Digital Signal Processing Lecture 9 Z-Transform Properties and the Transfer Function

Andreas Spanias Dept. of Electrical Engineering Arizona State University

email: spanias@asu.edu
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~spanias

Fall 2000

Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias

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Selected Properties of the Z-Transform

Linearity: if:

x(n) X ( z)
then

and

y (n) Y ( z)

x (n) + y (n) X ( z ) + Y ( z )
Shifting:

x(n m) z X ( z)
x ( n ) * y ( n ) X ( z )Y ( z ) a x (n) X ( z / a )
n
Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
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Convolution:

Scaling:
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Selected Z-Transform Pairs

Unit-Impulse:

(n) 1

Sinusoids:

z 1 sin( ) {sin( n ), n 0} , z > 1 1 2 1 2 z cos( ) + z

1 z 1 cos( ) {cos( n ), n 0 } , z > 1 1 2 1 2 z cos( ) + z

Sampled Unit-Step:

1 {1, n 0 } 1 , z > 1 1 z z { a , n 0} z a , z > a

n
Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
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Exponential Signals:
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The Transfer Function

X (z ) Y (z )

z 1

...
b1

z 1
. .. .

bL

+ + ++

..

-. - a1 .

z 1

z 1 ...
a2

z 1

b0

...

aM

y(n) =

b x (n i ) a y ( n i)
i=0 i i =1 i

To write the transfer function put the difference equation in the z-domain

x( n ) X ( z )

and
i

y(n) Y (z )

Y (z) =
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b
i =0

X (z) z

ai Y ( z) z
i =1

Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias

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The Transfer Function (Cont.)

X ( z ) ( bi z
i=0

) = Y ( z ) (1 + a i z
i =1

The transfer function H(z) is defined as:

Y ( z ) b0 + b1 z + ... + bL z H ( z) = = 1 M X ( z ) 1 + a1 z + ... + a M z
H (z) = bi z i 1+
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i =0 M

a
i =1

Note that feedback terms are in the denominator

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Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias

The Transfer Function and the Impulse Response

Convolution maps to multiplications in the z domain

y (n ) = x (n) * h(n ) Y ( z ) = X ( z ) H ( z )
It can be shown that a transfer function H(z) is related to the impulse response sequence h(n) by:

H (z) =

or

h (n) z n

n=0

h(n ) H ( z )
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Example: Write the Transfer Function of a First Order IIR Filter

y(n) x(n )
+

0.2

z 1

0.8
Step 1: Write the Difference Equation

y ( n ) = 0 . 2 x ( n ) + 0 . 8 y ( n 1)
Step 2: Transform all signals to the z domain

y(n) Y ( z)

x(n) X ( z )
1

y ( n 1) z Y ( z )
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Example: Transfer Function of a First Order IIR Filter (cont.)

Step 3: Since z-transform is a linear operation I can write

Y ( z ) = 0 .2 X ( z ) + 0 .8 z

Y (z)

Step 4: Form the ratio Y(z)/X(z) to get the transfer function

Y ( z) 0.2 0.2 z = = H ( z) = 1 X ( z ) 1 0.8 z z 0.8

Note below that the impulse response can be written by inspection of H(z)

0.2z h(n) = 0.2 0.8 u(n) H (z) = | z |> 0.8 z 0.8

n
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The Transfer Function of FIR Systems

For the FIR filter the transfer function is:

H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z + ... + bL z
this is also in agreement with

= bi z
i =0

H (z) =
Note that for FIR filters

h (n ) z

n=0

{h ( 0 ),
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h (1 ),..., h ( L ) } = {b 0 , b 1 ,...., b L }
Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias
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EQUIVALENT FILTER REALIZATIONS

y(n) x(n) 1 + + + 2 1.3 +

z -1

z -1

Direct Form 1
z -1

z -1
3 0.4

x(n) 1

+ +

y(n)

z
1.3

-1

+ 2

Direct Form 2
z
0.4
-1

Fall 2000

Copyright 2000 Andreas Spanias

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