typically used to make assembly easier and provide maximum protection if reverse for high oil temperature applications.

Turbo Generators
The turbo-generator is common-shaft excitation AC synchronous generator with 3 phases, 2 poles or with 3 phases, 4 poles. BHEL-Hyderabad makes turbo generators that have the brushless excitation mechanism which has been explained in the NTPC report.
BHEL presently has manufactured Turbo-Generators of ratings upto 560 MW and is in the process of going upto 660 MW. It has also the capability to take up the manufacture of ratings upto 1000 MW suitable for thermal power generation, gas based and combined cycle power generation as-well-as for diverse industrial applications like Paper, Sugar, Cement, Petrochemical, Fertilizers, Rayon Industries, etc.

The Manufacture of the Turbo Generat or

Stator
The stator is assembled as six parts. It is made up of steel with 4.5% of silica. Silica decreases hysteresis loss. The sheets are cut at 30 degree angles. The sheets then are punched with man drill holes, support rod slots and slots for the conductors. This process is called notching and the cutting part as shearing. The sheets are then varnished after blanking or smoothening of the surface. This is to increase the insulation.
A bunch of these sheets are stacked together and compressed onto each othe so that air gaps are r eliminated. These stacks are then assembled with a small air gap differentiating each stack. This ventilates the machine and keeps it cool. After the assembly of the stator shell, the inside of the slots are varnished. The sheets of the core are varnished with xylor, at a temperature of 30-400 degrees Celsius. It is heated, coated then cooled. After the core is assembled , the winding is placed in the stator. The winding type depends upon the power required and the current required to be produced. The core and the winding are separated by an insulation called HGL. This prevents the shorting of the core and winding The winding in the front and back are also separated by this material and they are joined as per the winding required (lap or wave) using glass-o-flex, a pink ribbon like material. The windings are insulated. These windings are then painted to obtain a the stator, where the power is generated. The windings are always inserted from the exciter end, one is clockwise and the other anti-clockwise. The Rotor

The rotor is carved out with the slots into a cylindrical shape from a large block of metal using Lathe heavy machines. The rotor consists of 2 ends

The turbine coupling end

The exciter end The turbine end has a coupling shaft which is circular in shape and has slots. The exciter end has an input lead and an output lead which are used to give the rotor DC input for the excitation of the rotating field. The ends of each rotor consist of bearings. These bearings are placed so as to support the shaft. The bearing consists of oil which is used to support a thin film over the surface. This lubricates and decreases friction and losses. The bearing has top end and bottom end and is stationary. The top end is used to supply the oil. After the construction, the w inding is fitted into the slots. The slots and windings are separated by HGL or hard glass lamination which insulates the core from the cable. The rotor is constructed so as to obtain brushless excitation. The complete rotor along with the excitation mechanism is mounted on the shaft and is balanced for synchronous speed. For better balancing weight removal is done as that is a better option to adding weight to the system. The rotor ends are provided with induction motor fans which are used for cooling of the rotor winding. The winding is mad eup of 99.99 % copper.

Cooling of the Alternator The machine needs to be cooled to avoid damage and for greater life. Heating
causes insulation failure. Hence, cooling is a very important factor that needs to be taken care of. For cooling, the stator and rotor are provided with a ventilation to cool it down. Air gaps are provided throughout the machine. But for very high power machines natural
cooling is insufficient so a cooling system is provided. For collection of hot air, a large chamber is provided. This air is cooled and recycled into the generator. The rotor of the alternator consists of fans powered by induction motors. They suck in the air and push it through to the cooling chamber. Another method is also used which is called hydrogen cooling. Hydrogen acts as a coolant and the chamber is shut completely is filled with hydrogen. Hydrogen cools itself. The chamber is emptied each time the machine is stopped.

Circuit -Breakers
Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit-breaker is obtained by separating two contacts in a medium, such as SF6, having excellent dielectric and arc quenching properties. After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.

Gas blast applied on the arc must be able to cool it rapidly so that gas temperature between the contacts is reduced from 20,000 K to less than 2000 K in a few hundred microseconds, so that it is able to withstand the transient recovery voltage that is applied across the contacts after current interruption. Sulphur hexafluoride is generally used in present high-voltage circuit-breakers (of rated voltage higher than 52 kV) In arc assisted opening interruption principle arc energy is used, on the one hand to generate the blast by thermal expansion and, on the other hand, to accelerate the moving part of the circuit breaker when interrupting high currents. The overpressure produced by the arc energy downstream of the interruption zone is applied on an auxiliary piston linked with the moving part. The resulting force accelerates the moving part, thus increasing the energy available for tripping. With this interrupting principle it is possible, during high-current interruptions, to increase by about 30% the tripping energy delivered by the operating mechanism and to maintain the opening speed independently of the current. It is obviously better suited to circuit-breakers with high breaking currents such as Generator circuitbreakers.