users. Thus, Palm-print database used in the project contains 4376 images of 507 persons. Results show tha t palm lines can be used for very accurate systems. Results of the technique s are given below:
Palm lines Developed database Poly U database PCA Wavelet Transform 98%
Security is a need of the day . Although, locks and passwords are popular they are becoming easier to predict. Biometrics has the capabilit y to provide a more secure environment. Hand identificatio n is a popular form of biometrics . Several component s of the hand are recognizable . Although significant progress has been made, yet how to represent palm -print for effective classificatio n is still an open problem. In order to develop a palm-print based authenticatio n system literature survey was carried out to find out the current techniques in use. Based on the literature survey new technique s were devised to develop the system. The
Methodology Literature survey. Developmen t of image acquisitio n platform. Algorithm development. Image registration by finding best fitting ellipse and distance transform. Feature extraction using Palm lines, PCA and Wavelet transform. Making gallery of the extracted features. Implementatio n of Euclidian Distance Classifier for template matching. Evaluation of results on the developed database. Calculation of FAR, FRR and the EER.
proposed system employs low-resolution palm -print images to achieve effective personal identification . An i mage acquisition platform was developed which is pegs free and user friendly. 550 the images region from of 120 users and were remove acquired. any Then the registration of the palm was performed in order to extract interest rotational,
98.8 %
96.61%
98.9%
97.84%
98.2%
Conclusion The completion of the project depicts that Palm -print Biometric can be used for high security systems. In future a combinatio n of various biometric systems can be used for higher accuracy.
translationa l or scaling mismatch. Different techniques like Palm lines, PCA and Wavelet transform were used to extract features from the registered image. Extracted features were stored in different galleries for matching. Euclidian distance classifier was used to find the match. Objective The aim was to develop an authenticatio n system based on palmprint False biometric s with high reliability and reduced
Feasibility Study of strafe scoring system based on acoustic/e lectromagnetic technology

Senior Cadet Shoaib Amin Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Kashif Amjad Butt rd Date of completion 3 March 2008 Sponsoring Agency: Dte of Plans Identificatio n of sensors required for the strafe scoring
In this project, a feasibility study has been done to propose an air to ground strafe scoring system. At present manual scoring is done at PAF ranges as no such system exists which can automat e scoring of air to ground strafe missions. This report explains the working of strafe scoring system based on acoustic technology and presents a block level system design accompanie d with flow chart programming approach. Technical analysis has been completed which will help in manufacturin g a strafe sc oring system with a view to fulfill the requiremen t of PAF. Technical analysis has been done on different systems available in market and then manufacturin g of a system is recommende d which caters for PAF requiremen t regarding strafe regarding scoring syst em.
system. Developmen t of block level design and flow chart programmin g approach for the strafe scoring system.
Analysis
Based on various techniques and method of scoring, a block leve l design and flow chart programmin g approach have PAF. been propose d in accordanc e with the requirement s of
Conclusion
Based on the analysis, it is concluded that manufacturin g of air to ground strafe scoring system is a feasible option to automate scoring of strafe mission.
Objective
Aim of the project is to propose system which can automate scoring of air to ground strafing mission and help in effective and efficient trainin g of fighter pilots as well as helping in testing weapon accuracy. This proposed system will cater the present and future requiremen t of PAF in areas where strafe training missions are conducted.
Methodology
Study of various strafe scoring systems. Study of present method of scoring.
Block level design of circuit
Implementatio n of Transceiver (Tx, Rx and Channel) in MATLAB

NUST CADET Khawaja Attique Ahmed Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor Sqn Ldr Sohail Spon soring Agency: Avionics Department
In this project, a complete transceive r has been implemente d in MATLAB . All the key functions of a digital communicatio n system including source coding, channel coding, modulatio n and pulse shaping at the transmitter and demodulatio n and decoding at the receiver have been implemented . schemes such as QAM implemente d Gaussian at Noise A and number BPSK of modulatio n have has been been
Evaluatio n of the performanc e of the communication system on the basis of BER plots and Eye diagram.
A view of Main GUI
Analysis
The communicatio n system is implemente d by simulating 50000 bits as source data. Source bits are compressed usin g Huffman Coding. After this, error control coding has been implemente d using convolutiona l codes. The coded bits are then modulated using one of the schemes considered . In order to reduce Inter Symbol Inte rference (ISI), pulse shaping has been done at the transmitter side. After adding AWGN, the demodulatio n and decoding is performe d at the receiver. At the end, signal performance is done by using EYE diagrams and BER plots.
the transmitter . An Additive White (AWGN) channel
incorporated . The performanc e of the system has been evaluated using both EYE diagrams and BER plots. A GUI has also been developed in MATLAB, which can be used for the purpose of Lab Demo for students of communication . Help for every step has also been included.
A view of Transceiver GUI
Conclusion
Complete Transceive r has been implemented. Different modulatio n schemes are also successfully implemente d and the compariso n of performanc e can be done. Source and channel coding has been performed. The project provides a comprehensiv e study of various functionalitie s of a di gital transceiver. A user friendly GUI allows complete picture of the performanc e of the receiver.
Objective
The aim of the project is to implement all the functionalities of a transceive r in MATLAB . The project also aims at developing a complete communicatio n package, which can help students during their course work.
Methodology
Studying basics of communicatio n system. Identificatio n and Implementatio n of communication processes using MATLAB
CO-LOCATION OF RADARS PHASE III

Pilot Officer Ghazzaal Mazhar Hashmi, Pilot Officer Waqas Mehboob. Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisory Committee : Wg Cdr Irfan Majid, Sqn Ldr Muhamma d Shahid, Sqn Ldr Abdul Mateen Sponsorin g Agency: ACAS(SE)
The concept of using el ectromagneti c waves for detection of metallic objects is almost a century old. maritime control, weather mapping, Applicatio n of resolution radars can now be seen in surveillance , air traffic control, high imaging, satellite altimetry and military communications. This has resulted in systems which share the same frequency spectrum, causing electromagneti c interference and susceptibilit y concerns . In PAF as the air defense environmen t gets more and more dense similar problems are likely to crop up. The project of co-location of radars is aimed at developin g software which calculates the safe operatin g distance for these radars when deployed in close proximity. This is the third and final phase of the project. Earlier two phases aimed at developing basic interferenc e models and a refined software, whereas in this phase field verification of existing models and consolidation was carried out.
Field testing and refinemen t of receiver models. Lab testing and refinement of interferenc e models. Software enhancemen t and model integration. Final software packaging.
Field testing of radar receiver susceptibility
Lab testing of interference models
Software prediction
Analysis
The techniques for model verificatio n have been mainly
Compare
derived fro m
various
methodologies ,
Agreed Disagree Refinement
focusing on measuremen t of actual radar transmissions. Due to the non-unavailability of the required equipment for the field testing of high level radar, a lab based setup for the verificatio n of the interference models has been used. Whereas , analysis has been end software is optimized based on the results obtained from practical testing. for receiver to susceptibilit y increase the models, reliability done
Revised susceptibility models
Revised interference models
of software for calculation of safe distance. In the

Software Integration and code optimization
Conclusion
The improved models have been incorporate d into the software distance and have contribute d Although, to accurate to safe calculations . due various
Software packaging Figure 1 Methodolog y of verification
Objective
Verification of the existing interferenc e and receiver susceptibilit y models and enhancemen t of software through code optimization.
constraints , rigorous field testing could not be carried out a s a coarse reference, the results were matched with similar software meant for wireles s communication . It can thus be inferred that the results are accurate enough to serve the intended purpose. Figure 2 Software GUI
Methodology
Understandin g the existing models and software. Establishin g testing methodolog y and identifying key parameters. .
DEVELOPMEN T OF ASIC FOR VISUAL MONITORIN G OF DRIVERS ALERTNESS
SG/C Sameem Shabbir Avionics Engineerin g Department , PAF College of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur Advisor, Sqn Ldr Atif Bin Mansoor Sponsoring Agency: Avionics Department The modules were integrate d to make a driver state sensor device, which works on still images, stored in RAM via
Product design and developmen t of its has two major In Selection of FPGA board and suitable camera selection. Programmin g d river awakening algorithm in Verilog. Simulation of Verilog codes in ISE ( HDLsSimulator). Implementatio n of design on FPGA Evaluatio n of results. phases, software simulation followed by its hardwar e implementation and zation and evaluation performance . present era of rapid technologica l developmen t , miniaturi support for high clock rates for real time chips application s is a critical need for military avionics system. FPGA and DSP are programmable, hardware which complex investigate s based and software still images. it meet these requirement s algorithm s with software the is of implementin g flexible progra of available Available
parallel port
Analysis
DSP and FPGA have enough internal memory to accommodat e large designs and also support high clock rates which is a requiremen t for real time video applications . Video supportin g DSP kits are very costly and are also not readily available . FPGA was therefore, chosen for this project. In the initial stages of project Spartan 3 Starter kit was used and subsequentl y XESS FPGA board XST -3S1000 was used due to its enhanced support for peripheral devices like video camera.
mming and high computationa l efficiency. Th is project implementatio n written in Driver Awakening Software on hardware. The software is PC MATLAB . is implemented on XST-3S1000 FPGA board for
Objective
The project aims to gain expertise in the emerging FPGA technology . It is the second phase in developmen t of a reliable, hardwar e based driver awakening device.
Conclusion
The project leads towards the developmen t of ASIC for visual monitoring of drivers alertness . Image Acquisition. Image cropping for extraction of region of interest. State Sensor Module for determinin g the state of driver Following modules were developed and implemente d on FPGA.
Methodology
Understandin g of Matlab c ode. Study of FPGA and DSP implementation algorithms and languages .
Figure 1.1 XESS FPGA Board Used

Compendium Cae March 2008

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Compendium Cae March 2008

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SELECTION OF BEST STUDENT PROJECT Aerospace Engineering Department

ABSTRAC T OF BEST PROJECT IN AEROSPAC E ENGINEERING

Analysis The analysis of microstructur e

ferrous alloys including

plain carbon steel, alloy steel,

ESTABLISHMEN T OF A METALLOGRAPHI C FACILITY

SPECIME N PREPARATIO N FOR METALLOGRAPHY

METALLOGRAPH Y OF FERROUS AND NONFERROU S ALLOYS

SELECTION OF BEST STUDENT PROJECT Aerospace Engineering Department

Design and Developmen t of software for CO-LOCATION OF RADARS PHASE III

Field testing of radar receiver susceptibility

Lab testing of interference models

Figure 2 Software GUIs

Agreed Disagree Refinement

Revised susceptibility models

Revised interference models

Software Integration and code optimization

Software packaging Figure 1 Methodolog y of verification .

experiment s in undergraduat e studies. Experiment s already

the discrepancie s observed in the lab equipment.

Development of Aircraft Conceptual Design Software

A Snap of Main Screen

weight, propulsio n data, aircraft geometry etc.

A Snap of 3D Modeling & Layout Module

FABRICATIO N OF MAV BY INTEGRATE D PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPEMENT

A 3D view MAV configuration 1

A 3D view MAV configuration 2

outer covering to the structure. All avionics was set up in

Analysis The analysis of microstructur e

ferrous alloys including

plain carbon steel, alloy steel,

ESTABLISHMEN T OF A METALLOGRAPHI C FACILITY

SPECIME N PREPARATIO N FOR METALLOGRAPHY

METALLOGRAPH Y OF FERROUS AND NONFERROUS ALLOYS

perform structural analyses of COMET drone. Comet is

Redesigning of Fuel System of Super Mushshak Aircraft

be further analysed in conjunctio n with a previous

modificatio n plan for the aircraft.

MATERIAL COLLECTION SPECIME N PREPARATION

by ASTM Standards for different tests as are given below:

experimentall y and omputationally using FEM. The major area

Flat wise compressiv e stress

3 Pt. bending specimen

FABRICATION OF A FULL SCALE WEAPON CAPABLE UAV (KILLER DRONE)

UAV under fabrication

Fiberglass layu p was performed on these exact shaped

the fuselage after removal and

Fully fabricated killer drone

Stress Analyses Results : Von-Mises Stresses

prepared. ANSYS was used for this work. Load

STRESS ANALYSES FOR 1- g AND 6- g LOAD CONDITIONS

turboprop engines. They are still widely

ge of Aeronautica l Engineering , PAF Academy Risalpur

Aerospac e Engineerin g Department , PAF Colle

Design and Fabrication of a Smoke-Tunnel for Visualisatio n of Dynamic Flow Behaviour

(LDA)equipmen t for experimenta l investigations -tunnel incorporatin g features highlighted

Conceptua l design, detail design

and fabrication of the equipment was completed. Computerised control

in Aerodynamic s Lab can be used with the new

addition, the tunnel ca n be fitted with seeding equipment

Analysis Three different engineering metals were selected for

pretreatment s like solvent mechanica l etching with

acids, chemical etching with alkali and