A Study on energy efficient & Solar PV street lighting system presented by Shatabdi Laha, Dept of EE, MIT, Bishnupur

Contents Introduction Observation of an area Change of light fittings by CFL/LED from TFL/HPSV/LPSV Single pole two types of street light Reduction of wastage by street light control system Solar photovoltaic system Solar photovoltaic street lighting system Comparisons of existing street lighting system with the solar street lighting system Benefits of solar street light Cost of solar street light in stand alone mode Solar PV street light in cluster, centrally operated mode conclusion INTRODUCTION Energy is the basic requirement for the development of a community or a nation. As a result consumption of energy in all forms is steadily rising. This growing consumption of energy results increasingly dependence on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas. Increased use of fossil fuels ultimately causes global warming. And depleting stock of fossil fuels is also a great concern to the global community. Therefore to overcome these problems world as well as India need to develop some remedies. In this background, I have given some ideas regarding the remedies mainly focusing on one of the energy consuming system for public utility i.e. street lighting system. Lighting is one of the major electricity consumption areas for both in indoor and outdoor. So it is a potential area of saving. As because savings of one unit electricity corresponds to 0.8 kg emission reduction of co2 to the environment. For outdoor lighting it is mainly the Municipality and Municipal Corporations in urban area and Panchayets for rural areas, other than this, there are many organizations & utilities who are using street lights for their internal roads and campuses. Here is my focus is on two types of street lighting system 1. Energy efficient street lighting system 2. Solar photovoltaic street lighting system

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Observation of an area Name of the locality-Baranagar Municipality name-Baranagar municipality Road name-Baghajyotin/shripolly Road is 3 m broad. There are small trees on the two sides of the road. Tentative length of the road-150 m Number of street lights available in the road at present-20 Nature of activity in the road- there are shops, banks, houses beside the road. Presently used lighting fixture Tubular fluorescent lamp/high pressure sodium sodium vapour lamp/low pressure sodium vapour lamp We can change these street lights by energy efficient light fittings. The energy efficiency can be understand by examine the consumption calculation of each type of light fittings and studying the data given below keeping the area Baghajyotin and shripolly in mind. Change of existing Teubular Flurescent Lamp(TFL), High Pressure Sodium Vapur (HPSV) Low Pressure Sodium Vapour (LPSV) Lamp by Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED). Electricity Consumption is placed below:Using TFL (40+2) w (20*12*365*42)/1000 =3679.2kwh Using HPSV(400 )w (20*12*365*400)/1000 =35040 kWh Using LPSV (180) w (20*12*365*180)/1000 =15768 kWh Using CFL(18) w (20*12*365*18)/1000 =1576.8 kWh Using LED (6)w (20*12*365*6)/1000 =525.6 kWh Here Rs. 3 per unit is taken as tariff for the present calculation. Total amount savings Sl.no. Present light Proposed Units saving Amount fitting Replacement of Saving light fitting Rs. 1. TFL CFL 2102.4 6307.20 2. 3. 4. HPSV LPSV TFL CFL CFL LED 33463.2 14191.2 3153.6 100389.60 42573.60 9460.80

single pole two type of street lights The energy efficient light fittings can be utilized more effectively by using single pole two types of light fittings in a single pole. The time when the traffic is heavy, we may use brighter light fittings while and at the time of less traffic flow we may use deemer light fittings. Here for
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brighter we use CFL and for deemer we use LED. The energy efficiency for these light fittings is also calculated below. a) Brighter- from 6.00 p.m. to 10.00p.m. b) Deemer-from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. Brighter CFL-(4*20*18*365)/1000=525.6 units Deemer LED (8*4*20*365)/1000=233.6 units Total units=525.6+233.6=759.2 units Amount @ Rs.3 on using CFL only =1576.8*3 =Rs.4730.40 net savings=(4730.40-2277.60)=Rs.2452.80 For TFL the saving calculated=Rs.8760 [This is prepared under guidance of Sri Joy Chakraborty, WBREDA] Reduction of wastage by street lighting control system In street light control system the switching ON and OFF of a street light is controlled automatically. The system should be designed to automatically switch ON at dusk, operated throughout the night and automatically switch OFF at dawn, under average daily insolation of 5 kwh/sq.m on a horizontal surface. For these purpose we use a sensor which is known as light sensor. There is another calculation for reduction of wastage. Wastage calculation during day time Assumption Average 5 hrs 10 days in a year street lights are operating at day time Light fittings TFL CFL HPSV LPSV Units consumed (5*10*42)/1000 = 2.1 (5*10*18)/1000 = 0.9 (5*10*400)/1000 = 20 (5*10*180)/1000 = 9 Wastage in Rs. 6.3 2.7 60 27

All the points discussed above was about energy efficient light fittings. Now there is another type of light fittings i.e. solar photovoltaic street lighting system. Before going this topic I have given a small overview on the solar photovoltaic system and how electricity generates from it. Solar Photovoltaic System Solar photovoltaic system comprises of an array of PV cells. A PV cell consists of two or more thin layers of semiconducting materials, most commonly Si. When Si is exposed to light, electrical charges are generated and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as DC. The electrical output from a single cell is small. So multiple cells are connected together and encapsulated (usually behind glass) to form a module.

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Sun rays fall on the PV module generating electricity. This electricity through charge controller stores in battery during day time. From there through inverter AC loads are illuminated. Actually the electricity produced is DC in nature so it can be taken directly for DC loads. Solar photovoltaic street lighting system A solar PV street lighting system comprises a compact fluorescent lamp, lead acid battery, PV module, control electronics, interconnecting wires/cables. It is of two typesa) Solar PV street lighting system in standalone mode b) Solar PV street lighting system in cluster, centrally operated mode In solar PV system the module itself acts as dusk to dawn control system.

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Specification of solar street light in rural area specification of solar street light in urban area Pole : 4m pole : 8m CFL : 11W CFL : 18 W Battery : 75 Ah battery : 100 Ah Costing : Rs.21,000 costing : Rs. 30,000 [Source: Sri Joy Chakraborty. WBREDA] Comparison of existing street lighting system with the solar street lighting system Existing conventional street lighting system are of single bracket or double bracket. Each street light may be of HPSV or LPSV. The purpose of the street light is to illuminate the road as well as visualize visibility of the traffic load. Now while implementing solar street light system all the above points are taken into consideration with less consumption. Because solar street lights are of CFL of either 11 W or 18 W. Benefits of solar street light No fuel No noise and pollution Minimum maintenance is required Variety of lamp required Automatically operated No technicians are required No wiring Warranty of 25 years for solar module No monthly electricity bill Its benefits can be explained more elaborately by discussing its cost effectiveness. Cost of solar street light in stand alone mode PV module =74 Wp Cost of 74 Wp=Rs.8510 @Rs.115 per Wp Pole=8m @ Rs.1800 Electronic arrangement=Rs.600

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Battery=100 Ah Lamp=18w Cost of complete street light=Rs.30,000 Net saving on replacing the conventional street lights by solar street light control system For HPSV =(100389.60+60)-30000 =Rs.70449.60 Disadvantage The equipment may get theft Each street light requires individual maintenance To overcome these problems we may switch to a solar PV street light in cluster, centrally operated mode. Solar PV street lighting system in cluster, centrally operated mode In around half meter a small power plant may be constructed in a particular place where from through cable and inverter lights at different poles can be operated. Then no requirement of placing module and battery at each individual pole.

Conclusion Street lighting is a major item, under public utility which consumes a significant amount of electricity. In urban areas municipality and corporation are paying a huge amount of electricity bills for operation of street light system. For e.g. in Siliguri municipal

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corporation area there exist nearly 700 street lights which corresssponds to monthly electricity bill of Rs.12 lakhs. Since the capital expenditure of solar street lighting is comparatively high so we suggest a rational mixture of solar street light and energy efficient lighting fixture. So in the end we can say its a potential area of savings of electricity and it will reduce the emissions of Green House Gases (GHG).

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