Chapter 1 Data are the facts and figures collected, summarized, analyzed, and interpreted.

Data set - The data collected in a particular study Elements- entities on which data is collected Variable- characteristic of an element Observation- Set of measurements for an element Scales of measurement y Nominal- labels or names i.e. male female y Ordinal- order or rank i.e. freshman, sophomore y Interval- distance 33-34 degrees not true zero y Ratio- Distance has a zero i.e. height, weight Qualitative data- either nominal or ordinal- non/numeric Quantitative- Numeric data Cross sectional Data- collected at same time Time series data- collected over several time periods Primary Data- personal data Secondary Data- Collected by someone else Descriptive Statistics- are the tabular, graphical, and numerical methods used to summarize data Population- Set of all elements of interest in a study Sample- subset of a population Statistical inference- Process of using data from a sample to make estimates and test hypothesis about a population Census- collecting data for a population Sample survey- collecting data for a sample Chapter 2 Bar graph- a graphical device depicting qualitative data Pie chart- graphical device used for presenting relative frequency distributions for qualitative data Cumulative frequency distribution- shows the number of items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class Ogive- a graph of cumulative distribution; data values are shown on a horizontal axis Histogram- presentation of quantitative data where the variable of interest is placed on the horizontal axis Stem and leaf- shows both the rank order and shape of distribution of the data Crosstabulation is a tabular summary of data for two variables; used when: one variable is qualitative and the other is quantitative, both variables are qualitative, or both variables are quantitative. Scatter diagram is a graphical presentation of the relationship between two quantitative variables Trendline is an approximation of the relationship Chapter 3 Mean of a data set is the average of all the data values Median of a data set is the value in the middle when the data items are arranged in ascending order Mode of a data set is the value that occurs with greatest frequency Bimodal- the data has exactly to modes Multimodal- the data has more than two modes pth percentile of a data set is a value such that at least p percent of the items take on this value or less and at least (100 - p) percent of the items take on this value or more Quartiles- are specific percentiles Range of a data set is the difference between the largest and smallest data values; simplest measure of variability Interquartile range of a data set is the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile; range for middle 50 percent of the data Variance is a measure of variability that utilizes all the data. Standard deviation of a data set is the positive square root of the variance Coefficient of variation indicates how large the standard deviation is in relation to the mean z-score is often called the standardized value; denotes the number of standard deviations a data value xi is from the mean Outlier is an unusually small or unusually large value in a data set; data value with a z-score less than -3 or greater than +3 might be considered an outlier Weighted mean-When the mean is computed by giving each data value a weight that reflects its importance

Chapter 4 Experiment is any process that generates well-defined outcomes Sample space for an experiment is the set of all experimental outcomes Sample point- An experimental outcome Event is a collection of sample points Probability of any event is equal to the sum of the probabilities of the sample points in the event basic probability relationships that can be used to compute the probability of an event without knowledge of all the sample point probabilities Complement of event A is defined to be the event consisting of all sample points that are not in A Union of events A and B is the event containing all sample points that are in A or B or both Intersection of events A and B is the set of all sample points that are in both A and B Addition law provides a way to compute the probability of event A, or B, or both A and B occurring Mutually exclusive if the events have no sample points in common Conditional Probability- The probability of an event given that another event has occurred Multiplication law provides a way to compute the probability of the intersection of two events Independent- If the probability of event A is not changed by the existence of event B

Costs

Freq

Cum Frequency

Relative Frequency

Cum Rel Freq

Percent Frequency

Cum % Frequency

50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 Total

2 13 16 7 7 5 50

2 15 31 38 45 50

0.0400 0.2600 0.3200 0.1400 0.1400 0.1000 1.0000

.0400 .3000 .6200 .7600 .9000 1.0000

4.00 26.00 32.00 14.00 14.00 10.00 100.00

4.00 30.00 62.00 76.00 90.00 100.00

Cross Tabulations: Meal Quality Rating x Meal Price (Comparing quality rating with price for a meal) Rows: QRating Columns: MealPr Grouped $20-29 14 21.21 11.86 4.67 40 47.62 33.90 13.33 64 42.67 54.24 21.33 118 39.33 100.00 39.33 $30-39 28 42.42 36.84 9.33 2 2.38 2.63 0.67 46 30.67 60.53 15.33 76 25.33 100.00 25.33 $40-49 22 33.33 78.57 7.33 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 4.00 21.43 2.00 28 9.33 100.00 9.33 All 66 100.00 22.00 22.00 84 100.00 28.00 28.00 150 100.00 50.00 50.00 300 100.00 100.00 100.00

$10-19 Excellent 2 3.03 2.56 0.67 42 50.00 53.85 14.00 34 22.67 43.59 11.33 78 26.00 100.00 26.00

Good

Very Good

All

Cell Contents:

Count % of Row % of Column % of Total

Stem-and-Leaf Display
5 6 7 8 9 10
a stem a leaf 2 7 2 2 2 2 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 0 0 2 3 5 8 9 1 3 7 7 7 8 9 1 4 5 5 9

Stretched Stem-and-Leaf Display

5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 2 7 2 5 1 5 0 5 1 7 1 5

2 6 1 5 0 8 3 7 4 5

2 7 2 5 2 9

2 8 8 8 9 9 9 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 9 9 3

7 8 9 9