CVEN2301 Mechanics of Solids STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Chongmin Song School of Civil and Environmental Engineering The University of New South Wales
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Stress and Strain at a Point

y

Stress tensor
yy Plane y yz
x xy xz yx y yz zx zx zy z

yx xy xz xx

zy

x xy xz yx y yz zx zy z
Complementary property of shear

zz Plane x Plane z

ij = ji
(i, j = x, y, z )

3D Stresses at a Point

Plane stresses

zz = zx = zy = 0

Sign convention: Positive normal stress acts outward from all faces and positive shear stress acts upward on the right-hand face of the element.

Plane Stresses
A structural member may be subjected to both normal stress and shear stress.

Which stress do we use for design purposes?

Design assumption: material behaviour (elastic/plastic/in failure) is identical along the bar.

Along Section Plane a-a

Normal stress:

Shear stress:

=0

Along Section Plane b-b

Normal force : N = 800 cos 30 = 692.8 N Shear force : V = 800 sin 30 = 400 N

Along Section Plane b-b

Sectional area : A = 0.04 (0.04 / sin 60 ) = 1.8475 10 -3 m 2 Shear stress : V 400 = = 217 kPa A 1.8475 10 -3 Normal stress : N 692.8 = = = 375kPa A 1.8475 10 -3

Equivalent Stress States

Stress Transformation
At a specified location under a given loading: The material behaviour (elastic/plastic/in failure) is uniquely determined. The stress states of an element will change with its orientation but are equivalent. The equations for stress transformation provides us with unique values to be used in structural designs.

EXAMPLE 1

Equilibrium (of force) in x, y coordinates

The answer is independent of A

Equilibrium (of force) in x, y coordinates

Stresses on plane b-b

Stresses on plane b-b

Equivalent stress states

Stress Transformation
Stress transformation from x, y axes to x, y axes The orientation of an inclined plane will be defined using the angle . Angle is measured from x-axis to x-axis in the counterclockwise direction
yy yx
y

y'y'

y'x' x'y' x'x'

xy
x

y' x'

xx

System 1

System 2

Stress Transformation
Consider the equilibrium of a triangular segment

yy yx
y

xy
x

xx

System 1

Stress Transformation
Equilibrium in x'-direction x 'A ( xy A sin ) cos ( y A sin ) sin ( xy A cos ) sin ( x A cos ) cos = 0

x ' = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + xy (2 sin cos )

Using trigonomet ric identities : sin 2 = 2 sin cos ; sin 2 = (1 cos 2 ) / 2; cos 2 = (1 + cos 2 ) / 2 Normal stress : + y x y x' = x cos 2 + xy sin 2 + 2 2

Stress Transformation
Equilibrium in y'-direction x ' y ' A + ( xy A sin ) sin ( y A sin ) cos ( xy A cos ) cos ( x A cos ) sin = 0

x ' y ' = ( y x ) sin cos + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

Shear stress :

x' y' =

x y
2

sin 2 + xy cos 2

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Stress Transformation
Normal stress in x'-direction : + y x y x' = x + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 Normal stress in y'-direction ( 90 + ) : + y x y y' = x cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2

y x x

EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 2
Stresses in x, y coordinate system
Stresses in x', y' coordinate system : x + y x y x' = + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 80 + 50 80 50 = + cos 2(30 ) + xy sin(30 ) 2 2 = 25.8MPa + y x y y' = x cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 80 + 50 80 50 = cos 2( 30 ) xy sin(30 ) 2 2 = 4.15MPa

EXAMPLE 2
x' y ' =
sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 80 50 = + ( 25) cos 2( 30 ) 2 = 68.8MPa

x y

Note the signs and directions of stresses

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Principal Stresses
The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal stress at the point. Normal stress
x' =
2

x + y

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

Orientation of the planes of maximum and minimum normal stress (principal planes)

( x y ) 2 sin 2 + 2 cos 2 = 0 d x ' = p xy p d = 2 p

xy ( x y )/ 2

tan 2 p =

As tan 2 p = tan(180 + 2 p ), two solutions exist for p :

p1 and p 2 = 90 + p1

Principal Stresses
Normal stress acting on principal planes
x' = x + y
2 +

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2 ;

with = p

Considerin g the case x y > 0 and xy > 0 x y sin 2 p1 = xy / 2 x y cos 2 p1 = 2 / 2 + xy 2 + xy

2 2

x y 2
2

x y sin 2 p 2 = xy / 2 x y cos 2 p 2 = 2 /

2 + xy ; 2 + xy
2

x y 2

tan 2 p =

xy ( x y )/ 2

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Principal Stresses
Maximum in-plane normal stress
1 = x + y
2 +

x y
2

cos 2 p1 + xy sin 2 p1
2 2 + xy /

x + y
2

x y + 2 x y + 2

x y 2

2 + xy

x + y
2

2 + xy

Minimum in-plane normal stress

2 =
=

x + y
2

x y
2

cos 2 p 2 + xy sin 2 p 2 2 + xy
2

x + y
2

x y 2

Principal Stresses
Maximum/ Minimum in-plane normal stress (1 2)

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y 2

2 + xy

Shear stress on the principal planes

As tan 2 p = sin 2 p cos 2 p = 2 xy

x y

x y
2

sin 2 p = xy cos 2 p

x' y' =

x y
2

sin 2 p + xy cos 2 p = 0

No shear stress acts on the principal planes!

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EXAMPLE 3
yy =1 =2
y

x = 3 MPa y = 1 MPa xy = 2 MPa

=2
x

xx = 3

Unit: MPa Find the principal stresses and show their sense on a properly oriented element.

EXAMPLE 3
Principal Direction:
tan 2 p =

-0.24 MPa

2 xy
x

y'

4.24 MPa
x'

)= 2 =2

p = 31.72
x' =
cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 3 +1 3 1 = + cos(2 31.72 ) + 2 sin( 2 31.72 ) 2 2 = 4.24MPa + y x y y' = x cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 3 + 1 3 1 = cos(2 31.72 ) 2 sin( 2 31.72 ) 2 2 = 0.24MPa +

= 31.72 deg

x + y

x y

x = 3 MPa y = 1 MPa xy = 2 MPa

1 = 4.24MPa 2 = 0.24MPa

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Maximum Shear Stress

Shear stress : y x' y' = x sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Orientation of the plane of maximum shear stress d x ' y ' d = s tan 2 s = =

x y
2

2 cos 2 s 2 xy sin 2 s = 0 1 ; tan 2 p xy tan 2 p = x y / 2

y / 2

xy

2 s = 90 + 2 p ; s = 45 + p

The plane for maximum shear stress is orientated 45 from principal planes.

Maximum Shear Stresses

Substituti ng the values for sin 2 s and cos 2 s into : sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Maximum shear stress y + xy 2 max = x 2 Similarly, the normal stress on the planes
2

x' y' =

x y

of maximum shear stress

x ' = y ' = avg =

x + y
2

tan 2 s =

y )/ 2

xy

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EXAMPLE 4

EXAMPLE 4
Stresses x = 0 y = 0 xy = Maximum shear stress y + xy 2 = 0 + 2 = max = x 2 Average normal stress
2

avg =

x + y
2

=0

Ductile materials (e.g. mild steel) often fail due to shear stress

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EXAMPLE 4

EXAMPLE 4
Stress element

Brittle materials (e.g. cast iron) often fail due to normal stress

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Principal stresses

Quiz
Which of the following statement is incorrect? A) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal stress at the point B) When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no shear stress will act on the element C)When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element D)For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear stress usually associated with the average normal stress.

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Mohrs Circle of Stress

A graphical solution for plane stress transformation Often convenient and easy to use. There are several ways of drawing a Mohrs circle Equation for stress transformation:
x' = y' = x + y
2 x + y 2 +

x y
2 x y 2

cos 2 + xy sin 2 cos 2 xy sin 2

(1) ( 2) (3)

x' y' =

x y
2

sin 2 + xy cos 2

Mohrs Circle of Stress

Rewrite Eq. 1
x'
2

x + y

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

(4)

sin 2 + xy cos 2 (3) 2 (Eq. 4) 2 + (Eq. 3) 2 and using cos 2 2 + sin 2 2 = 1

x' y' =

x y

+ y x ' x 2 Rewritten as

+ x' y'
2

( )

x y = 2

2 + xy

x'

avg

) + ( )
2 x' y'

= R2 x y R= 2

with ( x , y , xy are known constants)

avg =

x + y
2

2 + xy

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Mohrs Circle of Stress

( x ' , x ' y ' ) is on a Mohr' circle having radius R

and centre at ( avg ,0)

x'

avg

) + ( )
2 x' y '

= R2

Sign Convention: is positive to the right, and is positive downward.

Mohrs Circle of Stress

Reference points A : = 0 , x ' = x and x ' y ' = xy G : = 90 , x ' = y and x ' y ' = xy
A rotation of of the x axis corresponds to a rotation 2 on the circle in the same direction

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Mohrs Circle of Stress

Draw a Mohrs circle Coordinates , (positive downward) Centre of circle C (avg, 0) Reference point A (x, xy) Connect CA (=0o) and determine R Sketch the circle

C A

=0
o

Mohrs Circle of Stress

Principal stress 1 at point B on circle Angle 2p1 measured from reference line CA to CB 2 at point D on circle; p1 and p2 are 90o apart Sketch a stress element with the principal axis (+x) rotate by p1 from the reference axis (+x)

B D C
2p1

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Mohrs Circle of Stress

Maximum shear max at point E or F
Angle 2s1 measured from reference line CA to CE or CF Sketch a stress element

B D C
2s1

Mohrs Circle of Stress

Stresses on Arbitrary Plane
Measure an angle 2 on the circle from the reference line CA in the same direction as angle Determine the coordinates of P

B D C A P

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 x = 12MPa y =0 xy = 6MPa

avg = ( x + y )/ 2 = (12 + 0) / 2
= 6MPa The center C (-6, 0) The initial point A (-12,-6) Radius of the circle R = (12 6)2 + 62 = 8.49MPa Principle stresses 1 = 8.49 6 = 2.49MPa
(MPa)

2 = 6 8.49 = 14.49MPa
Orientatio of principal plane n 6 2 p 2 = tan1 = 45 12 6 p 2 = 22.5

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 x = 8MPa y = 12MPa xy = 6MPa

avg = ( x + y )/ 2 = (8 + 12) / 2 = 2MPa

The center C (2, 0) The initial point A (-8,-6) Radius of the circle R = (10)2 + 62 = 11.66MPa Draw a radial line CP at 2(30 ) = 60 counterclockwise measured from CA ( = 0 )

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Determine the coordinate of point P(x, xy)

From the geometry of the circle 6 = tan-1 = 30.96 10

= 60 30.96 = 29.04 x' = 2 11.66 cos 29.04 = 8.20MPa x' y ' = 11.66sin 29.04 = 5.66MPa

Face DE is 60o clockwise from the x-axis. Stresses represented by point Q

From the geometry of the circle

x' = 2 + 11.66cos 29.04 = 12.2MPa x' y ' = 11.66sin 29.04 = 5.66MPa

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