Automotive inovations

1545 The joint It is in 1545 that the famous scientist Italian Jrme Cardan described the joint th at he invented and that carries his name in a treaty of physics titled " Of subt ilitate rerum ". The joint permits the relative angular displacement of two trees whose geometric axes even compete in one point. It is used in a car to mate two rotating trees of which positions dses one in re lation to the other can vary. 1823 The cooling by water It is the English Samuel Brown that invented the cooling of the motor by water. In his motor, water circulates around cylinders surrounded by a shirt. Dragged by a pump, it is itself cooled by contact with the ambient air. 1827 The differential The differential gearing was conceived by the French Onsime Pecqueur in 1827 for a steam-powered machine. In a car, the differential is the mechanism that permits to transmit the effort of the motor to driving uheels, while permitting them to turn to the different s peeds in turns, where the outside wheel turns more quickly than the interior. 1841 Spool of induction It was created by the French physicists Antoine Masson and Louis Breguet in 1841 . It is a device that puts to profit the electromagnetic induction phenomenon to g enerate the alternating current of high tension. It equips all systems of motor ignition to explosion. Since 1836, Antoine Masson had achieved some high-tension currents as provoking the fast interruptions of the current produces by a battery. The spool that he constructed in 1841 with Breguet served him to produce dischar ges in the rarefied gases. 1875 The cooling by air

It is in 1875 that the French Alexis of Bischop used for the first time a coolin g by air. His motor without previous compression, of mixed type, included a cylinder surro unded of vertical small wings. 1880 Magneto of ignition The magneto of ignition was invented, in 1880, by the Giesenberg German. The magneto is a small generating of electric current that transforms the mechan ical energy coming from the rotation of wheels of the car in electric energy. This one produces a spark that puts to fire mixes it fuel-comburant in the room of combustion of the motor. The first magnetos were some low-tension magnetos. 1883 Electric ignition by battery and spool of induction The electric ignition system by a battery of accumulators and a spool of inducti on is from afar the more employee in motors to explosion. In 1883, it was used s imultaneously for the first time by a French Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900) and by K arl Benz. 1885 Candle of ignition In 1885, the French Etienne Lenoir invented a candle of very near electric ignit ion of those that we use again. The ignition of a fuel by a spark was already recommended by the Italian Volta i n 1777, then by isaac of Rivaz for the motor to explosion in 1807. 1886 Rack-and-pinion-steering The ingenuity of inventors carries himself on the subject first toward direction s to trammel and gables, with an application Karl Benz on a prototype 3 wheels s ince 1886. The competition follows, to one year of interval, with the first cars Of Dion-Trpardoux on a model steam-powered participant to a first race. Lon Bolle adopts him for his cars. The first apparition under modern shape is located in 1 921, on Sizaire Brothers 11 CVS that will be tested to the Rally of Monte-Carlo. 1888 The tire A Scotch installed in Belfast in Ireland, John Boyd dunlop, invented the air in 1888. He had the idea to provide wheels of the byciclette of his son of rubber tubes i nflated of air.

Quitting his veterinarian's first profession, Dunlop had his invention patented and founded the first manufactures of air while using the vulcanization invented by Good year 1889 Aerodynamic survey 1891 The removable tire Invented in 1891 by the business French Michelin, controlled by two brothers, An dr and Edouard Michelin, the removable tire constituted a revolution. From then on punctures, that required the recourse to a specialist, constituted an incident only to which one remedied in less than 15 minutes. 1893 Le carburateur In 1893, the engineer German Wilhelm Maybach invented the carburetor. It is the indispensable device to all motor to gas since it is inside its pregna nt that gets ready the mixture vaporizing, to basis of air and steam of gas, bef ore it is inhaled in the motor cylinder. The carburetor was perfected by Karl Benz in 1893 that added a butterfly of acce lerator. This one permitted to adjust the quantity of the aspirate mixture at will by the motor and, therefore, its strength and its speed of rotation 1896 The 4 cylinders Panhard and Levassors, since 1896, hire a " 4 in line " cylinders on the Paris-M arseille-Paris test. Two years later, multicylindreses (to four cylinders) win t he thick cars and, progressively, become widespread to the whole of the range, b ecoming in a way the world archetype for cars current of average and bass ranges . A first variant, the 4 cylinders in V, made its apparition in race to the hinge of the two centuries, on models Bits and Aders. Some years later, this solution seduces Peugeot and Aris for their models current of before 14. Later, from 1962, Ford will make a large utilization of it, but as Matra and SAAB. Second variant, the 4 cylinders to dish (in line), that one finds at Amde Bolle (1898/99) and at Wolseley and Winton (1903). It ation, nor immediate nor faraway, on the current cars but only on mmercial vehicles opting for the solution " motor under the floor in competition won't know an applic the present co ".

But the race - where one searches for the speed - is demanding concerning streng th, especially when it is about coast shopping. From where the temptation to mul tiply cylinders beyond of 4. A Chadwick modIe to the United States clears the ste p in 1907 for the race of coast of Fairmont. The following year, this time in Eu rope, Rolls-Royce makes in the same way for the London-Edinburgh race, while doi ng call to the 6 cylinders. The transposition to the current models is almost-im mediate for sports cars and luxury. In Europe, it is the case for Delaunay-Belle ville, Napier, Mercedes, to the United States for Marmon. Later, from 1927, one

will find some 6 cylinders (almost always in line) on a big number of models no sporty, even for the modest capacities. The main asset of this solution being th e suppleness of working of the motor. 1897 The radiator Invent en 1897 par l'ingnieur allemand Wilhelm Maybach, c'est aprs de nombreux tato nnements qu'il mit au point le radiateur dit "nid d'abeille". Il tait compos d'un fausceau de conduits courts et troits dans lesquels pouvait cir culer l'air envoy par un ventilateur plac devant lui. Ce radiateur tait situ dans le circuit de refroidissement par eau. 1898 Independent suspension The big innovation will be the apparition of front wheels independent. One finds a first example of it in competition, since 1898, on a Decauville car. Then in 1905 on cars of shopping light clarifications by Sizaire and Naudin. It is them that acclimatize this daring innovation on a modIe of production in 1908. But the first prominent realization only intervenes in 1921, in Italy this time, with t he Lancia " Lambda ", while waiting for Peugeot, in 1931, with his 201 CS, soon imitated by other marks, so much European that American. 1899 Gearbox in direct hold In 1899, Louis renault equipped his first car, achieved in 1898, of a gear-box t o direct hold and change of speeds by walkman. This one possessed three speeds more a rear march; the third speed, fastest got himself in direct hold. 1902 Magneto high tension The magneto of high tension was invented, in 1902, by the engineer German Gottli eb Honold. One combined the system of ignition by magneto of high tension and the one by ac cumulator danbs motors of planes to benefit advantages of each of these generato r types. A biting competition began between these two systems. After 1925, the accumulator's use ends up imposing itself. 1902 Hydraulic shock absorbers The hydraulic shock absorbers make their apparition on cars of race in 1902/1903 , in " semidetached " on cars participating in Paris-Madrid in May 1903. The ado ption will be in series so much almost-immediate the brought progress are specta

cular. A few later (1908) develop himself shock absorbers to friction, in competition w ith precedents, and that know, after the competition, of large applications on c ars of luxury and sport from 1919. In fact, for these two types of shock absorber, the competition will stay betwee n the two wars, their bench of test par excellence, exciting the emulation betwe en tenantses of devices merely hydraulic such Houdailles, and tenantses of shock absorbers to friction, among which Excelsior, Alfa, Hartford, etc. and causing the remarkable improvements, quickly transferred on models of set. 1903 The 8 cylinders A new stage is cleared when one spends to the " 8 cylinders ". Ader (France) ope ns the way in 1903 for the Paris-Madrid, with an unit to 8 cylinders in V. The s ame year appears, still for the competition, of the 8 in line cylinders. 1903 Front wheel drive But the most important innovation in this domain will be the recourse to wheels before motor cars, already experienced in France by Georges Latil that is the re al inventor of it. A patent to the name of Walter P. Christie is put down in 190 3. In 1906/1907, apparition in race in France and to the United States. Christie pa sses in production in 1908/1910, with the particular cars and taxicabs. The pate nt foresaw the transverse installation of the motor, according to an original di sposition that will be adopted in big set, in 1959, by Issigonis for the famous Austin Mini. The generalization of the front wheel drive won't linger, during th e following years. In the front, with driving wheels the way was opened to creat e of vehicles all driving wheels. The solution suited for vehicles special, so-c alled " use all land ". But it was also tempting for the current cars. One himse lf there tried in race. And it is a Netherlander, Spijker, that takes the initia tive of it in 1906. But it will be necessary to wait close to 60 years, to atten d a merchandising, under shape of the Jensen (1965), FF type (car of luxury, Fer guson system). This one doesn't immediately make school. It is only lately all t hat the complete transmission appears on many models of upscale and of sport, no tably to Japan and in Europe. 1904 Chains for wheels of cars Since August 23, 1904, the American Harry D. Weed, of Canastota (New york) inven ted chains to equip the automotive tires in case of snow. 1905 Bumper In 1905, the British F.R. Simms made patent the 1st bumper in rubber. The Simms Manufacturing Co of Kilburn brought up bumpers on the Simms-Welbeck ca r during the summer 1905

1905 The camshaft in head 1907 The compressor 1908 Semidetached wheels 1908 Multiple carburetors Satellites of the motor also make the object of researches, notably at the level of the feeding. The multiple carburetors (or multiple bodies) make their appari tion toward 1908 on cars of big Price, a short time later on one Of Dion Button V8 (carburetor doubles body) and, of 1920 to 1928, on sports cars and luxury. Th is solution will become etc. current currency in 1934 for models of cars sport/l uxes of production of Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss, Talbot, 1910 Automatic gearbox The automatic speed box that the German Fttinger didn't invent in 1910 is other t hat a converter of couple. The converter of couple characterizes himself by the possible report infinity th at it establishes between the speed of rotation of the motor and the tree of exi t. Indeed, it acts so that, when the resistant couple passes the maximal motor coup le, it multiplies this one progressively. 1910 Mirror A word on mirrors mirrors. In France, the Duchess of Uzs, the first woman to the world to have benefitted a driver's license, had made some endow her cars since before 1910. One sees them appearing to the United States a little later, on occ asion of the Big Price of Indianapolis of 1911, on the car of Mormon Wasp, that will win the test. One finds some of it, here and there, to title of accessory, shortly before the war of 1914. Since the end of this one, during years 20, they affirm themselves like facilities of set. Thereafter, they will make the object of a precise rglementation and numerous improvements. 1912 Multivalves The Peugeot-Henry Grand prix of 1912 signalled himself by another novelty of siz e, the multivalves by cylinder, solution that will also adopt, the same year, Pa ckage, on a Henry survey,. The transfer toward cars of production doesn't immedi ately make himself. It will be necessary to wait for years 30 to see to become i mplanted - again " confidentially " - the " multivalves " on the sporty cars of luxury, as the Desenberg JS and S5 and the Stutzes DV32, without forgetting the B ugatti models and Aris in France. The real breakthrough - that is in all memoirs - will make himself only later, during years 80, time during which most construc tors (American, European, Japanese) will propose, for the sporty versions of the ir upscale, or for models of Big luxury (example Jaguar), of versions endowed of motors to several valves by cylinders (2, 3, 4,..).

1914 Wheels in removable steel New type of wheel proposed in 1914 by the Michelin business, the wheel in remova ble steel is constituted of a disk in steel, which replaces radiuses of wood col lected around the hub therefore. 1914 Drums front brakes 1916 First windshield wiper They appeared in the USA in 1916. 1917 Preselective gearbox The Wilson regimental adjutant, of the English army, conceived, in 1917, the box of speed prsective to the intention of fight chariots that had just been achieve d. After the war, the box had gone up in series on the Armstrong-Siddeleys cars and , thereafter, on the Talbots, in france. One used him essentiellemnt on the thick industrial vehicles and buses. 1921 First automatic windshield wiper The British W.M. Folberth invented in 1921 of windshield wipers manipulated auto matically by the compressed air coming from the motor. 1923 Self carrying structure A date: 1923, a test,: the Big Price of the ACF, a model,: the Neighbor 1923. This model, real " Small Laboratory " as one will be pleasing to designate it, p resents himself under the shape of a fully aerodynamic cash-box. He keeps the at tention of Lancia that, to the time, work in the same direction, and especially of Citron. This last, with his models of 1934, confirm the interest of a solution that will become widespread to the world ladder from 1947. 1925 Bodywork all steel Andr Citron was the first in 1925 to construct in big set of cars models B10 and B 12, endowed of a bodywork all steel. He had seized the interest that presented a new technique, timidly developed to the Etats-unises, that consisted in collecting, by autogenous soldering, element s of sheet metal constituting the bodywork. Citron immediately pulled gone of this method.

That making he assured to his cars a better protection of passengers a more spac ious habitable volume. Besides, the bodywork can be repaired by simple correction. Until then, bodyworks were some simple skeletons in wood clothed of riveted ligh t sheet metal. 1926 Joint homocintic The invention of joint homocintic by engineers French Pierre Fenaille and Jean Grg oire in 1926 gave back conceivable the front wheel drive of cars. This joint permits to transmit to wheels before the couple of the motor. 1934 Padlock of Neiman car In 1934, the industrialist German Abram Neiman invented the padlock of car. When the padlock is engaged, the direction of the car is blocked. The firm padlock at the same time the electric circuits ordering the march of th e vehicle. The whole is ordered by a key acting on a seat belt. 1953 Disk brakes Concerning the braking, we have to signal that disk brakes, come also of the avi ation, make their apparition in 1953 at the 24 hours in the Mans on one Jaguar C . type This one having taken back the test, attract the attention especially on this audacious solution. Two years later, in October 1955, Citron created the eve nt while taking out his DS19 thus equipped. The other European cars of sport and luxury don't linger to fit together the step. Systems increase (Girling, Dunlop , etc.) and the generalization is now almost-total (of the 2CV to the Rolls-Royc e!). 1955 Hydropneumatic suspension Citron invented in 1955 hydropneumatic suspension that is an association of a gas and an oily liquid in a worry of comfort and security. It was merchandised on the first DS. 1959 Deflector for windshield wiper In 1959, the inventor Marcel Suisse put to the point for governed it renault a d eflector that, gone up on a broom of windshield wiper, avoid that this last depa rts of the windshield under the effect of the speed.

1960 Circuit sealed of the cooling by water It is in 1960 that governed it renault invented a system of cooling by entirely sealed water and therefore insulated. This interest of this device is that one introduces water and antifreeze there o nce for all and that one doesn't have to worry about to add water thereafter any more 1961 5th door The 5th door, that permits to open the rear of cars appeared for the first time on TRUSTED it 600 in 1961 1965 Gearbox with electronic command Governed it renault launched, in 1965, on a R16, the first automatic speed box t o electronic command. It permits a faster speed passage, ally to a bigger reliability. 1978 Complete electronic ignition Citron was the first constructor to equip a complete electronic ignition of cars constructed in big set, the LNA and the Aimed, from 1978. This system had been elaborated and had been conceived by the society French Tho mson CSF.