Sanja Smillie Medical Surgical 12/08/2010

SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. Different cell types of bone tissue cells: Osteoprogenitor cells Bone, like other connective tissue in the Embryo, is derived from mesenchyme cells Osteoblasts are involved in the formation of bone and are found on the Boundaries of developing and growing bone Osteocytes are mature bone cells that develop from osteoblasts and are Located in lacunae within the bony matrix Osteoclasts are the largest of the bone cells 2. Ossification- is the process of laying down new bone material by Cells called osteoblasts. Calcification- Hardening of the tissue Calcification is often confused with ossification MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1. A tendon is made up of a tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue. It connects the muscle in your body to the bones. 2. The Achilles tendon is associated with the two muscles in the lower Legs which are the gastrocnemius and soleus 3. The function of the Achilles tendon is to transmit forces between the calf muscles and the foot. It helps in sprinting, jumping and climbing. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1. The shoulders consist of three bones the clavicle, the humerus and the scapula. The major joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint. The joint consist of two type of cartilage. 2. Some of the movements permitted at the shoulder joints are arm Abduction, arm adduction, arm flexion, arm extension, arm circumduction, medial rotation of the arm, lateral rotation, elevation, retraction, depression and protraction. 3. Bursa is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid. The main function is to help tendons slide more easily over the joints. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply 2. Oxygenated blood is found in the umbilical vein and un-oxygenated blood is found in the arteries so as in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins.

NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Spinal nerves carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves. 2. The sciatic nerves pass through the grater sciatic notch of the pelvis; extend for the length of the thigh and ends popliteal fossa. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. The respiratory passageway that carries outside air to the lung alveoli is the nose, pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs. 2. Inspired air is warmed, filtered, and humidified in the trachea which takes place in the upper respiratory pathways. 3. The exocrine portion of the pancreas is responsible for synthesis and secretion. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Bile is secretion produces by the liver 2. Bilirubin is derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin which is the principle pigment of bile. 3. Whether or not bile is released into the small intestine depends upon the activity of the sphincter of Oddi. During the interdigestive period, the sphincter of Oddi is contracted, preventing bile from flowing out into the duodenum. As a consequence, pressure increases in the common bile duct, and bile flows into the gallbladder. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. The endocrine gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, the exocrine gland secretes it products into the body surface. 2. The thyroid gland is found in the neck. The thyroid controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. 3. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles., the pituitary gland controls biochemical processes important to our well-being, the thyroid gland controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. URINARY SYSYTEM 1. The kidneys main function is to eliminate waste and regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids. 2. Urine is passes through the renal pelvis funnels to the ureter than through the bladder then maturation occurs. 3.visceral results from chemical irritants and somatic pain is from skin muscles or joints which results in a long lasting dull diffuse feeling.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSYTEM

1. The prostate gland surrounds the neck of a mans bladder and urethra - the tube that carries urine from the bladder 2. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and inferior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum. 3. The prostate glands primary function is to secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that forms part of the seminal fluid, a fluid that carries sperm FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. The implantation of a fertilized ovum normally takes place in the fallopian tube. 2. Etopic means out of place Etopic pregnancy is a fertilized egg has implanted outside the uterus 3. A semi permeable layer of tissue in the placenta that separate the maternal and fetal blood.