05.04.

2011

SustainableDevelopmentina GlobalizedWorld
SustainableDevelopmentandCapacityBuilding(SS11)

VO402.088,SS2011 Dr.ClemensMader #3.2

2.HumanDevelopmentand CapabilityApproach
VO402.088,SS2011 Session3

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Resuming inequality vs equality

Wearenotstuckwithlevelsofselfinterested consumerism,individualismandmaterialism reflectcharacteristicsofsocietyinwhichwelive Todo:Shiftingsocietytomoresociallyintegratedand responsiblesociety ChickenorEggproblem? Moreequalstructuresrootedinsocieties Morefriendlysociety Cooperatives Lowerhierarchiesincompanies
Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

Keytermsofthecapability approach(Sen,1999)
Functionings
thevariousthingsapersonmayvaluedoingorbeing(Sen,1999, p75)

Capability
freedomtoenjoyvariousfunctionings thevariouscombinationsoffunctionings (beingsanddoings)that thepersoncanachieve.Capabilityis,thus,asetofvectorsof functionings,reflectingthepersonsfreedomtoleadonetypeoflife oranothertochoosefrompossiblelivings thesubstantivefreedom(aperson)enjoystoleadthekindoflife heorshehasreasontovalue(Sen,1999,p87)

Agency
istheabilitytopursuegoalsthatonevaluesandhasreasonto value.Anagentissomeonewhoactsandbringsaboutchange(Sen, 1999,p19)

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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2.3Happinessasanalternative Measurement
VO402.088,SS2011 Session3

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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Happiness as analternative Measurement

Measures of both objective and subjective wellbeing provide key information about peoples quality of life. Statistical offices should incorporate questions to capture peoples life evaluations, hedonic experiences and priorities. Stiglitz et al. (2009, p. 16) Todaywellknownindices:
GDP,GINI,HDI,MDPI,...

Lackofinformationabout:
happiness,mentalhealth

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

Happiness as analternativeMeasurement Howtostudyhappiness?

Differentapproachestohappinessresearch: Quantitativeobjectivemethods calculatingsocalledhappinessequationslike:
Happiness(age,gender,income,education,maritalstatus,diet,other personalcharacteristics,regioncharacteristics,country characteristics)

Outcomeisalinearorlogisticequation Factorslikeapersonsage,gender,dietandsmokingare shownstatisticallytomatter

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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Happiness as analternativeMeasurement Howtostudyhappiness?

Butishappinessmeasurable? Interpretationofsubjectivemeasurement ishardlydebated Peopleareinterestedinthehappinessissueswhichmakesit presentinsociety RecentcommissionledbyStiglitz andSen maderecommendations onwhatmeasurementbeyondsimpleGDPcouldlooklike
Theyargueforinternationalauthoritiestoassesssubjective measurementsofhappinessinsteadofusingmoretraditional economicindices Emphasizinghouseholdperspective Payingmoreattentiontothedistributionofincome,consumptionand wealthratherthanjusttheabsolutenumbers
Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

Happiness as analternativeMeasurement Howtostudyhappiness?

Easterlin showed(alreadyinthe70s)thathappinessintheUS didntrisewiththeGDP Hearguesthathumansarecreaturesofcomparison Ifeveryonebecomesricheratthesametimeitmakesno differenttopersonalhappiness. Bynowaverycommonargumentationinthroughoutvarious disciplines

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Happiness as analternativeMeasurement Howtostudyhappiness?

Measuringhappinessorlifesatisfactiononglobal scalehasevenmoredifficulties:
languagedifferences:insufficienttranslationsforwords likelifesatisfaction Culturaldifferences:insomecountriesitislessaccepted toadmitunhappiness Europeancountries(e.g.)appearsimilarinmanyways, makesithardtounderstandapparenthappiness differences

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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Happiness as analternativeMeasurement Howtostudyhappiness?

InEuropethereisaclosecorrelationbetweenHDIand subjectivewellbeing Blanchflower andOswald(2008)foundoutthatthereisa correlationbetweenhappinessandbloodpressure. Happycountriesseemtohavefewerbloodpressure problems Othercorrelationshavebeenfoundin:
Suiciderates Trustandpoliticalinstitution

Newwaysofobjectivehappinessmeasurement?

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PeerDiscussion
Canyou think of happycountry indicatorsand happy people indicators?
happycountry indicators Lowinequality Highsocialcapital strongfriendshipnetworks Lowunemployment Inflation Highlevelsofdemocracyand democraticparticipation Strongwelfarestatesandpublic spending Lowpollution . happypeople indicators Employment Age Personalsituation (married,devorced, widowed) Health Sportactivities Education Race Environment Origin
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Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

BhutansGrossNationalHappiness Index
CentreforBhutan Studies Gross NationalHappiness ConferenceinThimpu (2008)
72 indicators representing 9 dimensions:

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BhutansGrossNationalHappiness Index

DashoKarma,President,CentreforBhutanStudies,Thimphu,Bhutan,2009 Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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BhutansGrossNationalHappiness Index

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BhutansGrossNationalHappiness Index
Thresholdidentification
1. IdentificationofThresholdforeachindicator 2. Categorizationofpeopleintodeprivedornon deprived 3. Identificationofthresholdacrossdimensions 4. Headcount:numberofhappypeople/number ofunhappy 5.

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Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

(IMAGE: ADRIANWHITE, UNIVERSITYOFLEICESTER) SOURCE:ROXANNEKHAMSI,WEALTHYNATIONSHOLDTHEK EYSTOHAPPINESS,18:11 28 JULY2006, 18

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2.4HumanDevelopment MarketLiberalism Democracy

VO402.088,SS2011 Session3

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2.3HD&MarketLiberalism Freedom&BasicNeeds
Freedom
a. b. Negative(passive) suchas freedomfrominterference Positive(active) suchas freedomtodowhatonevalues Policy Culture Family Environment Personalbehavior

Influencesonfreedomby:

RelevantforHDCAapproachis freedomthatonehastolivea goodandworthwhilelife

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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2.3HDvs.MarketLiberalism
Humandevelopment Expansionofhumanfreedomasobjective Freedomofchoice understoodashuman capabilitiesandfunctionings Emphazizesallhumanrights Guidedbyconcernofequityandjustice HealthandEducationareintrinsicallyvaluable Importantstatefunctions Povertyasmultidimensionaldeprovation Multidisciplinary Systemofincome corporateresponsibility focused Marketliberalism Maximasitationofeconomicwelfareas objective Freedomof choice understoodasutilityand satisfactionofpreferences Emphasizespoliticaland civilrights Guidedbyaconcernfoeconomiceffeciency H&Eareseenasinvestment Minimalstatefuntions Povertydefinedasbelowincomeline Economic Systemofincome economicprofitfocused
Source: adapted from Deneulin & Shahani (2009); Jolly (2003); Stiglitz (2010)

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Basicneeds approach (1)

UNGeneralAssemblyadopteditsfirstDevelopmentDecadein 1961
Aim:toincreaseeconomyindevelopingcountriesby5%(combatable withsocialisteconomies)

In70tiestheconceptofeconomicdevelopmentasprimeconcept fordevelopmentwasdemanded gapbetweenrichandpoor expanded ScientificconceptslikeRedistributionwithGrowth(Sussex University,1974,UK)remainedunabletofindsufficientamountof politicalsupport 1977:InternationalLabour Organization(ILO) analysisofdataon employmentconditionsindevelopmentcountriesshowedthat economicgrowthandemploymentdoesnotmeanaguaranteeof freedomofpoverty ILOReport:Employment,GrowthandBasicNeeds
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Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

Basicneeds approach (2)

1981:WorldBank CommissiononBasicNeeds(McNamara)
BasicNeedsApproach:anapproachthatattemptsto: providetheopportunitiesfor thefullphysical, mentaland socialdevelopmentofhumanpersonality andthenderivethewaysofachievingthisobjective(Streeten et.al,1981) Participatoryapproach StronginvestmentsandcreditstodevelopingcountriesGreenRevolution

90ties:upcomingHDCAmadedistinctionsbetweenBNAandHDCA HDCAadditionally(A.Sen)
Includesphilosophicalfoundationonwelfareeconomicsandsocialchoice Distinctionbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandmakes assessmentrelevantonbothsides

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PeerDiscussion
HDvs market liberalism
Systemof income corporate responsibility focused Systemof income economicprofit focused

Imaginelife focusedon corporate responsibility focused incomes

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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2.4.DemocracyandPolitical Particiapation
VO402.088,SS2011 Session4

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2.4.Democracyand Political Participation (1)

Agency coreaspectofHDCA
peopleareactivesubjectsoftheirowndestiny

Freedomtohelpthemselves
Developmentcooperation Helpforselfhelp

Politicalparticipation&democracy
Badexamplesdictatorships:Zimbabwe,Burma, NorthKorea, Contraryexample:Switzerland,partlyCalifornia
Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

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2.4.Democracyand Political Participation (2)

Democracy rulebythepeople
AncientGreekworddemospeopleandkratosrule

Fivecriteriaofdemocracy(RobertDahl,2000):
Effectiveparticipation Votingequality Enlightenedunderstanding(learningfromother opinions) Eachmembershouldhavecontrolupontheagenda Democraticdecisionmakingshouldimplyalladults
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2.4.Democracyand Political Participation (3)

Institutionsnecessaryforwellfunctioningdemocracy (R.Dahl,2000):
1. Electedofficials 2. Freeandfairelections 3. Inclusivesuffrage(alladultshavetherighttovote officials) 4. Righttorunforoffice(alladultshavetherighttorunfor officesingovernment) 5. Freedomofexpression 6. Alternativeinformation 7. Associationalautonomy(righttoformindependent parties,)

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2.4.Democracyand PoliticalParticipation HDCA:Thevalue of democracy (1)

Intrinsic,Instrumental andConstructivevalueofdemocracy IntrinsicValue
Sen (1999)Politicalfreedomisapartofhumanfreedomingeneral, andexercisingcivilandpoliticalrightsisacrucialpartofgoodlivesof individualsandsocialbeingsand
beingabletodosomethingthroughpoliticalaction foroneselfandforothers isoneoftheelementaryfreedomsthatpeoplehavereasontovalue

Instrumentalvalue
Democracyleadstogoodconsequences Peopledemandsaregenerallymet HDCA:Ensuringsocialandeconomicsecurityisamatterofpolitics Politicalinclusionofmarginalizedgroups!

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2.4.Democracyand PoliticalParticipation HDCA:Thevalue of of democracy (2)

Constructivevalue
KurtLevin reeducationletpeoplebecomepartofagroup Contributiontotheconstructionofvaluesaroundwhichsocietyis arranged Constructionofvalueslike
Tolerance Socialequity

Politicalpartiesaresetoncertainsetsofvaluesandmayinfluence valuesofpeople
Democratsvs Republicans(US) Labour vs Conservatives(UK) SocialDemocraticPartyvs.PeoplesParty(AUT)

Peoplesvaluesarefurthermoreinfluencedby
media,religiousorganizations,companies,commercials,

Democracyisthespace/mechanismforpublicdebate

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2.4.Democracyand Political Participation DemocracyinPractice

Practiceof democracy depends onthe following (Drze &Sen,2002): Extend of political participation
Election turnouts Number of political parties Number of people who present themselfes inelections

Publicawareness of political processes,policy implications &decissions Distributionof powerinthe country Furthermore impacts ondemocracy inpractice by: Corruption Incompetency Bureoracy Lackof motivation Lackof appropriate democtratic political culture (attidude,beliefs and values that underlie apolitical system)
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2.4.Democracyand PoliticalParticipation PoliticalParticipation

LocalLevel&nationallevel
Governmentandpoliticalstructuresatnationalandsubnationallevels Noglobalgovernment EuropeanUnion LisbonTreaty opportunityofCitizensInitiative(1Miosignaturesbypeoplefrom ninecountries)callontheCommissiontobringforwardnewpolicyproposals Globalinstitutions
GovernmentalOrganizations(WorldBank,IMF,WTO,UN,)and NGOs(WWF,AmnestyInternational,)

Levelscrossingborders&globally

Scholte (2002) sixglobalcontributionsofGlobalCivilSociety

Globalcivilsocietygivesvoicetostakeholders GCSengagesinpubliceducationactivities GCSfuelsdebateinandaboutglobalgovernance GCSincreasesthepublictransparencyofglobalgovernance GCSincreasesthepublicaccountabilityofregulatoryagencies GCSprovideslegitimacytoglobalgovernanceinstitution

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PeerDiscussion
Democracy
Whatarethevaluesconstructedbydemocratic decisionmakinginyourcountry?
Criticalissues?

Whatcanyouobservefromothercountries?

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Participation
Understandingofdemocracy people takepartindecission making processes(Webler etal.,2001; Pacione,2005;Brunner,2008) Levelsofparticipation(Arnstein, 1969;Arbter,etal.,2007) Information Consultation Decission influencing Arnstein,1969 Citizen Power Tokenism Arbter,etal., 2007 Decission influencing Consultation Sherry Arnstein, 1969

Nonparticipation Information

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