WATER PROOFING.

Evolution:
The first real need for waterproofing dates back to the days of Noahs Ark. The 40 days of incessant rain inspired people to take some course of action to prevent water from entering their habitat. In the early days people relied upon thatch, such as straw, reed, leaves and other dried vegetable matter as a barrier against water entering their home. Over time more sophisticated waterproofing materials were adopted. These included: animal skins, timber shingles, and natural stones like slate. The architectural designs of the day such as high pitched roofs helped overcome some of the shortfalls and limitations of the materials that were used. Over the centuries other waterproofing materials were used such as metals eg. copper, lead, zinc, and tin. Waterproofing has come a long way since Noah's day. The discovery of oil, coupled with the advances of chemistry saw the arrival of numerous petroleum derived waterproofing products such as bituminous, butyl rubber, neoprene rubber, hypalon etc. Technological improvements and breakthroughs are occurring on a daily basis. Over time today's waterproofing membranes such as polyurethanes, acrylics and polyesters will become as antiquated as leaves and animal skins are today.

Definition:
Waterproofing is a method by which an item is made resistant to damage by water. Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier which is designed to prevent water entering or escaping from various sections of building structures. Internal areas that are waterproofed include bathrooms, shower recesses, laundries and toilets. external area waterproofed extends to roofs, planter boxes, podiums, balconies, retaining walls and swimming pools.

The difference between waterproofing and dampproofing.

Dampproofing, typically sprayed-on asphaltic binder, is intended to retard the transmission of water vapor (basically humidity in the air) when there is no ponded water, no hydrostatic pressure. Waterproofing, on the other hand, prevents the passage of liquid water ponded against the concrete.

Cause of leakages in concrete structures?

Leakages occur because of variety of reasons; some of which are mentioned below M Accumulation of water, which start penetrating the surface. ov e m e

nt of w at er fr o m b ot to m to to p b ec au se of ca pi ll ar y Ot h er st ru ct ur al cr ac ks b ec au se of lo ad in g co n di ti

on s an d C on st ru ct io n jo in ts at t w o di ff er e nt w or ks lik e co nc re te an d P oo r co m pa ct io n of co nc re te ,

w hi ch le av e a lo t of ai r vo id s. a) ac ti on . f) fa il ur e of th e st ru ct ur e to wi th st an d th os e st re ss es . e) br ic k w or ks

, an d di sc on ti n ui ty in co nc re te ca sti ng (j oi nt at ol d co nc re te an d n e w co nc re te ) le ad in g m in ut e cr ac ks , w hi ch fa cil it at e w

at er m ov e m e nt . d) c) Poor quality and improper proportioning of concrete constituents that make concrete permeable. b)

Some common terms

Water penetration: Process in which water enters a material or system through an exposed surface, joint or opening. Water absorption: In which water enters a material or system through capillary pores and is retained without transmission. Water leakage: Water infiltration that is unintended; uncontrolled; exceeds the resistance, retention, or discharge capacity of the system or causes damage or accelerated deterioration.

Benefits of Waterproofing:
Increased property value Structurally sound foundation A healthier home environment for your family A warmer basement during winter Enjoy an increased living space A more attractive and more comfortable home

Why is water proofing necessary???

Rotting of timber structures and finishes such as floor joints, beams, floors, studs, skirting,

architraves and frames. Corrosion of metals such as steel reinforcement in concrete, steel beams, lintels, metal door frames etc. Swelling of plasterboards and the subsequent debonding of ceramic tiles. Electrical hazards causing the possible short circuit of lighting and power points. The blistering of paint. Unsightly deterioration of the building facade. Health problems due to dampness, which may lead to respiratory problems. Rotting carpet.

Characteristics of a water proofing materials

prevents water from going through and retards vapor transmission. it should have flexibility, even at low temperatures, to bridge cracks and maintain its sealing ability despite small movements. surface-applied systems, it should adhere well to the concrete, forming a monolithic material.

Waterproofing materials come in several forms:

Bentonite: natural clay sheeting that will expand when wet and heal any small cracks or tears; must be confined by backfill; can be applied immediately to green concrete; seals well around penetrations; is easy to install Cementitious polymer-modified slurry with portland cement and sand: applied by brushing, troweling, or spraying. Drainage panels: PVC dimpled sheeting or geocomposite sheet that creates an air void next to the wall, allowing water to drain so concrete remains dry; sometimes covered with geotextile filter; is easy to install Integral: added to concrete as admixture or applied to surface as penetrating cement slurry; reacts with portland cement to reduce permeability of concrete; is abrasion-proof but cannot stop water penetration at cracks Membrane: elastomeric polymers or polymer-modified asphaltic membrane; is spray-, roll-, or brushapplied; sets quickly; bonds well to clean, dry concrete Rubber: spray- or brush-applied; usually must be heated for application; requires insulation boards to protect from backfill; needs a skilled applicator

Different methods of water proofing

Waterproofing by Surface Applied Membranes

Surface applied membrane type waterproofing system currently accepted worldwide. The recent progress in polymer technology with the development of polymer modified bitumen like ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE (APP) modified bitumen improves the physical property of bitumen. This modified bitumen coating has overcome to a very good extent, to remove the drawback of conventional bitumen membrane of its undesirable temp; related variations like to become brittle at freezing temps and soft at high temps. Since waterproofing connot be carried out using a single material, i.e. suitable for one structure, may not apt for another. The use of various materials in combination and methodologies are vital for effective waterproofing to meet the specified design and durability requirements has significantly revolutionized waterproofing as waterproofing system. This system includes combination of materials, application techniques, specified requirements like providing efficient drainage system, using various construction joints, water stops etc. To demonstrate waterproofing as system one of the very recent example is construction of Delhi metro, underground structure. Here the various material in combination to meet or to conform, international & Indian standards, techniques, test methods for performance guarantee etc made this particular project a typical example to describe waterproofing as a system.

Concrete Waterproofing with Crystalline Technology

From foundations, floor slabs and exterior precast panels, to water treatment facilities and under ground urban infrastructure, concrete is one of the most commonly used building and construction materials. However, due to its composition, a mixture of rock, sand, cement, and water, concrete is often susceptible to damage and deterioration from water and chemical penetration. These damaging effects can be avoided through the use of crystalline waterproofing technology, which effectively improves the durability and life span of concrete structures, there by reducing long-term maintenance costs.

Waterproofing with Cementitious Slurries

Water is a vital resource, but also a construction materials greatest enemy, since rain, ground water and surface water can cause rapid and extensive damage to buildings. The solution lies in waterrepellent construction materials with sealing properties such as cementitious slurries modified with dispersible polymer powders. Traditional sealing and waterproofing systems include bituminous materials, plastic waterproofing foils and metal tapes for interior and exterior applications. In addition to these systems, products based on reactive resins, purely dispersion bound, pasty products and cementitious waterproofing membranes are now widely used to seal and protect the outer surfaces of buildings and structural components against the action of water and moisture.

Cementitious waterproofing membranes have been used successfully to protect a wide range of buildings and structural components exposed to either periodic or long-term wetting, low hydrostatic pressure or, in combination with appropriate engineering, even high hydrostatic pressure. Cementitious membranes are used for waterproofing wet rooms and water tanks and, due to their excellent weathering resistance, also for exterior surface protection. Typical applications are the sealing and waterproofing of e.g., terraces, basement walls, water tanks, swimming pools, walls and floors in wet-rooms such as toilets and bathrooms. In addition, flexible cementitious waterproofing membranes are often used as protective surface-coating systems for structural concrete or to protect building constructions against aggressive chemicals. The advantages of cement based waterproofing membranes are their excellent resistance to water, even if exposed permanently, their outstanding resistance to long-term weathering, good scratch resistance, good load-bearing capacity and much higher water vapor permeability compared to most other systems (consequently no danger of blistering when water vapor permeates through the waterproofing membrane). Cement-based waterproofing slurries are easy to use, non-toxic, provide a monolithic, fully bound, joint-free surface and can easily be applied to substrates with complex surface shapes. In contrast to other systems, cementitious waterproofing slurries can be applied even to wet or damp mineral surfaces, and their physical properties are less temperature-dependent than bitumen based materials. Simple cement-based slurries are still used for protection against surface water, but they are not suitable to seal against water under hydrostatic pressure. In order to improve the poor adhesion, the poor water impermeability and the extremely low deformability and flexibility, a polymer must be added to the system. The use of special additives such as water retaining agents, thickeners and rheological additives, combined with a polymeric binder, confers excellent workability and ensures that wetcuring of the applied slurry is unnecessary. mortars adhesion to a wide range of substrates and increases the systems flexibility. Today, several different systems of cementitious waterproofing membranes or slurries are available.

As a bonding Description aid for old and new concrete / mortar. Acrylic based bonding agentOffers an impermeable coating; quite good as waterproof coating. Excellent adhesion to cementitious substrates. Works as an effective

Features / Benefits

Typical Applications

bonding agent by facilitating more open time. Can modify mortar / concrete for specifier's requirements in repair. Reduces cracking in mortar and screeds. Suitable for internal and external applications. It is used for waterproofing of concrete and sand cement mortar used in basement, roof slabs and screeds, water retaining structures, external plastering, bathrooms and balconies. Integral Powder Waterproofing Compound for Plaster & ConcreteChl oride-free As an effective pore filler, helps to fill capillaries and pores to prevent water seepage. Makes the mix cohesive and denser Reduces shrinkage cracks in mortars and concrete Economical in application Does not affect the

setting time and strength Can be used with all cements. Waterproofin g treatment for RCC water tanks. Internal damp walls treatment & also for ceiling. Primer for painting on internal/extern al surfaces. Toilet, kitchen walls & Lift pits. As a putty with OPC- white cement to fill the fine racks of internal walls. In sterile areas of pharma/food industries, hatcheries. Damp roof coating for internal walls , ceiling and RCC water tanksAllows water in the walls to evaporate in the form of vapour Water dilutable with high covering capacity & hence economical. Being water based it can be applied over damp concrete/plast er surfaces and thus provides excellent water-resistant

coating. Reduces water permeability Provides excellent adhesion to all cementitious substrates & after curing it gives a hard tough film. Excellent resistance to water, salt water, mid acids, alkalis & soap water. Can be applied from both sides of water pressure. Non-toxic, nonhazardous and nonflammable property. Can be used as a primer for water based/ solvent based paints. Possesses anti-fungal property and is resistant to microorganism s. Cement painted surface , concrete , mortar , clay brick surfaces, etc. Natural and artificial stones Mangalore tiled roofs Corrugated AC sheet roofing, etc. Penetration in the surface and also forms a film

Product

Name
Useful as an additive for making repair mortars / concretes. Water resistant renders or plasters.

Shelf Life : 1 Year Pidicrete MPB

Shelf Life : 1 Year Powder Waterproof Specification complies with IS 2645

Not meant for aggressive rising dampness problem Strictly not for salt petre & efflorescence .

Shelf life : 1 Year Dampguard Certified for Portable water Contact Ready to

use, brush or spray applied Clear coating, non staining. Does not affect the exterior decorative colour Prevents entry of moisture into the wall, but allows moisture to evaporate out Cost effective Single coat application

Silane-Siloxane based Water Repellent for Exterior Brick & Stone Masonry Surfaces Repellin WR

Waterproofing Newbuild Basements

Site conditions Soil type Proposed use of basement Basement construction type (substrate material) Necessity to protect against soil contaminants / ground gasses

Deciding on the most suitable waterproofing system for a newbuild basement will depend on a num factors including:

Example 1 - Externally-Applied Basement Waterproofing (Dual Layer)

Waterproofing the external walls of the basement has the benefit of preventing water and from e of

the building. The diagram on the left shows a "dual layer"basement waterproofing system. The e

waterproofing slurry forms the primary waterproofing system and is applied directly onto the bas trowels or spray. In this example application of the secondary drainage / put on the primary waterproofing system, application of the waterproofing system The waterproofing slab.

a closed-cell insulation board

protection layer .This second

reducing water ingress cause primary

and/or structural movement

membrane provides waterpro

Example 2 - Internally-Applied Basement Wate

The basement waterproofing system shown in the diagram on the right is the cavity drainage system waterproofing system consists of a dimpled plastic membrane which is fixed to the walls and floors

basement. This forms a "drained cavity" which redirects any water entering the basement into an A

perimeter drainage channel (shown in green on the diagram). The drainage channel leads to a sum removes the water from the basement.

Alternatively, a cementitious "tanking" system such as Vandex BB75 can be used. This is applied to

internal walls of the basement by trowel or spray. Rather than redirecting the water, it forms a physi preventing any dampness from entering the basement. For this reason a sump and pump are not re

Example 3 and Piled Walls

Diaphragm walls and contiguous/secant construction of large commercial wall are constructed, it is only possible

Waterproofing Di

piled walls are commonly u basements. Because of the to position the

waterproofing on the internal face of the wall. Waterproofing solutions for these types of wall are the similar to those used to waterproof internal basement walls (see above) although they are adapted account of the higher levels of water ingress that might be expected in larger basements - e.g. the drainage waterproofing system shown in the diagram on the left uses the large-stud-size

drainage membrane to provide a larger drainage cavity than would be the case with standard draina

membranes. An alternative approach to waterproofing contiguous and secant piled basement walls

sandwich a layer of active waterproofing slurry between a layer of shotcrete and a layer of insitu co diagram).