Density is mass per unit volume Density = mass / volume Force = rate of change of momentum Power is rate of work

done Power = work / time Unit of power is watt Potential energy (P) PE = m.g.h m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) h = height Gravity (Force due to gravity) Fg : Force of attraction G : Gravitational constant M1 : Mass of first object M2 : Mass of second object

velocity = displacement / time Momentum = mass . velocity Kinetic energy (P) P = (1/2).m.v2 m = mass v = velocity

Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd' from earth surface is :

d gd = g(1R )

G M1 M2 Fg = r2
Escape velocity Escape velocity from a body of mass M and radius r is

Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h' from earth surface is : h is very much smaller than R

2h gh = g(1R )
For example if you want to calculate the escape verlocity of sa object from earth then, M is dmass of earth r is radius of earth Under constant acceleration linear motion v = final velocity u = intitial velocity a = acceleration t = time taken to reach velocity v from u s = displacement v=u+at s = ut + (1/2)a t 2 s = vt - (1/2)a t 2 v2 = u2 + 2 a s

OPTICS Index of refraction n = c/v n - index of refraction c - velocity of light in a vacuum v - velocity of light in the given material

Friction force (kinetic friction) When the object is moving then Friction is defined as : Ff = Fn where Ff = Friction force, = cofficient of friction Fn = Normal force Capillary action The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given by:

Linear Momentum Momentum = mass x velocity

Simple harmonic motion Simple harmonic motion is defined by: d2x/dt2 = - k x

2 cos h= gr
: liquid-air surface tension(T)(T=energy/area) : contact angle : density of liquid g: acceleration due to gravity r: is radius of tube Time period of pendulum Waves

1 f= T 2 = T
v=f. where = Angular frequency, T=Time period, v = Speed of wave, =wavelength

Doppler effect Relationship between observed frequency f and emitted frequency f0:

Resonance of a string

frequency = f = nv

v f = f0( v + vs
where, v=velocity of wave vs=velocity of source. It is positive if source of wave is moving away from observer. It is negative if source of wave is moving towards observer. Resonance of a open tube of air(approximate)

2L )

where, L: length of the string n = 1, 2, 3...

Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate)

nv nv Approximate frequency = f = 2L
where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound Resonance of a closed tube of air(approximate) where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Resonance of a closed tube of air(accurate)

frequency = f = 2(L+0.8D)

nv Approximate frequency = f = 4L
where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound intensity of sound

nv frequency = f = 4(L+0.8D)
where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Bragg's law n = 2d sin

Sound Power intensity of sound = area I intensity of sound in decibel= 10log10 I0

where n = integer (based upon order) = wavelength d = distance between the planes = angle between the surface and the ray

I dB = 10log10 I0
where I=intensity of interest in Wm-2 I0=intensity of interest in 10-12Wm-2 de Broglie equation Relation between energy and frequency E=h where E = Energy h = Planck's constant = frequency

h h = = p mv

where p = momentum = wavelength h = Planck's constant v = velocity Davisson and Germer experiment Centripetal Force (F)

h = F=

m v2 =m r
2

where e = charge of electron m = mass of electron V = potential difference between the plates thru which the electron pass = wavelength Circular motion formula v= r Torque (it measures how the force acting on the object can rotate the object) Torque is cross product of radius and Force Torque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin T = F L sin whete = angle between force and moment arm

v2 Centripetal acceleration (a) = r

Forces of gravitation F = G (m1.m2)/r2 where G is constant. G = 6.67E - 11 N m2 / kg2

Stefan-Boltzmann Law The energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second = P P = A T4 where, = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.6703 10-8 watt/m2K4 Ideal gas law PV=nRT P = Pressure (Pa i.e. Pascal) V = Volume (m3) n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) T = Temperatue ( in Kelvin [K]) Charles law (for ideal gas)

Efficiency of Carnot cycle

Tc = 1Th

Boyles law (for ideal gas) P1 V1 = P2V2 T (temperature is constant)

V1 V2 = T1 T2
P (pressure is constant)

Translational kinetic energy K per gas molecule (average molecular kinetic energy:)

Internal energy of monoatomic gas

3 K= nRT 2
n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) Ratio of specific heat ( )

3 K= kT 2
k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant Root mean square speed of gas

3kT V
2 rms

Cp = Cv
Cp = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant pressure process Cv = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant volume process

= m

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant m = mass of gas

Internal entergy of ideal gas Internal entergy of ideal gas (U) = cv nRT

In Adiabatic process no heat is gained or lost by the system. Under adiabetic condition PV = Constant TV -1 = Constant where is ratio of specific heat.

Cp = Cv
Boltzmann constant (k) Speed of the sound in gas

R k= Na
R = gas constant Na = Avogadro's number. Capillary action The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given by h=height of the liquid lifted T=surface tension r=radius of capillary tube R = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K) T = the absolute temperature M = the molecular weight of the gas (kg/mol) = adiabatic constant = cp/cv

Resistance of a wire

L R= A

2T h= rg
Ohm's law V=I.R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x (current) P = V . I = I2 . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current = rsistivity L = length of the wire A = cross-sectional area of the wire Resistor combination If resistors are in series then equivalent resistance will be Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . . . + Rn If resistors are in parallel then equivalent resistance will be 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . . . . + 1/Rn

In AC circuit average power is : Pavg = VrmsIrms cos where, Pavg = Average Power Vrms = rms value of voltage Irms = rms value of current Capacitors Q = C.V where Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor Parallel Plate Capacitor

In AC circuit Instantaneous power is : PInstantaneous = VmIm sin t sin( t- ) where, PInstantaneous = Instantaneous Power Vm = Instantaneous voltage Im = Instantaneous current Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLEL Capacitor Combinations: Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . + Cn Total capacitance (Ceq) for SERIES Capacitor Combinations: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + . . . . . . + 1/Cn Cylindrical Capacitor

A C=
0

L C=2
0

d
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant A = Area of plate d = distance between the plate 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10 12 2 2 C /N m ) Spherical Capacitor

ln (b/a)
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant L = length of cylinder [m] a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10 12 2 2 C /N m ) Magnetic force acting on a charge q moving with velocity v F = q v B sin where F = force acting on charge q (Newton) q = charge (C) v = velocity (m/sec2) B = magnetic field = angle between V (velocity) and B (magnetic field)

ab C=4
0

b-a
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10 12 2 2 C /N m ) Force on a wire in magnetic field (B) F = B I l sin

where F = force acting on wire (Newton) I = Current (Ampere)

In an RC circuit (Resistor-Capacitor), the time constant (in seconds) is: = RC R = Resistance in C = Capacitance in in farads.

l = length of wire (m) B = magnetic field = angle between I (current) and B (magnetic field)
In an RL circuit (Resistor-inductor ), the time constant (in seconds) is: = L/R R = Resistance in C = Inductance in henries Mutual inductance of two solenoid two long thin solenoids, one wound on top of the other M = 0N1N2LA N1 = total number of turns per unit length for first solenoid N2 = number of turns per unit length for second solenoid A = cross-sectional area L = length of the solenoid. Coulomb's Law Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. F = k (q1 . q2)/r2 where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 109N.m2/C2 q1 = charge on one body q2 = charge on the other body r = distance between them
Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law

Self inductance of a solenoid = L = n2LA n = number of turns per unit length L = length of the solenoid.

Energy stored in capacitor

1 E= CV2 2

Ohm's law V = IR where V = voltage I = current R = Resistence

Electric Field around a point charge (q) E = k ( q/r2 ) where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 9 2 2 10 N.m /C q = point charge r = distance from point charge (q)

Electric field due to thin infinite sheet

E= 2
0

where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 -12 C2/N m2 0 = 8.85 X 10 Electric field due to thick infinite sheet Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is greater than the radius of the wire.

E=
0

B=

where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 -12 C2/N m2 0 = 8.85 X 10

where I = current r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire Magnetic Field At the center of an arc
0

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is less than the radius of the wire.
0

I r

Ir R2

B= 4

B= 2

where I = current R = radius of wire r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire (R) Bohr's model

where I = current r = radius from the center of the wire

Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula)

nh L= 2
where L = angular momentum n = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...n h = Planck's constant. Half life of radioactive element

1 Ephoton = E0( -

1 )

n12 n22

where n1 < n2 E0 = 13.6 eV Average life of radioactive element

ln(2) t1/2 = =