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Tabel 2.1. Variabel Lingkungan Internal dan Eksternal No 1 VARIABEL Strategy DEFINISI An organizations strategy deals with how to make managements strategic vision for the company a reality-it represents the game plan for moving the company into an attractive business position and building a sustainable competitive advantage Strategy Planning is a process through which a firm determines what it seeks to accomplish and the actions required to achieve desired outcomes. Strategy intent is associated with a mind-set that managers seek to imbue within the company. Strategy intent is an indication of a firms ideal state. Strategy mission flows from a firms strategic intent; it is a statement used to describe a firms unique intent and the scope of its operations in product and market terms. Strategy mission indicates to stakeholders what a firm seeks to accomplish. Strategy mission is purpose and scope of a firms operations in product and market terms. The general environment is composed of dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it (lingkungan umum adalah sekumpulan elemen-elemen dalam masyarakat yang lebih luas yang mempengaruhi suatu industri dan perusahaan-perusahaan yang ada di dalamnya). The Internal Environment is composed of strengths and weaknesses internal to a firm that influence its strategic competitiveness. What we do especially well Deficiencies Primary activities are involved with a products physical creation, its sale and ditribution to buyers, and its service after the sale. Activities, such as material handling, ware housing, and inventory control, used to receive, store, and disseminate inputs to a product. Actiivities necessary to convert inputs provided by inbound logistics into final product form. Machining , packaging, assembly, and equipment maintenance are examples of operations activities. Activities involved with collecting, storing, and physically distributing the final product to consumers. Examples of this activities include finished goods warehousing, material handling, and order processing. KETERANGAN Thompson Graetz Fries Singh, p. A8 Singh, p. A10 Singh, p. A11, A8.

2 3 4

Strategy Planning Strategy intent Strategy mission

Internal Organization/ Internal Environment

Thompson Wheelen Hitt Singh, p. A10 Singh, p. A8 Singh, p. A8 Hitt, p. 89 Hitt, p. 90 Hitt, p. 90

6 7 8 9 10

Strengths Weaknesses Primary activities Inbound logistics Operations

11

Outbound logistics

Hitt, p. 90

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Tabel 2.1. (lanjutan) No 12 VARIABEL Marketing and sales DEFINISI Activities completed to provide means through whih customers can purchase products to induce them to do so. To effectively market and sell products, firms develop advertising and promotional campaigns, select appropriate distribution channel, and select, develop, and support their sales force. Activities design to enhance or maintain a products value. Firms engage in a range of servicerelated activities activities, including installation, repair, training, and adjustment . Support activities provide the assistance necessary for the primary activities to take place Activities completed to purchase the inputs to produce the firms products. Purchased inputs include items fully consumed during the manufacture of products (e.g . raw materials and supplies, as well as fixed assets machinery, laboratory equipment, office equipment, and buildings) Activities completed to improve a firms product and the processes used to manufacture it. Technological development takes many forms, such as process equipment, basic research and product design, and services procedures. Activities involved with recruiting, hiring, training, developing, and compensating all personnel. Firm infrastructure includes activities such as general management, planning, finance, accounting , legal support, and governmental relation that are required to support the work of the entire value chain. Through its infrastructure, the firm strives to effectively and consistently identify external opportunities and threats, identify resources and capabilities, and support core competencies. All elements outside an organization that are relevant to its operation; includes direct-action and indirect-action alements. The external environment is composed of outside (external) condition that affect a firms performance. Possibilities Contraints Information technology continues to become cheaper and have more practical applications. Database technology allows organization of complex data and distribution of information. Telecommunications technology and networks increasingly provide fast transmission of all sources of data including voices, written communications, and video information. KETERANGAN Hitt, p. 90

13 14 15

Service Support activities Procurement

Hitt, p. 90 Hitt, p. 89 Hitt, p. 91

16

Technological development Human Resources management Firm infrastructure

Hitt, p. 91

17 18

Hitt, p. 91 Hitt, p. 91

19

External organization (Environment)

Stoner (p. 63) Singh, p. A9

20 21 22

Opportunities Threats Technology

Singh, p. A8 Singh, p. A8 Singh, p. A9

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Tabel 2.1. (lanjutan) No 23 VARIABEL Demographic trends DEFINISI Computerized design and manufacturing technologies continue to facilitate quality and flexibility. Regional changes in population due to migration. Changing in ethnic composition of the population. Aging of the population . Aging of the baby boom generation. Interest rates, inflation rates, savings rates, trade deficits, budget deficits, and exchange rates. Anti-trust enforcement, tax policy changes, environmental protection laws, extent of regulation/deregulation, developing countries privatizing state monopolies, and state-owned industries. Increasing number of women in the work force, awareness of health and fitness issues, concern for the environment, and concern for customers. Currency exchange rates, free trade agreements, trade deficits, and new or developing markets. KETERANGAN Singh, p. A9

24 25

Economic trends Political/legal environment Socio cultural environment Global environment

Singh, p. A9 Singh, p. A9

26 27

Singh, p. A9 Singh, p. A9