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Surface Monitoring Instrumentation for Carbon Sequestration Rod Madsen RECS 2011

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Leaks?

Why Surface Monitoring?

To demonstrate that storage is a permanent sequestration option Help refine the field deployment technologies for large scale injections Track migration over time for validation and calibration of model predictions and monitoring tools Assure the public that human health and the environment are high priorities
Establish baseline conditions Refine early warning tools of storage leaks and diagnosis of why storage may leak

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Instrumentation
Atmospheric Surface Sniffing Soil Surface

Eddy Covariance

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Fly-over CO2 measurements

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Spatial Sampling

Temporal Sampling

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Spatial and Temporal

Requirements for a good measurement

FCO2 (CO2soil - CO2chamber) + mass flow
1. 3. 5. 6. CO2soil not disturbed CO2chamber = CO2air Good mixing No disturbance to soil moisture, temperature or radiation

2. Pbench ~ Pambient 4. Pchamber = Pambient

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Requirement: Minimal Soil Disturbance

CO

Slowly close & open the 2 chamber

soil

not disturbed

Requirement: Pbench~Pambient Flow Control

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Requirement: Pbench~Pambient Flow Control

If no pressure controller, Pbench~ -10 kPa at 3 LPM

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Requirement: Pcham=Pambient Key features: New pressure vent design

Requirement: Good Mixing

Current LTC, 5.6 cm offset, flow=1.5 LPM
800

Soda lime

Observed CO2 Response 600 Perfect Mixing (90% flow) Perfect Mixing (110% flow)

CO2 (ppm)

Pump

400

V Co
f t V

200

Ct = Co e

100

200

300

400

500

Time (s)

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Requirement: No disturbance to soil moisture, temperature or

radiation

Key features: Move the chamber away when not in measurement

mode

ted fora Per eplate Bas

Mead corn field testing 2005

10

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Results: 2005 Mead corn field

4
Within Row Between Row Temperature 3.3 mm rain event

40

Soil CO2 flux (mol m s )

-2 -1

30

20

1
Frost event (-2oC)

10

266

270

272 Day of Year

274

276

a. FCO2 higher within row than between rows b. Rain event enhanced FCO2 c. Diurnal variation in FCO2 became smaller after a frost

Sniffing CO2 with the LI-8100A

Temperature ( C)

11

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500 450 400

12

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13

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SECARB

Site Monitoring Activity SECARB

14

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SW Partnership

SW Partnership

15

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Midwest Regional

Midwest Regional

16

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Midwest Regional

MVA Conceptual
Eddy Covariance Tower

Soil CO2 Flux

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Monitoring Table
Technique
Reservoir Pressure and Fluid Composition

Equipment
Pressure dataloggers and sample bombs in both injection and deep monitoring wells Visual Monitoring

Parameters
Formation and injection pressure CO2, TDS, ph

Application
Injectivity and heterogeneity Tracking CO2 migration and leakage through formations Surface Seepage

Surface Vegetation

Vegetation Stress

Soil Gas and Eddy Covariance

Carbon Isotopes

LI-8100/LI-7500

CO2 Flux

Surface Seepage

Modified LI-8100 sampling with off site analysis or NETL portable Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (CRDS) Well sampling with peristalic pumps for both purge and sample with off site analysis Hydrostatic pressure gauge Wire line tool (acoustic log)

Indentify source of CO2

Surface Seepage

Groundwater Quality

Ph, TOC/TIC, soluble metals

Shallow Groundwater

UIC Integrity Testing

Hydrostatic Pressure Test (HPT) Cement Bond Log (CBL)

Internal integrity of well casing External integrity of casing cement and borehole

Conclusions
Surface CO2 measurements can be an important part of a MVA protocol A baseline understanding of the ecosystem CO2 flux is essential for any type of leak detection A combination of diurnal and spatial measurements can answer the background questions fast and effectively Public perception is key

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