Semester Project Documentation

Database Management System

Submitted To Sir. Ejaz Gul

Topic: Registeration Form Database Management

27th May 2011

Introduction: The software is to be developed for automation of course registration system in foundation university institute of engineering and management sciences. The data base has to be normalized and redundancies had to be minimized but not at the cost of data integrity.The database has been normalized up to 3 normal forms. The automation of this registration form will minimize the time required by the students to fill up the forms and also reduce the resource usage.

What is normalization?
Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.

What is redundancy?
Data Redundancy: If data can be found in two places in a single database (direct redundancy) or calculated using data from different parts of the database (indirect redundancy) then redundancy exists If redundancy exists If redundancy exists then this can cause problems during normal database operations. When data is inserted the database the data must be duplicated where ever redundant versions of that data exists. When data is updated, all redundant data must be simultaneously updated to reflect that change. What is data integrity? y Entity integrity: The rows represent entities, each row must be uniquely identified. Primary key are used to identify those rows. Referential integrity: This constraint involves the foreign keys. Foreign keys tie the relations/tables together, so it is vitally important that the links are correct.

What is simple data table? Simple data table is a table that contains data in a very simplified and human readable form. It is not related to the actual database of computer, it normally gives the raw idea about what is being done in the organization. This simple data table It is possible that the functional dependencies have to be extracted by looking a real data from the database. This is problematic as it is possible that the data does not contain enough information to extract all the dependencies, but it is a starting point.

Simple data table Example

Regno

Name

Father s Name

Program

Batch

Semester

Course code 123

Subject

Repeat/Fresh

Prereqs

Credit Hours

Passed

3997

Aa

Bcse

Fall 2009

CA

Fresh

Electronics

3997

Aa

Bcse

Fall 2009

124

OS

Fresh

ISE

3997

Aa

Bcse

Fall 2009

125

SE

Fresh

ISE

4000

Bb

Bcse

Fall 2009

123

Ca

Fresh

Electronics

4000

Bb

Bcse

Fall 2009

124

Os

Fresh

ISE

4000 4003

B C

Bb Cc

Bcse Bcse

Fall 2009 Fall 2009

4 4

125 123

Se Ca

Fresh Fresh

ISE

3 3

Y Y

Electronics

4003

Cc

Bcse

Fall 2009

124

Os

Fresh

ISE

4003

Cc

Bcse

Fall 2009

125

Se

Fresh

ISE

R( Regno, Name, Father s Name, Program, Batch, Semester, Repeat/Fresh, Course Code, Subject, Prereqs, Credit hours, Passed) Sometimes the starting point for understanding a problem s data requirements is given using functional dependencies. A functional dependency is two lists of attributes separated by an arrow. Given values for the LHS uniquely identifies a single set of values for the RHS attributes. Sometimes data does not contain enough information to extract the functional dependencies

First Normal Form-Flattened Table Example

Regno Name Father s Name Aa Aa Aa Bb Bb Bb Cc Cc Cc Program Batch Semester Course code 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 123 124 125 123 124 125 123 124 125 Subject Repeat/Fresh Prereqs Credit Hours Passed

3997 3997 3997 4000 4000 4000 4003 4003 4003

A A A B B B C C c

Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse Bcse

Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009

CA OS SE Ca Os Se Ca Os Se

Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh

Electronics ISE ISE Electronics ISE ISE Electronics ISE ISE

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y y

Sometimes the starting point for understanding a problem s data requirements is given using functional dependencies.A functional dependency is two lists of attributes separated by an arrow. Given values for the LHS uniquely identifies a single set of values for the RHS attributes. Sometimes data does not contain enough information to extract the functional dependencies. R( Regno, Name, Father s Name, Program, Batch, Semester, Repeat/Fresh, Course Code, Subject, Prereqs, Credit hours, Passed) Regno-> Name, Father s Name, Program, Batch, Semester, Repeat/ Fresh

Course Code-> Subject, prereqs, Credit Hours, Passed

The table must not have repeating groups. To remove the repeating groups: flatten the table and extend the key Or decompose the relation

Decomposing a relation: Better approach is to decompose a relation rather than flatten the table.. Law to decompose is Put redundant group of attributes in one table and non redundant group of attributes in another table.

Regno 3998 4000 4003

name A B C

Father name Aa Bb Cc

Program Bcse Bcse bcse

Batch Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009

Semester 4 4 4
th th th

Regno

Coursecode

coursetitle

Fresh/repeat

Credit hours

prereqs

Prereq passed

3998 3998 3998 4000 4000 4000

123 124 125 123 124 125

CA OS SE CA OS SE

FRESH FRESH FRESH FRESH FRESH FRESH

3 3 3 3 3 3

ELECTRONICS ISE PF ELECTRONICS ISE PF

Y Y Y Y Y Y

We have two tables. Biodata( Regno, Name, FatherName, Program, Batch, Semester, Repeat/fresh) Courses(Regno, CourseCode, subject, prereq, credithours, passed) Without repeating groups relations are in First Normal Form .

Second Normal Form

There must be no partial key dependencies. There must be no repeating groups, and all non-key attributes must depend on the whole key, not just some part of it.

Regno 3998 4000 4003

name A B C

Father name Aa Bb Cc

Program Bcse Bcse bcse

Batch Fall 2009 Fall 2009 Fall 2009

Semester 4th 4th 4th

Regno

Coursecode

coursetitle

Credit hours

Pre-reqs code

Prereq passed

1 2

321 321

qwe fffg

4 4

123

y f

Prereq code 123 124

Prereqs ca sc

Third Normal Form A relation is in 3NF if it contains no repeating groups, no partial functional dependencies, and no transitive functional dependencies
Regno 3998 4000 4003 name A B C Father name Aa Bb Cc Program id 1 1 1 Batch id 1 1 1 Semester 4th 4th 4th

Program id 1 2 3

Program name Bcse Bste bba

Batch id 1 2 3

Batch name Fall year 2007 Fall year 2008 Fall year 2009

Regno 1 2 1

Coursecode 321 321 123

Prereq passed y F y

Cousecode 123 321

Coursetitle Software construction

credithours 3

Pre-reqs code 1 2

Computer archietecture 3

Prereq code

prereqs

Pf,itc

calculus

Data Types:

Batch Id table

Biodata table

Course table

Class Diagram

Queries SELECT courseDetail.CourseCode, courseDetail.Coursetitle, courseDetail.credithours, prereqDetail.prereqs, course.prereqpasd FROM prereqDetail INNER JOIN (courseDetail INNER JOIN course ON courseDetail.CourseCode=course.coursecode) ON prereqDetail.prereqcode=courseDetail.prereqcode WHERE (((course.Regno)=[reg]));

SELECT Biodata.Regno, Biodata.Fnme, Biodata.Semester, Batch.BatchNme FROM Batch INNER JOIN Biodata ON Batch.Batchid = Biodata.batchid WHERE (((Biodata.Regno)=[@reg]));

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