Rede ISCTE

Instituto Superior de Cincias do Trabalho e da Empresa
SISTEMAS DE COMUNICAO INTEGRADOS
UIO
Levantamento Parcial da Rede Informtica do ISCTE
Docente: Professor Doutor Miguel Dias
Discente: Joo Nascimento
Lisboa, 11 de Abril de 2001
Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados
Guio
NDICE
I. Introduo ..........................................................................................................................1 II. Aplicao dos Comandos (Dos) .......................................................................................2 ANEXO I - Comandos Utilizados (Dos) .............................................................................21
1. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ......................................................................................................22 2. Ping ........................................................................................................................................................22 3. Route......................................................................................................................................................23 4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)..................................................................................................................25 5. TELNET (File Transfer Protocol)..........................................................................................................25 6. IPCONFIG .............................................................................................................................................26 7. TRACERT .............................................................................................................................................26 8. NETSTAT..............................................................................................................................................27 9. Nslookup................................................................................................................................................27
ANEXO II - Comandos Utilizados (Unix) ..........................................................................29

FTP ............................................................................................................................................................30 TRACEROUTE .........................................................................................................................................39 ARP............................................................................................................................................................43 NSLOOKUP(1C).......................................................................................................................................46 PING ..........................................................................................................................................................50 NVRAM ....................................................................................................................................................54 IFCONFIG .................................................................................................................................................55 NETSTAT..................................................................................................................................................57 TELNET ....................................................................................................................................................59
ANEXO III ............................................................................................................................69 ANEXO IV ............................................................................................................................99 ANEXO V ...........................................................................................................................108
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I. Introduo
Este trabalho o resultado da realizao, passo a passo, do Guio proposto para o levantamento parcial da rede informtica do ISCTE. Aps um breve momento de familiarizao com os comandos prprios para conseguir realizar as tarefas includas no guio, deu-se incio aos trabalhos. A rede do ISCTE encontra-se baseada na famlia de protocolos TCP/IP, apesar de ligar equipamentos informticos utilizando pelo menos os sistemas operativos UNIX, Windows NT e LINUX. Por este motivo foram utilizados os comandos: Ao nvel do MS-Dos: ftp, telnet, Ping, tracert, arp, ipconfig, netstat, nslookup e route. Qualquer informao mais detalhada sobre qualquer um destes comandos, pode ser encontrada no Anexo I Comandos Utilizados (MS-Dos). A nvel do UNIX: Ping, traceroute, arp, nvram, ifconfig e netstat. Qualquer informao mais detalhada sobre qualquer um destes comandos, pode ser encontrada no Anexo II Comandos Utilizados (Unix). Dado que o sistema operativo no disponibiliza informao em portugus, no foi possvel realizar a traduo do texto em tempo til, pelo que a Lista de comandos Unix encontra-se em Ingls. Os comandos utilizados em UNIX so idnticos aos utilizados em Dos, existindo as seguintes correspondncias: Comando em DOS ARP Ping Route FTP telnet IPConfig Tracert Netstat nslookup Comando em UNIX arp ping ftp telnet ifconfig traceroute netstat nslookup Diferenas -
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II. Aplicao dos Comandos (Dos)

Questo 5. A pergunta 5 do guio pretende que, a partir do Dos, se faa a caracterizao do computador onde o trabalho foi desenvolvido. a) comeando pela camada fsica, esta alnea pede explicitamente o endereo ETHERNET do computador. Este endereo, tambm conhecido por MAC Address (Medium Access Control Address Endereo de Controlo de Acesso ao Meio), encontra-se definido ao nvel fsico do protocolo TCP/IP, sendo atribudo placa de rede instalada no computador pelo fabricante da mesma. Este cdigo nico no mundo, no existindo duas placas com Endereos MAC iguais. Para obter esta identificao a partir do MSDOS necessrio utilizado o comando IPCONFIG com a opo /ALL. Para poder responder a esta pergunta foi executado o comando: C:>IPCONFIG /ALL O resultado do comando foi:
Windows NT IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . : i0s05-14.students.iscte.pt DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.2 193.136.188.1 Node Type . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . : IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS : No Ethernet adapter RTL81391: Description . . . . . Physical Address. . . DHCP Enabled. . . . . IP Address. . . . . . Subnet Mask . . . . . Default Gateway . . . DHCP Server . . . . . Lease Obtained. . . . Lease Expires . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
: : : : : : : : :
Realtek 8139-series PCI NIC 00-4F-4E-00-0C-92 Yes 10.10.10.112 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.254 10.10.10.2 Quarta-feira, 28 de Maro de 2001 13:24:01 Quinta-feira, 29 de Maro de 2001 09:24:01
Atravs deste quadro possvel dizer que o Endereo ETHERNET da placa de rede instalada no computador 00-4F-4E-00-0C-92. Este valor dado pela rubrica Physical Address. b) Passando agora para um nvel acima na pilha de protocolos TCP/IP, so pedidas informaes da camada de rede. Em primeiro lugar o Nmero IP. Este nmero que atribudo a um computador da rede, pelo administrador do sistema, ou pelo servio DHCP identifica numericamente o computador perante a rede. constitudo por quatro segmentos de 8 bits cada, prefazendo 32 bits de informao. Ao serem traduzidos para base decimal, so apresentados num intervalo de 0 a 255.
2
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O comando utilizado a nvel do MS-DOS, para saber o endereo IP do computador o mesmo que foi utilizado no ponto anterior (IPConfig /ALL). Atravs do resultado anteriormente, possvel obter o nmero pretendido no campo IP Address. Neste campo pode observar-se o nmero: 10.10.10.112. Pode ento concluir-se que foi adoptado um nmero para redes privadas, dado que o endereo comea por 10. Este nmero o resultado da converso do cdigo 00001010.00001010.00001010.01110000 em binrio (cdigo efectivamente tratado pelo computador) para o sistema decimal. De seguida solicitada a Mscara de Rede. Esta configurao permite estabelecer subredes, estabelecendo divises lgicas no interior de uma rede. O comando IPConfig /ALL tambm permite, neste ambiente (MS-DOS), saber a Mscara da Rede a que o computador est ligado. Atravs do campo Subnet Mask, no quadro anterior, obtm-se 255.255.255.0. , portanto, uma rede tipo C, dado que apenas dispe de 8 bits (ltimo segmento a zero) dedicados a hosts (computadores) e os restantes (primeiros trs segmentos a 255 que em linguagem binrio corresponde a 11111111) so utilizados para identificar a rede. Na sub-rede identificada, podem ser atribudos endereos de IP entre 10.10.10.1 at ao 10.10.10.254. Isto porque a Mscara de Sub-rede 255.255.255.0, o que quer dizer que os primeiros octetos (10.10.10) so fixos para os hosts que queiram pertencer sub-rede e o ltimo segmento pode variar. Como a composio de cada octeto tem um comprimento de 8 bits (8 dgitos binrios), podem ser atribudos nmero de 00000000 at 11111111. Em decimal 0 a 255. No entanto o 0 (em binrio - 00000000) atribudo rede (10.10.10.0) e o 255 (em binrio 11111111) o endereo broadcast (10.10.10.255), ou seja o endereo comum a todos os computadores (ao ser lanado na rede uma mensagem para este endereo todos os computadores faro a sua leitura). O nome DNS (Domain Name Server Servidor de Nomes dos Domnios) do computador actual, o nome pelo qual ele conhecido na rede, em alternativa ao endereo de IP a ao MAC Address. Por uma questo de facilidade para os humanos em decorar nomes e no nmeros criou-se este conceito. Esta identificao pode ser obtida tambm pelo comando anterior IPConfig /ALL. No campo Host Name, possvel ler i0s05-14.students.iscte.pt, que , no fundo, o nome que est associado ao Endereo de IP 10.10.10.112. O nmero do router por defeito, ou seja, a identificao na rede do dispositivo a quem entregue toda a informao enviada pelo computador actual para a rede, tambm obtido no resultado do comando IPConfig /All. Este comando, devido opo /ALL, devolve um grupo importante de informao. No campo Default Gateway, pode ler-se o que se pretende neste ponto, ou seja: 10.10.10.254. Este o endereo responsvel por reencaminhar correctamente a informao que sai do computador onde decorre a execuo deste guio.
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Por fim, nesta questo ainda solicitada informao adicional sobre o router por defeito. Neste caso o Nome, em vez do Endereo IP. Para se obter esta informao, o comando utilizado at aqui no basta. necessrio utilizar um outro nslookup. Este permite traduzir (resolver) um determinado endereo IP para o Nome respectivo. De facto, ao executar este comando com um endereo IP solicitado ao DNS Server (tambm visvel atravs do comando IPConfig /all, como sendo 10.10.10.2 ou 193.136.188.1) o nome correspondente. Neste caso, para responder questo foi necessrio executar o comando: nslookup 10.10.10.254, tendo-se obtido o seguinte resultado:
nslookup 10.10.10.254 Server: socrates.students.iscte.pt Address: 10.10.10.2 Name: fwi.students.iscte.pt Address: 10.10.10.254
Isto permite dizer que o nome do Router por defeito fwi.students.iscte.pt. Questo 6. A pergunta 6 do guio pretende que se faa a caracterizao do Servidor de Nomes de Domnio. Este o elemento da rede que armazena uma tabela que relaciona o Endereo de IP dos computadores e o seu nome agradvel ao utilizador. Este elemento o responsvel por determinar a localizao do computador de destino de uma mensagem e de a encaminhar para ele atravs da rede. Para responder questo colocada sobre o Nome do Servidor de Nomes de Domnio, existem, pelo menos, duas formas: utilizando o nslookup sobre um qualquer Endereo IP da rede, ou utilizar o comando nslookup sobre o endereo IP determinado atravs do IPConfig /all. No primeiro caso, basta olhar para o resultado do ltimo comando executado anteriormente e retirar a primeira indicao de Server:. A segunda forma seria executar o comando nslookup 10.10.10.2
nslookup 10.10.10.2 Server: socrates.students.iscte.pt Address: 10.10.10.2 Name: socrates.students.iscte.pt Address: 10.10.10.2
Seja como for, o resultado obtido o mesmo: socrates.students.iscte.pt
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A segunda questo colocada neste ponto do guio pretende que se proceda identificao do Endereo IP do Servidor de Nomes de Domnio. Esta informao foi obtida anteriormente com o comando IPConfig /All, no campo DNS Servers como sendo 10.10.10.2. Ainda possvel observar que o Endereo de IP do Servidor de DNS Secundrio 193.136.188.1. Fazendo o nslookup a este endereo, fica-se a saber que tem o nome iscte.iscte.pt. Questo 7. A pergunta 7 do guio pretende que se identifique o endereo Ethernet do router por defeito, ou seja, pretende-se saber qual o endereo fsico da placa de rede instalada no Router por defeito (e pela qual ele comunica). Para se obter a resposta a esta questo tem de se seguir um conjunto de passos: 1 realizar o Ping ao endereo IP (conhecido atravs do campo Default Gateway, do comando IPConfig /all, como sendo 10.10.10.254) desse elemento da rede, por forma a que os seus dados sejam armazenados na ARP Table e, posteriormente, atravs do comando arp a, obter todos os dados dessa tabela (que agora incluem o do router por defeito. Os passos foram realizados e deram estes resultados:
Ping 10.10.10.254 Pinging 10.10.10.254 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
Arp -a Interface: 10.10.10.112 Internet Address 10.10.10.8 10.10.10.10 10.10.10.12 10.10.10.254
on Interface 2 Physical Address 00-80-5f-0d-2d-e0 00-d0-b7-d3-60-0b 00-80-5f-bb-68-f4 00-4f-4e-06-a9-d7
Type dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
Pelo que se pode ver, o Physical Address (ou seja o Endereo Ethernet) do router por defeito 00-4f-4e-06-a9-d7. Questo 8. Nesta questo solicitada uma descrio pormenorizada de todas as rotas IP que esto configuradas no computador onde decorre o teste. O comando a utilizar para obter informao de base resposta a esta questo route com a opo print. O resultado o seguinte:
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route print =========================================================================== Interface List 0x1 ........................... MS TCP Loopback interface 0x2 ...00 4f 4e 00 0c 92 ...... Realtek 8139-series PCI NIC =========================================================================== =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.10.10.254 10.10.10.112 1 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.112 10.10.10.112 1 10.10.10.112 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 10.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.10.10.112 10.10.10.112 1 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 10.10.10.112 10.10.10.112 1 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.10.10.112 10.10.10.112 1 ===========================================================================
A primeira linha evidencia a configurao do router por defeito, ou seja, qualquer endereo desconhecido dever ser encaminhado para o endereo aqui especificado (10.10.10.254). A segunda linha da tabela de rotas mostrada em cima, servir para quando o Computador estiver a trabalhar em modo local. Os recursos sero procurados no interior do prprio computador. A terceira linha, como se pode ver tem o Network Destination igual ao Endereo de IP do computador actual. Esta linha servir para indicar camada IP que o endereo 10.10.10.112 o prprio computador. Permite ainda verificar se o IP est configurado, ou no Na quarta linha possvel definir o endereo da rede de broadcast. Na quinta linha aparece a rota criada pelo protocolo TCP/IP. Esta existe em todos os computadores. As duas linhas seguintes identificam ambas rotas para redes IP. O endereo 224.0.0.0 identifica o endereo para rede IP multicast e a ltima linha especifica o endereo da prpria rede a que o computador pertence. Qualquer mensagem que seja dirigida a esta rede tambm entregue neste computador, independentemente de a ler ou rejeitar. Questo 9. At a este momento do guio, o sistema operativo em que se baseavam as perguntas era o MS-Dos (dentro no Windows NT). A partir daqui, para experimentar os mesmos efeitos num outro sistema operativo para alm do Ms-Dos, ir ser utilizado o UNIX. Este sistema operativo encontra-se instalado numa outra mquina remota, que necessrio aceder atravs do software TELNET, por forma a poder executar comandos nessa mquina e, assim tentar responder s questes colocadas e caracterizar a mquina em questo. O computador em causa est identificado na rede como indy1.adetti.iscte.pt. Neste momento a informao disponvel sobre esta mquina, apenas o nome DNS e o login e password para podermos iniciar uma sesso TELNET.
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Para aceder mquina remota (que se encontra ligada ao computador actual) necessrio executar o comando: TELNET indy1.adetti.iscte.pt. Com isto ser pedida uma Login e uma Password, s quais necessrio responder acertadamente. Uma vez em sesso possvel comear a responder s questes. A primeira questo o Endereo ETHERNET do computador (indy1.adetti.iscte.pt). J que estamos em sesso, basta utilizar o comando nvram, para obtermos uma lista completa das caractersticas da mquina.
nvram dbaud=9600 tapedevice= root= swap= showconfig=isfalse initfile= initstate= swaplo= nswap= sync_on_green= console=g gfx=alive keybd= nogfxkbd= cpufreq=200 monitor= pagecolor= screencolor= logocolor= diskless=0 srvaddr= netaddr=192.0.2.1 diagmode= hostname= dlserver= dlgate= dllogin= maxpmem= debug_bigmem= eaddr=08:00:69:08:27:b2 rdebug= dbgmon= nodbgmon= volume=80 scsiretries= scsihostid= scsi_syncenable= SystemPartition=scsi(0)disk(1)rdisk(0)partition(8) OSLoadPartition=scsi(0)disk(1)rdisk(0)partition(0) OSLoader=sash
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OSLoadFilename=/unix OSLoadOptions=auto AutoLoad=Y sgilogo=y rbaud= passwd_key= rebound= scsihostid= prompoweroff= impactgm= triton_invall= Com base neste resultado, consegue-se facilmente chegar ao que se pretende atravs do campo eaddr Ethernet Address. Como possvel ver, trata-se do endereo 08:00:69:08:27:b2. A alnea b) da questo pretende que se faa a identificao do endereo IP do computador em que decorre a sesso remota (indy1.adetti.iscte.pt). Para tal necessrio utilizar o comando prprio do Unix: ifconfig. Este comando requer uma interface que foi disponibilizada pelo Professor como sendo ec0. Executando o comando completo:
ifconfig ec0 ec0: flags=c63<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,FILTMULTI,MULTICAST> inet 193.136.190.34 netmask 0xffffffe0 broadcast 193.136.190.63
obtm-se diversas informaes necessrias a esta alnea e s seguintes. visvel o Endereo IP, no incio da ltima linha - inet 193.136.190.34. Uma questo se coloca ao chegar a este ponto: sendo as redes completamente distintas na forma de se identificar (note-se que o primeiro computador, onde se iniciou este guio, tinha um endereo 10.10.10.112 e o actual tem um endereo IP 193.136.190.34), como se conseguem encontrar na rede. Sim, porque ao executar o Telnet os computadores tm de estar ligados fsica e logicamente. Se tm endereos to distintos, partida no se conseguiriam avistar na rede. A resposta a esta questo encontra-se mais frente quando o caminho inverso for percorrido. Nessa altura veremos que existe um ponto em comum entre as duas redes. Atravs do comando anterior, tambm possvel identificar a Mscara de Rede (netmask). Neste caso temos a indicao de que o computador se encontra numa subrede com a mscara 0xffffffe0. Esta informao encontra-se num formato hexadecimal, sendo necessrio traduzir este nmero para a base decimal, por forma a ter uma representao na forma mais comum. Procedendo dessa forma obtemos a mscara de rede 255.255.255.224. Esta informao relevante, pois permite compreender um pouco mais de como a rede est segmentada.
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O facto de o ltimo octeto da mscara de rede se encontrar preenchido com o nmero 224, deixa perceber que os 3 bits mais significativos do ltimo octeto esto reservados para sub-redes. possvel chegar a esta concluso quando traduzimos o nmero para binrio (224(10) = 11100000(2)). Por este motivo, podemos concluir que o computador est inserido numa rede segmentada em 6 sub-redes (23 2 = 6). O operando 23 - porque ao termos 3 bits temos combinaes possveis de redes. Subtrai-se 2 porque a sub-rede no pode ser identificada pela combinao 000 nem 111. Retirando estas duas combinaes ficamos com 6. Podemos ainda inferir que, em cada sub-rede, apenas possvel ter 30 hosts. Isto porque, dos 8 bits do octeto, ficam disponveis apenas 5 bits para estes elementos. Fazendo contas 25 2 = 30 . Novamente se subtraem 2 (00000 e 11111). Desta forma apenas se podem utilizar 180 endereos dos 254 disponveis (se octeto estivesse preenchido com 0 - Zero). Isto representa uma percentagem de utilizao de 71%. Para responder questo Quais os nmeros de rede IP que so vlidos nesta subrede?, ter-se- de realizar alguns clculos. O endereo IP do computador em anlise , como j se disse, 193.136.190.34. O 34 decomposto em binrio ficar em 00100010. Atendendo explicao feita no pargrafo anterior, estamos em presena de um computador na primeira sub-rede, uma vez que encontramos 1s apenas no bit menos significativo de entre os bits atribudos s sub-redes (os trs mais significativos). 0 0 1 Sub-rede 0 0 0 1 Hosts 0
Como no podemos ter o endereo: 000 0 0 0 Sub-rede 0 0 0 1 Hosts 0
A primeira sub-rede efectivamente 001. Como no possvel ter o endereo 00000, na componente Hosts, nem 11111, o intervalo permitido situa-se entre 00001 e 11110. Associando componente de sub-rede temos um intervalo final entre 00100001 e 00111110. Traduzindo para decimal obtmse o intervalo 33 a 62. Compondo todo o endereo completo teremos u intervalo de 193.136.190.33 a 193.136.190.62. Por ltimo, pode inferir-se que o endereo da rede ser 193.136.190.32 (que no se pode atribuir a nenhum host e que resulta de ter a parte host a zero 00100000 = 32) e o endereo broadcast ser 193.136.190.63 (que tambm no se pode atribuir a nenhum host e que resulta de ter a parte host tudo a 1 00111111 = 63), tal como se pode comprovar no campo broadcast do resultado do comando ifconfig ec0. A resposta questo Qual o seu nome DNS a mais bvia de todo o guio, j que foi exactamente por a que se comeou a segunda parte do mesmo (a entrada no UNIX). Para ser possvel o acesso utilizou-se precisamente o Nome de DNS. Portanto, a resposta ser, obviamente, indy1.adetti.iscte.pt. A prxima questo solicita que seja indicado o IP do router por defeito. Este endereo tem de estar dentro da sub-rede, por forma a que o computador possa colocar os seus pedidos directamente. Para ter acesso a esta informao necessrio recorrer ao comando netstat. Utilizando os parmetros nr (n, para ver os endereos em formato numrico e r, para mostrar as rotas). Podemos obter o seguinte:
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netstat -nr Routing tables Destination 127.0.0.1 193.136.190.34 default 224.0.0.0 193.136.190.32
Gateway Flags 127.0.0.1 UH 127.0.0.1 UH 193.136.190.59 UG 193.136.190.34 U 193.136.190.34 U
MTU 0 0 0 0 0
RTT RTTvar 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Use Interface 1171 lo0 1086 lo0 56882 ec0 2604 ec0 26842 ec0
Deste resultado, pode retirar-se a informao pretendida. Na coluna Destination, encontra-se a descrio default. Nesta linha o valor encontrado na coluna Gateway d o endereo do Gateway (router) por defeito. Neste caso 193.136.190.59. A questo seguinte, inevitavelmente, solicita o Nome DNS do router por defeito. Entre as vrias formas de obter este informao, pode consultar-se utilizando o comando Arp a para consultar a tabela ARP. Procedendo desta forma, obtm-se:
Arp -a indigoxz.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.33) at 8:0:69:7:67:2b o2video.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.35) at 8:0:69:5:bb:7a lablin1.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.36) at 8:0:0:52:36:7 labserver.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.49) at 0:60:8:1f:cd:67 lablin2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.51) at 0:0:e8:3d:be:5a ? (193.136.190.57) at 0:c0:7b:7b:d2:63 gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59) at 0:0:e8:49:89:bc fore-switch-eth.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.62) at 0:80:42:9:c:99
Como possvel observar o nome do host a que corresponde o endereo IP em questo encontrado na 8 linha: gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59). A resposta : gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt Se, eventualmente, este endereo ainda no se encontrasse nesta tabela, poder-se-ia utilizar o comando Ping ao endereo em questo, por forma ser acrescentado. Logo de seguida, ao executar o comando Arp, poder-se-ia ento obter a informao. Questo 10. Passando questo 10, ser agora feita a caracterizao do Servidor de Nomes de Domnio. Comeando por tentar obter o Endereo IP, pode obter-se de seguida o Nome. Para tal utilizar-se- o comando nslookup, sem qualquer parmetro. Desta forma apenas responder o Servidor de Nomes de Domnio, entrando em sesso.
nslookup Default Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 >
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Com o endereo IP , ento, possvel saber o nome DNS, atravs do mesmo comando, mas agora utilizando como parmetro este endereo:
nslookup 193.136.188.1 Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1
Pode dizer-se que o Servidor de Nome de Domnio tem o endereo IP: 193.136.188.1 e o Nome iscte.iscte.pt. Voltando um pouco atrs no guio, na questo 6 (ainda na mquina NT) obteve-se o mesmo endereo para o Servidor de Nomes de Domnio Secundrio. precisamente neste ponto que as redes se cruzam (a do Unix e a do NT). esta a mquina que faz a interligao entre as redes, permitindo que ambas se vejam. Questo 11. Neste ponto do Guio, necessrio recorrer de novo ao comando Arp a por forma a identificar o endereo ETHERNET do router por defeito.
Arp -a indigoxz.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.33) at 8:0:69:7:67:2b o2video.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.35) at 8:0:69:5:bb:7a lablin1.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.36) at 8:0:0:52:36:7 labserver.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.49) at 0:60:8:1f:cd:67 lablin2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.51) at 0:0:e8:3d:be:5a ? (193.136.190.57) at 0:c0:7b:7b:d2:63 gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59) at 0:0:e8:49:89:bc fore-switch-eth.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.62) at 0:80:42:9:c:99
Com o resultado deste comando, sabendo ainda que o router por defeito tem o endereo IP 193.136.190.59 (como ficou provado na parte final da resposta questo 6), basta procur-lo na lista e verificar o que diz a ltima coluna da linha correspondente. Verifica-se que a linha do router por defeito , neste caso, a penltima. Assim sendo, o endereo Ethernet 0:0:e8:49:89:bc. Questo 12. semelhana do que foi feito na questo 8 (ainda em Ms-Dos), agora necessrio descrever as rotas configuradas no computador Unix. Para ser possvel faz-lo, necessrio obter informao com o comando netstat nr, tal como o foi naquela altura. O resultado ligeiramente diferente, dado que se trata de um equipamento diferente, como se pode ver no resultado do comando que se mostra a seguir:
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netstat -nr Routing tables Destination Interface 127.0.0.1 193.136.190.34 default 224.0.0.0 193.136.190.32
Gateway 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 193.136.190.59 193.136.190.34 193.136.190.34 UH UH UG U U
Flags 0 0 0 0 0
MTU 0 0 0 0 0
RTT RTTvar 0 0 0 0 0 1192 1126 60309 2616 26928
Use lo0 lo0 ec0 ec0 ec0
O conjunto de linhas que se encontra acima, permite concluir que existe duas rotas definidas para Host (UH), como sendo 127.0.0.1 e 193.136.190.34; uma rota definida por omisso (UG), como sendo 193.136.190.59; e, por fim, duas rotas de redes (U), como sendo 224.0.0.0 e 193.136.190.32. A primeira linha da tabela de rotas mostrada em cima, servir para quando o Computador estiver a trabalhar em modo local. Os recursos sero procurados no interior do prprio computador. A segunda linha, como se pode ver tem o Destination Interface igual ao Endereo de IP do computador actual. Esta linha servir para indicar camada IP que o endereo 193.136.190.34 o prprio computador. A terceira linha evidencia a configurao do router por defeito, ou seja, qualquer endereo desconhecido dever ser encaminhado para o endereo aqui especificado (193.136.190.59). As duas linhas seguintes identificam ambas rotas para redes IP. O endereo 224.0.0.0 identifica o endereo para rede IP multicast e a ltima linha especifica o endereo da prpria rede a que o computador pertence. Qualquer mensagem que seja dirigida a esta rede tambm entregue neste computador, independentemente de a ler ou rejeitar. Questo 13. Para fazer o levantamento de toda a informao relativa rede, tanto num computador (NT/Dos) com no outro (Unix), seria necessrio fazer o Ping aos endereos de broadcast de cada computador da rede por forma a acrescent-los tabela ARP. S desta forma, posteriormente com o comando arp a seria possvel obter a totalidade da informao sobre cada um dos computadores. No entanto, ao fazer o Ping aos endereos broadcast das redes, foi devolvido um erro, pelo que era necessrio proceder ao contacto directo computador a computador. Como, em princpio, existem 253 computadores ligados ao computador onde decorre o teste, seria um trabalho exaustivo, digitar um a um o comando Ping seguido do endereo respectivo. Para evitar esse trabalho exaustivo, criou-se um conjunto de ficheiros batch (Vizinhos.BAT, V2.BAT e V3.BAT) para o Ms-Dos. Estes ficheiros permitem obter toda a informao necessria De seguida so mostrados os contedos de cada ficheiro Batch.
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Vizinhos.BAT
Echo off for %%y in (0 1 2) do call v2 %%y arp a
V2.BAT
if %1==2 for %%y in (0 1 2 3 4 5) do call V3 %1%%y if %1==0 for %%y in (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) do call V3 if %1==1 for %%y in (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) do call V3 %1%%y
V3.BAT
if %1==25 for %%z in (0 1 2 3 4) do ping a 10.10.10.%1%%z if not %1==25 for %%z in (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) do ping a 10.10.10.%1%%z
O resultado obtido pela execuo dos ficheiros em Bacth do Ms-Dos encontra-se em anexo (Anexo III). No Unix, a programao em shell bastante mais verstil, permitindo obter todas as linhas com um s ficheiro (vizinhos). De qualquer forma, no computador Unix, o nmero de hosts na sua vizinhana directa bastante mais limitado devido mscara de rede inserida. Em ambos os sistemas operativos, pretende-se colocar os endereos de IP de cada computador (cujo endereo esteja dentro do aceitvel dentro da vizinhana do computador actual), um a um, na tabela ARP, para posterior consulta com o comando Arp -a. Em simultneo tambm feito o levantamento dos nomes DNS de cada endereo dentro do grupo possvel. Isto repete-se para Unix. S desta forma foi possvel em to pouco tempo realizar o levantamento completo. O Ficheiro Shell Script (Unix, tem o seguinte aspecto) Vizinhos
for i in 3 4 5 6 do for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 do ping c 1 193.136.190.$i$j nslookup 193.136.190.$i$j done done arp a
O resultado obtido pela execuo dos ficheiros em Shell Script do Unix, encontra-se em anexo (Anexo IV). Para alm de verificar os endereos de IP que se encontram em torno de ambos os computadores, tambm importante saber qual o caminho que percorrido at sair da rede o ISCTE, em direco internet. Para tal, foi utilizado o comando Tracert (em Dos) e Traceroute (em Unix), com um parmetro que consiste num endereo da internet. O resultado foi o seguinte:
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traceroute www.telepac.pt
traceroute to www.telepac.pt (194.65.79.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59) 2 ms (ttl=64!) 1 ms (ttl=64!) 1 ms (ttl=64!) 2 gtiscte.iscte.pt (193.136.188.254) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 3 193.136.5.254 (193.136.5.254) 595 ms 759 ms 1066 ms 4 ROUTER14.ATM0-0-0.3.Lisboa.rccn.net (193.136.1.190) 1080 ms 1072 ms 974 ms 5 ROUTER16.ATM3-0.3.Lisboa.rccn.net (193.136.1.1) 1084 ms (ttl=252!) 1248 ms (ttl=252!) * 6 PIX.telepac.pt (193.136.250.30) 990 ms (ttl=251!) 838 ms (ttl=251!) 1360 ms (ttl=251!) 7 194.65.12.157 (194.65.12.157) 719 ms (ttl=250!) 780 ms (ttl=250!) 995 ms (ttl=250!) 8 lcatrt1.telepac.net (213.13.135.105) 1153 ms (ttl=249!) 863 ms (ttl=249!) 973 ms (ttl=249!) 9 213.13.135.70 (213.13.135.70) 1125 ms (ttl=248!) 736 ms (ttl=248!) 1018 ms (ttl=248!) 10 * * *
Para tentar perceber como os computadores esto interligados (NT/Dos e Unix), utilizou-se o comando Tracert, por forma a que fossem desenhadas as rotas de um a outro. Neste caso, partindo no computador NT/Dos, executou-se o comando Tracert -h 10 193.136.190.34. A opo h 10, permite que ao 10 salto o computador desista de procurar o endereo indicado. O endereo IP indicado corresponde, exactamente, ao computador UNIX. O resultado foi o seguinte:
tracert -h 10 193.136.190.34 Tracing route to indy1.adetti.iscte.pt [193.136.190.34]over a maximum of 10 hops: 1 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms fwi.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.254] 2 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms gtalunos.iscte.pt [193.136.191.10] 3 * * * Request timed out. 4 * * * Request timed out. 5 * * * Request timed out. 6 * * * Request timed out. 7 * * * Request timed out. 8 * * * Request timed out. 9 * * * Request timed out. 10 * * * Request timed out. Trace complete.
Como possvel verificar, a partir do computador gtalunos.iscte.pt, no foi possvel passar. Da mesma forma, do lado do computador Unix foi executado o comando traceroute na direco do computador NT/Dos. O resultado foi o seguinte:
Traceroute 10.10.10.112 1 gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59) 2 ms (ttl=64!) (ttl=64!) 1 ms (ttl=64!) 2 gtiscte.iscte.pt (193.136.188.254) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 3 fwe.iscte.pt (193.136.191.9) 2 ms 1 ms 1 ms 4 10.10.10.112 (10.10.10.112) 1 ms (ttl=125!) 3 ms (ttl=125!) (ttl=125!)
ms
1 ms
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Questo 14. Por ltimo, resta agora desenhar, com smbolos prprios, a rede que foi levantada ao longo do guio, compilando toda a informao recolhida. Por se tratar de uma rede com uma dimenso to alargada, ser apresentado um esquema que inclu apenas alguns dos computadores encontrados na pesquisa anterior. A omisso destes equipamentos, tem como nico objectivo possibilitar a representao de uma maior diversidade de elementos, em detrimento da quantidade. A preocupao principal foi ilustrar os elementos mais importantes da rede (com funes especficas) e no a representao total da rede (facto que tornaria pouco legvel o diagrama). O resultado encontra-se no Anexo V.
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ANEXO I - Comandos Utilizados (Dos)
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1. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) a) Funo Mostra e modifica as tabelas de traduo dos endereos IP para fsicos utilizadas pelo protocolo de resoluo de endereos (ARP). b) Sintaxe do comando ARP -s end_inet end_fis [end_interf] ARP -d end_inet [end_interf] Arp -a [end_inet] [-N end_interf] c) Opes Mostra as entradas ARP actuais interrogando os actuais dados do protocolo. Se end_inet especificado, os endereos IP e fsicos apenas -a para o computador especificado so mostrados. Se mais que uma interface de rede usa ARP, as entradas de cada tabela ARP so mostradas. O mesmo que -a. -g Especifica um endereo Internet. end_inet Mostra as entradas ARP para a interface de rede especificada por -N end_interf end_interf. Adiciona o sistema anfitrio e associa o endereo Internet end_inet ao endereo fsico end_fis. O endereo fsico dado em 6 bytes -s hexadecimais separados por hfenes. A entrada permanente. Elimina o sistema anfitrio especificado por end_inet. -d Se presente, especifica o endereo Internet da interface cuja tabela de traduo devia ser modificada. Se no est presente, a primeira interface end_interf aplicvel ser utilizada. Especifica um endereo fsico. end_fis d) Resultado
Interface: 192.9.200.200 on Interface 0x2000003 Endereo Internet Endereo fsico Tipo 192.9.200.151 00-00-e8-69-a1-af dinmico
2. Ping a) Funo Mostra informao sobre o tempo de resposta de um determinado sistema na rede. b) Sintaxe do comando Ping [-t] [-a] [-n nmero] [-l tamanho] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r nmero] [-s nmero] [[-j lista de anfitrio] | [-k lista de anfitrio]] [-w tempo de espera] lista de destino
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c) Opes
-t -a -n nmero -l tamanho -f -i TTL -v TOS -r nmero -s nmero -j lista de anfitr. -k lista de anfitr. -w tempo de espera Espera eco do anfitrio especificado at ser interrompido. Para ver estatsticas e continuar prima Control-Break, para parar prima Control-C. Resolve endereos a nomes de anfitrio. Nmero de pedidos de eco a enviar. Tamanho de memria intermdia de envio. Determina que o pacote no seja fragmentado. Tempo de durao. Tipo de servio. Distribuio para esta quantidade de saltos. Data e hora para esta quantidade de saltos. Distribuio de origem lata na lista de anfitries. Distribuio origem restrita na lista de anfitries. Tempo de espera em milisegundos para cada resposta.
d) Resultado A enviar para 192.9.200.151 com 32 bytes de dados: Resposta de espera=128 Resposta de espera=128 Resposta de espera=128 Resposta de espera=128 192.9.200.151: bytes=32 tempo=1ms Tempo de 192.9.200.151: bytes=32 tempo<10ms Tempo de 192.9.200.151: bytes=32 tempo<10ms Tempo de 192.9.200.151: bytes=32 tempo=1ms Tempo de
Estatstica de 'Ping' para 192.9.200.151: Pacotes: Enviados = 4, Recebidos = 4, Perdidos = 0 (0% loss), Tempos aproximados de ida e volta em milissegundos: Mnimo = 0ms, Mximo = 1ms, Mdia = 0ms 3. Route a) Funo Manipula tabelas de atribuio de rede. b) Sintaxe do comando ROUTE [-f] [comando [destino] [MASK mscara] [porta de ligao] [METRIC mtrica]] c) Opes Limpa as tabelas de distribuio de todas as en da porta de ligao. Se for usado conjuntament -f um dos comandos, as tabelas so limpas antes do comando ser executado.
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Um de quatro: PRINT - Imprime um encaminhamento Comando ADD - Adiciona um encaminhamento DELETE - Elimina um encaminhamento CHANGE - Altera um encaminhamento existente Destino Especifica o anfitrio destino. MASK Especifica que o prximo parmetro o valor p Todos os nomes simblicos para este destino so consultados na base de dados NETWORKS da rede. Os nomes simblicos para a porta de ligao so consultados na base de dados HOSTS do anfitrio. Se o comando PRINT ou DELETE, devem ser usados caracteres universais para o destino e porta de ligao, ou o argumento da porta de ligao deve ser omitido. Exemplos: > route print > route ADD 157.0.0.0 MASK 255.0.0.0 157.55.80.1 METRIC 3 > route print > route delete 157.0.0.0 > route print Notas de diagnstico: MASK invlido gera um erro, isto , quando (DEST & MASK) != DEST. Exemplo> route ADD 157.0.0.0 MASK 155.0.0.0 157.55.80.1 Falhou a adio do encaminhamento: 87 Exemplos:
> route PRINT > route ADD 157.0.0.0 ^destino MASK 255.0.0.0 ^mscara 157.55.80.1 METRIC ^porta de lig. 3 ^mtrica
> route PRINT > route DELETE 157.0.0.0 > route PRINT d) Resultado Encaminhamentos activos:
Endereo de rede Mscara Endereo de porta de ligao Interface 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.9.200.201 192.9.200.200 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 192.9.200.0 255.255.255.0 192.9.200.200 192.9.200.200 192.9.200.200 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 192.9.200.255 255.255.255.255 192.9.200.200 192.9.200.200 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.9.200.200 192.9.200.200 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.9.200.200 0.0.0.0 Mtrica 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) a) Funo Estabelece uma ligao de um computador (onde se executa o comando) a outro (remoto), para transferencia de ficheiros entre ambos. b) Sintaxe do comando FTP [endereo IP | Nome DNS] c) Opes Endereo IP Nome DNS d) Resultado
Entrada em modo comando, para executar ordens prprias do interpretador do FTP: ! delete literal prompt send ? debug ls put status append dir mdelete pwd trace ascii disconnect mdir quit type bell get mget quote user binary glob mkdir recv verbose bye hash mls remotehelp cd help mput rename close lcd open rmdir
Nmero de identificao da mquina a que se pretende ligar. Nome pelo qual o computador conhecido na rede.
5. TELNET (File Transfer Protocol) a) Funo Estabelece uma ligao de um computador (onde se executa o comando) a outro (remoto), para execuo de comandos de modo a comandar a mquina distncia. b) Sintaxe do comando TELNET [endereo IP| Nome DNS] c) Opes Endereo IP Nome DNS d) Resultado
Entrada em modo comando na mquina de endereo IP especificado, para executar ordens como se estivesse sentado em frente ela.
Nmero de identificao da mquina a que se pretende ligar. Nome pelo qual o computador conhecido na rede.
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6. IPCONFIG a) Funo Configurao IP do Windows 98. b) Sintaxe do comando TELNET [endereo IP| Nome DNS] c) Opes /All /Batch [fich] /renew_all /release_all /renew N /release N d) Resultado
Configurao IP do Windows 98 0 Ethernet adapter : Endereo IP. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0 Mscara de sub-rede . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0 Porta de ligao predefinida. . : 1 Ethernet adapter : Endereo IP. . . . . . . . . : 192.9.200.200 Mscara de sub-rede . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Porta de ligao predefinida. . : 192.9.200.201
Mostra informaes detalhadas. Escreve num ficheiro ou ./WINIPCFG.OUT Renova todas as placas. Liberta todas as placas. Renova a placa N. Liberta a placa N.
em
7. TRACERT a) Funo Faz o rasteio dos ns percorridos para chegar ao contacto com um computador definido. b) Sintaxe do comando tracert [-d] [-h mximo_saltos] [-j lista_anfitries] [-w tempo de espera] nome_destino c) Opes
No resolver endereos para nomes de anfitries. -d -h mximo_de_saltos N. mximo de saltos para procurar o destino. Encaminhamento de origem lato pela lista de -j lista_anfitries anfitries. Aguardar 'tempo de espera' milisegundos por cada -w tempo de espera resposta.
d) Resultado
A rastear o encaminhamento para NOGUEIRO [192.9.200.151] at um mximo de 30 saltos:
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1 1 ms. <10 ms. Rasteio concludo.
1 ms.
NOGUEIRO [192.9.200.151]
8. NETSTAT a) Funo Mostra informao TCP/IP de rede. b) Sintaxe do comando

NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [intervalo]
sobre
as
ligaes
actuais
c) Opes -a Mostra todas as ligaes e portas de recepo. Mostra estatsticas Ethernet. Pode ser -e combinada com a opo -s Mostra endereos e nmeros de portas sob forma -n numrica. Mostra ligaes para o protocolo especificado por proto; proto deve ser TCP ou UDP. Se -p proto utilizada com a opo -s para mostrar estatsticas por protocolo, proto deve ser TCP, UDP, ou IP. -r Mostra a tabela de encaminhamento. Mostra estatsticas por protocolo. Por redefinio, as estatsticas so mostradas para -s TCP, UDP e IP; a opo -p pode ser utilizada para especificar um subconjunto do intervalo predefinido Volta a mostrar as estatsticas seleccionadas, esperando 'intervalo' segundos entre cada amostragem. Prima CTRL+C para parar intervalo esta amostragem das estatsticas. Se omitido, netstat imprimir uma vez a informao sobre a configurao actual. d) Resultado Ligaes activas Proto Estado 9. Nslookup a) Funo Mostra informao sobre o nome atribudo a um determinado IP no mbito do DNS (Domain Name Server). Endereo local Endereo externo
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b) Sintaxe do comando nslookup Endereo IP c) Opes Endereo IP d) Resultado

Default Server: socrates.students.iscte.pt Address: 10.10.10.2
Nmero de identificao da mquina a que se pretende ligar.
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ANEXO II - Comandos Utilizados (Unix)
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FTP
NAME ftp - Internet file transfer program SYNOPSIS ftp [ -v ] [ -d ] [ -i ] [ -n ] [ -g ] [ host ] DESCRIPTION Ftp is the user interface to the Internet standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. The client host with which ftp is to communicate may be specified on the command line. If this is done, ftp will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, ftp will enter its command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When ftp is awaiting commands from the user the prompt "ftp>" is provided to the user. The following commands are recognized by ftp: ! [ command [ args ] ] Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine. If there are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments. $ macro-name [ args ] Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed. account [ passwd ] Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode. append local-file [ remote-file ] Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used in naming the remote file after being altered by any ntrans or nmap setting. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure. ascii Set the file transfer type to network ASCII. This is the default type if ftp cannot determine the type of operating system running on the remote machine or the remote operating system is not UNIX. bell Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer command is completed. binary Set the file transfer type to support binary image transfer. This is the default type if ftp can determine that the remote machine is running UNIX. bye Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit ftp. end of file will also terminate the session and exit. An
case Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during mget commands. 30
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When case is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in upper case are written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lower case. cd remote-directory Change the working directory on the remote machine to remotedirectory. cdup Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the current remote machine working directory. chmod mode file-name Change the permission modes for the file file-name on the remote sytem to mode. close Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased. cr Toggle carriage return stripping during ascii type file retrieval. Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed sequence during ascii type file transfer. When cr is on (the default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to conform with the UNIX single linefeed record delimiter. Records on non-UNIX remote systems may contain single linefeeds; when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds may be distinguished from a record delimiter only when cr is off.
delete remote-file Delete the file remote-file on the remote machine. debug [ debug-value ] Toggle debugging mode. If an optional debug-value is specified it is used to set the debugging level. When debugging is on, ftp prints each command sent to the remote machine, preceded by the string "-->". dir [ remote-directory ] [ local-file ] Print a listing of the directory contents in the directory, remotedirectory, and, optionally, placing the output in local-file. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving dir output. If no directory is specified, the current working directory on the remote machine is used. If no local file is specified, or local-file is -, output comes to the terminal. disconnect A synonym for close. form format Set the file transfer form to format.
The default format is "file".
get remote-file [ local-file ] Retrieve the remote-file and store it on the local machine. If the local file name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine, subject to alteration by the current case, ntrans, and nmap settings. The current settings for type, form, mode, and structure are used while transferring the file. glob Toggle filename expansion for mdelete, mget and mput. If globbing is turned off with glob, the file name arguments are taken literally
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and not expanded.
Globbing for mput is done as in csh(1).
For on a name
mdelete and mget, each remote file name is expanded separately the remote machine and the lists are not merged. Expansion of directory name is likely to be different from expansion of the of an ordinary file: the exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server, and can be previewed by doing `mls remote-files -'. Note: mget and mput are not meant to transfer entire directory subtrees of files. That can be done transferring a tar(1) archive of the subtree (in binary mode).
by
hash Toggle hash-sign (#'') printing for each data block transferred. The size of a data block is 1024 bytes. help [ command ] Print an informative message about the meaning of command. If no argument is given, ftp prints a list of the known commands. idle [ seconds ] Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to seconds seconds. If seconds is omitted, the current inactivity timer is printed. lcd [ directory ] Change the working directory on the local machine. is specified, the user's home directory is used.
If no directory
ls [ remote-directory ] [ local-file ] Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote machine. The listing includes any system-dependent information that the server chooses to include; for example, most UNIX systems will produce output from the command "ls -lA". (See also nlist.) If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving ls output. If no local file is specified, or if localfile is -, the output is sent to the terminal. macdef macro-name Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro macroname; a null line (consecutive newline characters in a file or carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined until a close command is executed. The macro processor interprets '$' and '\' as special characters. A '$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line. A '$' followed by an 'i' signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass '$i' is replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line, on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on. A '\' followed by any character is replaced by that character. Use the '\' to prevent special treatment of the '$'. mdelete [ remote-files ] Delete the remote-files on the remote machine. mdir remote-files local-file Like dir, except multiple remote files may be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mdir
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output. mget remote-files Expand the remote-files on the remote machine and do a get for each file name thus produced. See glob for details on the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings. Files are transferred into the local working directory, which can be changed with `lcd directory'; new local directories can be created with `! mkdir directory'. mkdir directory-name Make a directory on the remote machine. mls remote-files local-file Like nlist, except multiple remote files may be specified, and the local-file must be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mls output. mode [ mode-name ] Set the file transfer mode to mode-name. "stream" mode.
The default mode is
modtime file-name Show the last modification time of the file on the remote machine. mput local-files Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do a put for each file in the resulting list. See glob for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings. newer file-name Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more recent that the file on the current system. If the file does not exist on the current system, the remote file is considered newer. Otherwise, this command is identical to get. nlist [ remote-directory ] [ local-file ] Print a list of the files of a directory on the remote machine. If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving nlist output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output is sent to the terminal. nmap [ inpattern outpattern ] Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If arguments are specified, local filenames are mapped during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. The mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern and outpattern. Inpattern is a template for incoming filenames (which may have already been processed according to the ntrans and case settings). Variable templating is accomplished by including the sequences '$1', '$2', ..., '$9' in inpattern. Use '\' to prevent this special treatment of the '$' character. All other characters are treated
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literally, and are used to determine the nmap inpattern variable values. For example, given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data", $1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value "data". The outpattern determines the resulting mapped filename. The sequences '$1', '$2', ., '$9' are replaced by any value resulting from the inpattern template. The sequence '$0' is replace by the original filename. Additionally, the sequence '[seq1,seq2]' is replaced by seq1 if seq1 is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by seq2. For example, the command "nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file]" would yield the output filename "myfile.data" for input filenames "myfile.data" and "myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input filename "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for the input filename ".myfile". Spaces may be included in outpattern, as in the example: nmap $1 |sed "s/ *$//" > $1 . Use the '\' character to prevent special treatment of the '$', '[', ']', and ',' characters. ntrans [ inchars [ outchars ] ] Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename character translation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, characters in remote filenames are translated during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If arguments are specified, characters in local filenames are translated during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. Characters in a filename matching a character in inchars are replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If the character's position in inchars is longer than the length of outchars, the character is deleted from the file name. open host [ port ] Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An optional port number may be supplied, in which case, ftp will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the auto-login option is on (default), ftp will also attempt to automatically log the user in to the FTP server (see below). prompt Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selectively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off (default is on), any mget or mput will transfer all files, and any mdelete will delete all files. proxy ftp-command Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connection. This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote ftp servers for transferring files between the two servers. The first proxy command should be an open, to establish the secondary control connection. Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other ftp commands executable on the secondary connection. The following commands behave differently when prefaced by proxy: open will not define new macros during the auto-login process, close will not erase existing macro definitions, get and mget transfer files from the host on the primary control connection to the host on the secondary control connection, and put, mput, and append transfer files from the host on the secondary control connection to the host on the primary control connection. Third party file transfers depend upon support of the ftp protocol PASV command by the server on the secondary control connection.
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put local-file [ remote-file ] Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used after processing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure. pwd Print the name of the current working directory on the remote machine.
quit A synonym for bye. quote arg1 arg2 ... The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server. recv remote-file [ local-file ] A synonym for get. reget remote-file [ local-file ] Reget acts like get, except that if local-file exists and is smaller than remote-file, local-file is presumed to be a partially transferred copy of remote-file and the transfer is continued from the apparent point of failure. This command is useful when transferring very large files over networks that are prone to dropping connections. remotehelp [ command-name ] Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name is specified it is supplied to the server as well. remotestatus [ file-name ] With no arguments, show status of remote machine. If file-name is specified, show status of file-name on remote machine. rename [ from ] [ to ] Rename the file from on the remote machine, to the file to. reset Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote ftp server. Resynchronization may be necessary following a violation of the ftp protocol by the remote server. restart marker Restart the immediately following get or put at the indicated marker. On UNIX systems, marker is usually a byte offset into the file. rmdir directory-name Delete a directory on the remote machine. runique Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames. If a file already exists with a name equal to the target local filename for a get or mget command, a ".1" is appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a ".2" is appended to the original name. If this process continues up to ".99", an error message is printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique filename will be reported. Note that
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runique will not affect local files generated from a shell command (see below). The default value is off. send local-file [ remote-file ] A synonym for put. sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp will attempt to use a PORT command when establishing a connection for each data transfer. The use of PORT commands can prevent delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, ftp will use the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for certain FTP implementations which do ignore PORT commands but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted. site arg1 arg2 ... The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server as a SITE command. size file-name Return size of file-name on remote machine. status Show the current status of ftp. struct [ struct-name ] Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. structure is used.
By default "stream"
sunique Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names. Remote ftp server must support ftp protocol STOU command for successful completion. The remote server will report unique name. Default value is off. system Show the type of operating system running on the remote machine. tenex Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines. trace Toggle packet tracing. type [ type-name ] Set the file transfer type to type-name. If no type is specified, the current type is printed. The default type is network ASCII. umask [ newmask ] Set the default umask on the remote server to newmask. is omitted, the current umask is printed.
If newmask
user user-name [ password ] [ account ] Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password is not specified and the server requires it, ftp will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an account field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted for it. If an account field is specified, an account command will
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be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for logging in. Unless ftp is invoked with "auto-login" disabled, this process is done automatically on initial connection to the FTP server. verbose Toggle server when a of the
verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP are displayed to the user. In addition, if verbose is on, file transfer completes, statistics regarding the efficiency transfer are reported. By default, verbose is on.
? [ command ] A synonym for help. Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote (") marks. ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually CtrlC). Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending a ftp protocol ABOR command to the remote server, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR processing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR command, an "ftp>" prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the requested file. The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when ftp has completed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server. A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including violations of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unexpected remote server behavior, the local ftp program must be killed by hand. FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS Files specified as arguments to ftp commands are processed according to the following rules. 1) If the file name "-" is specified, the stdin (for reading) or stdout (for writing) is used. If the first character of the file name is "|", the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. Ftp then forks a shell, using popen(3) with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from the stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argument must be quoted; e.g., ""| ls -lt"". A particularly useful example of this mechanism is: "dir |more". Failing the above checks, if globbing'' is enabled, names are expanded according to the rules used in the the glob command. If the ftp command expects a single (e.g., put), only the first filename generated by the operation is used. local file csh(1); c.f. local file "globbing"
2)
3)
4)
For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is the remote filename, which may be altered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then be altered if runique is on. For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file
5)
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names, the remote filename is the local filename, which may be altered by a ntrans or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then be altered by the remote server if sunique is on. FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may affect a file transfer. The type may be one of "ascii", "image" (binary), "ebcdic", and "local byte size" (for PDP-10's and PDP-20's mostly). Ftp supports the ascii and image types of file transfer, plus local byte size 8 for tenex mode transfers. Ftp supports only the default values for the remaining file transfer parameters: mode, form, and struct. OPTIONS Options may be specified at the shell command line. Several options can be enabled or disabled with ftp commands. The -v (verbose on) option forces ftp to show all responses from the remote server, as well as report on data transfer statistics. The -n option restrains ftp from attempting "auto-login" upon initial connection. If auto-login is enabled, ftp will check the .netrc file (see below) in the user's home directory for an entry describing an account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, ftp will prompt for the remote machine login name (default is the user identity on the local machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an account with which to login. The -i option turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. The -d option enables debugging. The -g option disables file name globbing. THE .netrc FILE The .netrc file contains login and initialization information used by the auto-login process. It resides in the user's home directory. The following tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces, tabs, or new-lines: machine name Identify a remote machine name. The auto-login process searches the .netrc file for a machine token that matches the remote machine specified on the ftp command line or as an open command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .netrc tokens are processed, stopping when the end of file is reached or another machine or a default token is encountered. default This is the same as machine name except that default matches any name. There can be only one default token, and it must be after all machine tokens. This is normally used as: default login anonymous password user@site thereby giving the user automatic anonymous ftp login to machines not specified in .netrc. This can be overridden by using the -n flag to disable auto-login. login name Identify a user on the remote machine.
If this token is present,
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the auto-login process will initiate a login using the specified name. password string Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. Note that if this token is present in the .netrc file for any user other than anonymous, ftp will abort the auto-login process if the .netrc is accessible by anyone besides the user (see below for the proper protection mode.) account string Supply an additional account password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires an additional account password, or the autologin process will initiate an ACCT command if it does not. Note that if this token is present in the .netrc file, ftp will abort the auto-login process if the .netrc is accessible by anyone besides the user (see below for the proper protection mode.) macdef name Define a macro. This token functions like the ftp macdef command functions. A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next .netrc line and continue until a null line (consecutive new-line characters) is encountered. If a macro named init is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process. The error message Error: .netrc file is readable by others. means the file is ignored by ftp because the file's password and/or account information is unprotected. Use chmod go-rwx .netrc to protect the file. SEE ALSO ftpd(1M) BUGS Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server. An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2BSD UNIX asciimode transfer code has been corrected. This correction may result in incorrect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2BSD servers using the ascii type. Avoid this problem by using the binary image type.
TRACEROUTE
NAME traceroute - print the route packets take to a network host SYNOPSIS /usr/etc/traceroute [ -g addr ] [ -l ] [ -m max_ttl ] [ -n ] [ -p port ] [ -q nqueries ] [ -r ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t tos ] [ -w waittime ] host [ datalen ] DESCRIPTION 39
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The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, connected by gateways. Tracking the route your packets follow (or finding the miscreant gateway that's discarding your packets) can be difficult. traceroute utilizes the IP protocol time-to-live'' (TTL) field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to some host. The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP address. The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes, but this may be increased by specifying the additional length (in bytes) after the destination host name. The options are: -g Enable the IP LSRR (Loose Source Record Route) option in addition to the TTL tests. This is useful for asking how somebody else, at addr, (either an IP address or a hostname) reaches a particular target. Print the value of the TTL field in each received packet (this can be used to help detect asymmetric routing). Set the maximum time-to-live (maximum number of hops) used in outgoing probe packets. The default is 30 hops. Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically (saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each gateway found on the path). Set the base UDP port number used in probes (default is 33434). traceroute hopes that nothing is listening on UDP ports base to base+nhops-1 at the destination host (so an ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE message will be returned to terminate the route tracing). If something is listening on a port in the default range, this option can be used to pick an unused port range. Set the number of probe packets to send. The default is 3 packets. Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network. If the host is not on a directly attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no route through it (for example, after the interface was dropped by routed(1M)). Use the following IP address (which must be given as a number, not a hostname) as the source address in outgoing probe packets. On hosts with more than one IP address, this option can be used to force the source address to be something other than the IP address of the interface the probe packet is sent on. If the IP address is not one of this machine's interface addresses, an error is returned and nothing is sent. Set the type-of-service (TOS) in probe packets to the following value (default zero). The value must be a decimal integer in the range 0 to 255. This option can be used to see if different typesof-service result in different paths. Not all values of TOS are legal or meaningful: see the IP RFC for definitions. Useful values are probably -t 16 (low delay) and -t 8 (high throughput). Verbose output. Received ICMP packets other than TIME_EXCEEDED and PORT_UNREACHABLEs are listed.
-l
-m
-n
-p
-q -r
-s
-t
-v
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-w
Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe (default is 3 seconds).
This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some Internet host by launching UDP probe packets with a small TTL then, listening for an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED reply from a gateway. The probes begin with a TTL of one and increase by one until an ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE message is received, which means we got to host'' or hit the maximum (which defaults to 30 hops but can be changed with the -m flag). Three probes (changed with -q flag) are sent at each TTL setting and a line is printed showing the TTL, address of the gateway and round trip time of each probe. If the probe answers come from different gateways, the address of each responding system will be printed. If there is no response within a 3-second timeout interval (changed with the -w flag), a *'' is printed for that probe. So that the destination host will not process the UDP probe packets, the destination port is set to an unlikely value. If someone on the destination is using that value, it can be changed with the -p flag. A sample use and output might be: % traceroute nis.nsf.net. traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hops max, 56 byte packet 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nic.merit.edu (35.1.1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms Notice that lines 2 and 3 are the same because of a buggy kernel on the second hop system - lbl-csam.arpa - that forwards packets with a zero TTL (a bug in the distributed version of 4.3BSD). You have to guess what path the packets are taking cross-country since the NSFNet (129.140) doesn't supply address-to-name translations for its NSSes. A more interesting example is: % traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. traceroute to allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 hops max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 20 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * * 15 * * *
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16 * * * 17 * * * 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26.0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms Notice that the gateways 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 hops away either don't send ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED messages or send them with a TTL too small to reach us. 14 - 17 are running the MIT C Gateway code that doesn't send TIME_EXCEEDEDs. The silent gateway 12 in the above example may be the result of a bug in the 4.[23]BSD network code (and its derivatives): 4.x (x <= 3) sends an unreachable message using whatever TTL remains in the original datagram. Since, for gateways, the remaining TTL is zero, the ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED is guaranteed to not make it back to us. The behavior of this bug is slightly more interesting when it appears on the destination system: % traceroute rip.berkeley.edu 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 csgw.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * 10 * * * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms ! 39 ms ! 39 ms ! Notice of the 12 gateways'' (13 is the final destination), exactly the half of them are missing''. In this example, rip, a Sun-3 running Sun OS3.5, is using the TTL from the arriving datagram as the TTL in its ICMP reply. The reply will then time out on the return path, with no notice sent to anyone since ICMP packets aren't sent for ICMP packets, until we probe with a TTL that's at least twice the path length - that is, rip is really only 7 hops away. A reply that returns with a TTL of 1 is a clue this problem exists. Traceroute prints a !'' after the time if the TTL is <= 1. Since some vendors ship obsolete or nonstandard software, expect to see this problem frequently and/or take care selecting the target host of your probes. Other possible annotations after the time are !H, !N, !P (got a host, network or protocol unreachable, respectively), !S or !F (source route failed or fragmentation needed - neither of these should ever occur, and the associated gateway is broken if you see one). If almost all the probes result in some kind of unreachable, traceroute will give up and exit. (ttl=n!) indicates that the TTL value in the ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED packet that we received was "unexpected". What we expect is that the value will be (some initial value - the number of routers between us). In other words, if the path from hop 5 to us is the same as the path from us to hop 5, we expect to receive a TTL value of (some initial value - 4). Unfortunately, there are several common "initial value"s for ICMP TTLs. The most common are 255, 60, 59, 30, 29. (IRIX, 4.3BSD-tahoe and cisco routers use 255, Proteon routers use either 59 or 29 depending on software release, several other implementations use 60 and 30.) Traceroute checks against all of these, making it hard to detect some "off by one" routing asymmetries. If you want to see all the TTL values in all the packets, use the -l option.
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For example, % traceroute -g 10.3.0.5 128.182.0.0 will show the path from the Cambridge Mailbridge to PSC while % traceroute -g 192.5.146.4 -g 10.3.0.5 35.0.0.0 shows how the Cambridge Mailbrige reaches Merit, by using PSC to reach the Mailbridge. This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement, and management. It should be used primarily for manual fault isolation. It is unwise to use traceroute during normal operations or from automated scripts due to the load it could impose on the network. AUTHORS Van Jacobson, Steve Deering, C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver, and Ken Adelman. SEE ALSO netstat(1), ping(1M)
ARP
NAME arp - address resolution display and control SYNOPSIS arp arp arp arp arp
hostname -a [ unix ] [ kmem ] -d hostname -s hostname ether_addr [ temp ] [ pub ] [ trail ] -f filename
DESCRIPTION The arp program displays and modifies the Internet-to-Ethernet address translation tables used by the address resolution protocol (arp(7P)). With no flags, the program displays the current ARP entry for hostname. The host may be specified by name or by number, using Internet dot notation. With the -a flag, the program displays all of the current ARP entries by reading the table from the file kmem (default /dev/kmem) based on the kernel file unix (default /unix). With the -d flag, a super-user may delete an entry for the host called hostname. The -s flag is given to create an ARP entry for the host called hostname with the Ethernet address ether_addr. The Ethernet address is given as six hex bytes separated by colons. The entry will be permanent unless the word temp is given in the command. If the word pub is given, the entry will be "published"; i.e., this system will act as an ARP server, responding to requests for hostname even though the host address is not its own. The word trail indicates that trailer encapsulations may be sent to this host. The -f flag causes the file filename to be read and multiple entries to be set in the ARP tables. Entries in the file should be of the form hostname ether_addr [ temp ] [ pub ] [ trail ] with argument meanings as given above. 43
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EXAMPLES Command lines are followed by the output. A completed successful entry: # arp moose moose (192.26.72.5) at 8:0:69:2:24:3e A completed successful entry which is marked "permanent" and "published": # arp rainbow rainbow (192.26.72.3) at 8:0:69:2:4:94 permanent published An incomplete entry: # arp ender ender (192.26.72.246) at (incomplete) A non-existent entry: # arp foobar foobar (192.26.72.1) -- no entry SEE ALSO inet(7P), arp(7P), ifconfig(1M) ARP is a protocol used to dynamically map between DARPA Internet and 10Mb/s Ethernet addresses. It is used by all the 10Mb/s Ethernet interface drivers. It is not specific to Internet protocols or to 10Mb/s Ethernet, but this implementation currently supports only that combination. ARP caches Internet-Ethernet address mappings. When an interface requests a mapping for an address not in the cache, ARP queues the message which requires the mapping and broadcasts a message on the associated network requesting the address mapping. If a response is provided, the new mapping is cached and any pending message is transmitted. Each address mapping has a timer associated with it and completed address mappings are aged after 20 minutes. The timer is reset each time the address mapping is updated by a SIOCSARP ioctl call or by sending a packet to the Internet address to which the mapping belongs. This timer value is not configurable. ARP will queue at most one packet while waiting for a mapping request to be responded to; only the most recently transmitted'' packet is kept. To facilitate communications with systems which do not use ARP, ioctls are provided to enter and delete entries in the Internet-to-Ethernet tables. Usage: #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <net/if.h> struct arpreq arpreq; ioctl(s, SIOCSARP, (caddr_t)&arpreq); ioctl(s, SIOCGARP, (caddr_t)&arpreq); ioctl(s, SIOCDARP, (caddr_t)&arpreq); Each ioctl takes the same structure as an argument. SIOCSARP sets an ARP entry, SIOCGARP gets an ARP entry, and SIOCDARP deletes an ARP entry.
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These ioctls may be applied to any socket descriptor s, but only by the super-user. The arpreq structure contains: /* ARP ioctl request */ struct arpreq { struct sockaddr arp_pa; /* protocol address */ struct sockaddr arp_ha; /* hardware address */ int arp_flags; /* flags */ }; /* arp_flags field values */ #define ATF_COM 0x02 #define ATF_PERM 0x04 #define ATF_PUBL 0x08 #define ATF_USETRAILERS
/* completed entry (arp_ha valid) */ /* permanent entry */ /* publish (respond for other host) */ 0x10 /* send trailer packets to host */
The address family for the arp_pa sockaddr must be AF_INET; for the arp_ha sockaddr it must be AF_UNSPEC. The only flag bits which may be written are ATF_PERM, ATF_PUBL and ATF_USETRAILERS. ATF_PERM causes the entry to be permanent if the ioctl call succeeds. The peculiar nature of the ARP tables may cause the ioctl to fail if more than 8 (permanent) Internet host addresses hash to the same slot. ATF_PUBL specifies that the ARP code should respond to ARP requests for the indicated host coming from other machines. This allows a host to act as an ARP server,'' which may be useful in convincing an ARP-only machine to talk to a nonARP machine. ARP is also used to negotiate the use of trailer IP encapsulations; trailers are an alternate encapsulation used to allow efficient packet alignment for large packets despite variable-sized headers. Hosts which wish to receive trailer encapsulations so indicate by sending gratuitous ARP translation replies along with replies to IP requests; they are also sent in reply to IP translation replies. The negotiation is thus fully symmetrical, in that either or both hosts may request trailers. The ATF_USETRAILERS flag is used to record the receipt of such a reply, and enables the transmission of trailer packets to that host. ARP watches passively for hosts impersonating the local host (i.e. a host which responds to an ARP mapping request for the local host's address). DIAGNOSTICS The following messages can appear on the console: arp: host with ether address %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x is using my IP address x.x.x.x ARP has discovered another host on the local network which responds to mapping requests for its own Internet address. arp: ether address is broadcast for IP address x.x.x.x ARP has discovered another host on the local network which maps that host's IP address onto the ethernet broadcast address.
SEE ALSO inet(7F), arp(1M), ifconfig(1M), intro(3) An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol,'' RFC826, Dave Plummer, Network Information Center, SRI. Trailer Encapsulations,'' RFC893, S.J. Leffler and M.J. Karels, Network Information Center, SRI. BUGS ARP packets on the Ethernet use only 42 bytes of data; however, the
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smallest legal Ethernet packet is 60 bytes (not including CRC). systems may not enforce the minimum packet size, others will.
Some
NSLOOKUP(1C)
NAME nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively SYNOPSIS nslookup [ -option ... ] [ host-to-find | - [ server ]] DESCRIPTION Nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers. Nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain.
ARGUMENTS Interactive mode is entered in the following cases: a) b) when no arguments are given (the default name server will be used), when the first argument is a hyphen (-) and the second argument is the host name or Internet address of a name server.
Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. The optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a name server. The options listed under the set'' command below can be specified in the .nslookuprc file in the user's home directory if they are listed one per line. Options can also be specified on the command line if they precede the arguments and are prefixed with a hyphen. For example, to change the default query type to host information, and the initial timeout to 10 seconds, type: nslookup -query=hinfo -timeout=10 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS Commands may be interrupted at any time by typing a control-C. To exit, type a control-D (EOF) or type exit. The command line length must be less than 256 characters. To treat a built-in command as a host name, precede it with an escape character (\). N.B. an unrecognized command will be interpreted as a host name. host [server] Look up information for host using the current default server or using server if specified. If host is an Internet address and the query type is A or PTR, the name of the host is returned. If host is a name and does not have a trailing period, the default domain name is appended to the name. (This behavior depends on the state of the set options domain, srchlist, defname, and search). To look up a host not in the current domain, append a period to the name. server domain lserver domain Change the default server to domain. Lserver uses the initial server to look up information about domain while server uses the current 46
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default server. If an authoritative answer can't be found, the names of servers that might have the answer are returned.
root Changes the default server to the server for the root of the domain name space. Currently, the host ns.internic.net is used. (This command is a synonym for lserver ns.internic.net.) The name of the root server can be changed with the set root command.
finger [name] [> filename] finger [name] [>> filename] Connects with the finger server on the current host. The current host is defined when a previous lookup for a host was successful and returned address information (see the set querytype=A command). Name is optional. > and >> can be used to redirect output in the usual manner.
ls [option] domain [> filename] ls [option] domain [>> filename] List the information available for domain, optionally creating or appending to filename. The default output contains host names and their Internet addresses. Option can be one of the following: -t querytype lists all records of the specified type (see querytype below). -a -d -h lists aliases of hosts in the domain. synonym for -t lists all records for the domain. synonym for -t CNAME.
ANY.
lists CPU and operating system information for the domain. synonym for -t HINFO. lists well-known services of hosts in the domain. -t WKS. synonym for
-s
When output is directed to a file, hash marks are printed for every 50 records received from the server. view filename Sorts and lists the output of previous ls command(s) with more(1). help ? Prints a brief summary of commands.
exit Exits the program.
set keyword[=value] This command is used to change state information that affects the lookups. Valid keywords are: all Prints the current values of the frequently-used options to set. Information about the current default server and host is also printed.
class=value
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Change the query class to one of: IN CHAOS HESIOD ANY the Internet class. the Chaos class. the MIT Athena Hesiod class. wildcard (any of the above).
The class specifies the protocol group of the information. (Default = IN, abbreviation = cl) [no]debug Turn debugging mode on. A lot more information is printed about the packet sent to the server and the resulting answer. (Default = nodebug, abbreviation = [no]deb) [no]d2 Turn exhaustive debugging mode on. every packet are printed. (Default = nod2)
Essentially all fields of
domain=name Change the default domain name to name. The default domain name is appended to a lookup request depending on the state of the defname and search options. The domain search list contains the parents of the default domain if it has at least two components in its name. For example, if the default domain is CC.Berkeley.EDU, the search list is CC.Berkeley.EDU and Berkeley.EDU. Use the set srchlist command to specify a different list. Use the set all command to display the list. (Default = value from hostname, /usr/etc/resolv.conf or LOCALDOMAIN, abbreviation = do) srchlist=name1/name2/... Change the default domain name to name1 and the domain search list to name1, name2, etc. A maximum of 6 names separated by slashes (/) can be specified. For example, set srchlist=lcs.MIT.EDU/ai.MIT.EDU/MIT.EDU sets the domain to lcs.MIT.EDU and the search list to the three names. This command overrides the default domain name and search list of the set domain command. Use the set all command to display the list. (Default = value based on hostname, /usr/etc/resolv.conf or LOCALDOMAIN, abbreviation = srchl) [no]defname If set, append the default domain name to a single-component lookup request (i.e., one that does not contain a period). (Default = defname, abbreviation = [no]def) [no]search If the lookup request contains at least one period but doesn't end with a trailing period, append the domain names in the domain search list to the request until an answer is received. (Default = search, abbreviation = [no]sea) port=value Change the default TCP/UDP name server port to value. (Default = 53, abbreviation = po)
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querytype=value type=value Change the type of information query to one of: A CNAME HINFO MINFO MX NS PTR the host's Internet address. the canonical name for an alias. the host CPU and operating system type. the mailbox or mail list information. the mail exchanger. the name server for the named zone. the host name if the query is an Internet address, otherwise the pointer to other information. the domain's start-of-authority'' information. the text information. the user information. the supported well-known services.
SOA TXT UINFO WKS
Other types (ANY, AXFR, MB, MD, MF, NULL) are described in the RFC-1035 document. (Default = A, abbreviations = q, ty) [no]recurse Tell the name server to query other servers if it does not have the information. (Default = recurse, abbreviation = [no]rec) retry=number Set the number of retries to number. When a reply to a request is not received within a certain amount of time (changed with set timeout), the timeout period is doubled and the request is resent. The retry value controls how many times a request is resent before giving up. (Default = 4, abbreviation = ret) root=host Change the name of the root server to host. This affects the root command. (Default = ns.internic.net., abbreviation = ro) timeout=number Change the initial timeout interval for waiting for a reply to number seconds. Each retry doubles the timeout period. (Default = 5 seconds, abbreviation = ti) [no]vc Always use a virtual circuit when sending requests to the server. (Default = novc, abbreviation = [no]v) [no]ignoretc
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Ignore packet truncation errors. (Default = noignoretc, abbreviation = [no]ig) DIAGNOSTICS If the lookup request was not successful, an error message is printed. Possible errors are: Timed out The server did not respond to a request after a certain amount of time (changed with set timeout=value) and a certain number of retries (changed with set retry=value). No response from server No name server is running on the server machine. No records The server does not have resource records of the current query type for the host, although the host name is valid. The query type is specified with the set querytype command. Non-existent domain The host or domain name does not exist. Connection refused Network is unreachable The connection to the name or finger server could not be made at the current time. This error commonly occurs with ls and finger requests. Server failure The name server found an internal inconsistency in its database and could not return a valid answer. Refused The name server refused to service the request. Format error The name server found that the request packet was not in the proper format. It may indicate an error in nslookup.
FILES /usr/etc/resolv.conf $HOME/.nslookuprc /usr/bsd/nslookup.help ENVIRONMENT HOSTALIASES LOCALDOMAIN initial domain name and name server addresses. user's initial options. summary of commands.
file containing host aliases. overrides default domain.
SEE ALSO resolver(3), resolver(4), named(1M), RFC-1034 ''Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities''
PING
NAME ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
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SYNOPSIS /usr/etc/ping [-dfnqrvRL] [-c count] [-s size] [-l preload] [-i interval] [-p pattern] [-T ttl] [-I addr] host DESCRIPTION Ping is a tool for network testing, measurement and management. It utilizes the ICMP protocol's ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by an 8-byte timestamp, and then an arbitrary number of pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet. The host can be the name of a host or its Internet address. are: The options
-c count Stop after sending (and receiving) count ECHO_RESPONSE packets. -d -f Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. Flood ping. Outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is more. (The repetition rate can be adjusted with the -i option.) For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period '.' is printed, while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed. This provides a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped. This can be extremely stressful on a network and should be used with caution.
-i interval Wait interval seconds between sending each packet. The default is to wait for one second between each packet, except when the -f option is used when the default is 0.01 second. -l preload Send preload packets as fast as possible before falling into the normal mode of behavior. -n Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names for host addresses. Useful if your name server is flaky or for hosts not in the database.
-p pattern You may specify up to 16 pad'' bytes to fill out the packet you send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a network. For example, -p ff'' will cause the sent packet to be filled with all ones. -q Quiet output. termination. Nothing is displayed except the summary line on
-r
Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no route through it (e.g., after the interface was dropped by routed(1M)).
-s size Send datagrams containing size bytes of data. The default is 56, which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with the 8 bytes of ICMP header data. The maximum allowed value is 65468 bytes.
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-v
Verbose output. ICMP packets other than ECHO RESPONSE that are received are listed.
-I interface Send multicast datagrams on the network interface specified by the interface's hostname or IP address. -L When sending to a multicast destination address, don't loop the datagram back to ourselves. Record packet the IP ignore Route. Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in the ECHO_REQUEST and displays the route buffer on returned packets. Note that header is only large enough for six such routes. Many hosts or discard this option.
-R
-T ttl Changes the default time-to-live for datagrams sent to a multicast address. Ping should be used primarily for manual fault isolation. Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is unwise to use ping during normal operations or from automated scripts. When using ping for fault isolation, it should first be run on the local host, to verify that the local network interface is up and running. Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be pinged''. Ping continually sends one datagram per second, and prints one line of output for every ECHO_RESPONSE returned. On a trusted system with IP Security Options enabled, if the network idiom is not MONO, ping also prints a second line containing the hexadecimal representation of the IP security option in the ECHO_RESPONSE. If the -c count option is given, only that number of requests is sent. No output is produced if there is no response. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. If duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet loss calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used in calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers. When the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or if the program is terminated with an interrupt (SIGINT), a brief summary is displayed. When not using the -f (flood) option, the first interrupt, usually generated by control-C or DEL, causes ping to wait for its outstanding requests to return. It will wait no longer than the longest round trip time encountered by previous, successful pings. The second interrupt stops ping immediately. DETAILS An IP header without options in 20 bytes. An ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet contains an additional 8 bytes worth of ICMP header followed by an arbitrary amount of data. When a packetsize is given, this indicated the size of this extra piece of data (the default is 56). Thus the amount of data received inside of an IP packet of type ICMP ECHO_REPLY will always be 8 bytes more than the requested data space (the ICMP header). If the data space is at least eight bytes large, ping uses the first eight bytes of this space to include a timestamp which it uses in the computation of round trip times. If less than eight bytes of pad are specified, no round trip times are given. DUPLICATE AND DAMAGED PACKETS Ping will report duplicate and damaged packets. Duplicate packets should never occur, and seem to be caused by inappropriate link-level
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retransmissions. Duplicates may occur in many situations and are rarely (if ever) a good sign, although the presence of low levels of duplicates may not always be cause for alarm. Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often indicate broken hardware somewhere in the ping packet's path (in the network or in the hosts). TRYING DIFFERENT DATA PATTERNS The (inter)network layer should never treat packets differently depending on the data contained in the data portion. Unfortunately, data-dependent problems have been known to sneak into networks and remain undetected for long periods of time. In many cases the particular pattern that will have problems is something that doesn't have sufficient transitions'', such as all ones or all zeros, or a pattern right at the edge, such as almost all zeros. It isn't necessarily enough to specify a data pattern of all zeros (for example) on the command line because the pattern that is of interest is at the data link level, and the relationship between what you type and what the controllers transmit can be complicated. This means that if you have a data-dependent problem you will probably have to do a lot of testing to find it. If you are lucky, you may manage to find a file that either can't be sent across your network or that takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files. You can then examine this file for repeated patterns that you can test using the -p option of ping. TTL DETAILS The TTL value of an IP packet represents the maximum number of IP routers that the packet can go through before being thrown away. In current practice you can expect each router in the Internet to decrement the TTL field by exactly one. The TCP/IP specification says that the TTL field for TCP packets should be set to 60, but many systems use smaller values (IRIX and 4.3BSD use 30, 4.2BSD used 15). The maximum possible value of this field is 255, and most Unix systems set the TTL field of ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to 255. This is why you will find you can ping'' some hosts, but not reach them with telnet or ftp. In normal operation ping prints the ttl value from the packet it receives. When a remote system receives a ping packet, it can do one of three things with the TTL field in its response: +o Not change it; this is what Berkeley Unix systems did before the 4.3BSD-tahoe release. In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the round-trip path. +o Set it to 255; this is what IRIX and current Berkeley Unix systems do. In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the path from the remote system to the pinging host. +o Set it to some other value. Some machines use the same value for ICMP packets that they use for TCP packets, for example either 30 or 60. Others may use completely wild values. BUGS Many Hosts and Gateways ignore the RECORD_ROUTE option.
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The maximum IP header length is too small for options like RECORD_ROUTE to be completely useful. There's not much that can be done about this, however. Flood pinging is not recommended in general, and flood pinging the broadcast address should only be done under very controlled conditions. The record-route option does not work with hosts using network code derived from 4.3BSD. SEE ALSO netstat(1), ifconfig(1M), routed(1M)
NVRAM
NAME nvram, sgikopt - get or set non-volatile RAM variable(s) SYNOPSIS nvram [-v] [name [value]] sgikopt [name...] DESCRIPTION Nvram may be used to set or print the values of non-volatile RAM variables. If name is specified, nvram prints the corresponding value. If value is specified and name is defined in non-volatile RAM, nvram replaces name's definition string with value. The -v option causes nvram to print a line of the form name=value after getting or setting the named variable. When invoked with no arguments, all known variables are displayed in the name=value form. If invoked as sgikopt, more than one name may be given. Names that do not match known variables are ignored. The exit status is 1 if any arguments don't match, and 0 otherwise. NOTES Non-volatile RAM contains a small set of well-known strings at fixed offsets. Nvram may not be used to define new variables. Only the super-user may set variables. The term "Non-volatile RAM" is somewhat misleading, because some variables are placed only in volatile RAM, and will be reset on power-up. Different models have different mixes of volatile and non-volatile variables. DIAGNOSTICS If an attempt to get or set a variable fails for any reason, nvram prints an appropriate message on standard error and exits with non-zero status. Not all machines support the ability to change the contents of nonvolatile memory with the nvram command. To change the contents of nonvolatile memory on those machines you must use the PROM monitor setenv command. SEE ALSO sgikopt(2), syssgi(2), prom(1m)
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IFCONFIG
NAME ifconfig - configure network interface parameters SYNOPSIS /usr/etc/ifconfig interface address_family [ address [ dest_address ] ] [ parameters ] /usr/etc/ifconfig interface [ protocol_family ] DESCRIPTION Ifconfig is used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters. Ifconfig is invoked at boot time from /etc/init.d/network to define the network address of each interface present on a machine; you may also use it once the system is up to redefine an interface's address or other operating parameters. The interface parameter is a string of the form name unit'', e.g., enp0''. (The -i option to netstat(1) displays the interfaces on the machine.) Since an interface may receive transmissions in differing protocols, each of which may require separate naming schemes, it is necessary to specify the address_family, which may change the interpretation of the remaining parameters. Currently, just the inet'' address family is supported. For the Internet family, the address is either an Internet address expressed in the Internet standard dot notation'' (see inet(3N)), or a host name present in the hosts(4) file, /etc/hosts. (Other hosts databases, such as named and NIS, are ignored.) Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface. The following parameters may be set with ifconfig: up Mark an interface up''. This may be used to enable an interface after an ifconfig down.'' It happens automatically when setting the first address on an interface. If the interface was reset when previously marked down, the hardware will be re-initialized. Mark an interface down''. When an interface is marked down'', the system will not attempt to transmit messages through that interface. If possible, the interface will be reset to disable reception as well. This action does not automatically disable routes using the interface. Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol in mapping between network level addresses and link level addresses (default). This is currently implemented for mapping between Internet addresses and 10Mb/s Ethernet addresses. Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol. Establish an additional network address for this interface. This can be useful in permitting a single physical interface to accept packets addressed to several different addresses such as when one is changing network numbers, and one wishes to accept packets addressed to the old interface. The 'broadcast' and 'netmask' options may be used in conjunction with the 'alias' option. When using
down
arp
-arp alias addr
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aliases one may have to change the configuration of routed especially if aliases are on different networks than the primary address. Aliases are added as host entries in the routing tables for routed. See (routed(1m)) for more information on this. -alias|delete addr Deletes a previously added alias. metric n Set the routing metric of the The routing metric is used by (routed(1m)). Higher metrics route less favorable; metrics to the destination network or interface to n, default 0. the routing protocol have the effect of making a are counted as addition hops host.
netmask mask
Specify how much of the address to reserve for subdividing networks into sub-networks. The mask includes the network part of the local address and the subnet part, which is taken from the host field of the address. The mask can be specified as a single hexadecimal number with a leading 0x, with a dot-notation Internet address, or with a pseudo-network name listed in the network table networks(4). The mask contains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are to be used for the network and subnet parts, and 0's for the host part. The mask should contain at least the standard network portion, and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network portion.
broadcast addr Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts to the network. The default broadcast address is the address with a host part of all 1's. dest_addr Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end of a point-to-point link. Enable driver-dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on extra console error logging. Disable driver-dependent debugging code.
debug
-debug
Ifconfig displays the current configuration for a network interface when no optional parameters are supplied. If a protocol family is specified, ifconfig will report only the details specific to that protocol family. NOTE Network interfaces on the IRIS-4D can only receive and not send packets that use trailer'' link-level encapsulation. Therefore, ifconfig does not accept the trailers parameter. DIAGNOSTICS Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the requested address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and tried to alter an interface's configuration. FILES /etc/hosts host-address database /etc/config/ifconfig-?.options site-specific options (1 file per interface)
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SEE ALSO netstat(1), network(1M)
NETSTAT
NAME netstat - show network status SYNOPSIS netstat netstat netstat netstat netstat
[ -Aanu ] [ -f address_family ] [ system ] [ core ] [ -imnqrsM ] [ -f address_family ] [ system ] [ core ] [ -n ] [ -I interface ] interval [ system ] [ core ] -C [ -n ] [ interval ] [ system ] [ -p protocol ] [ system ] [ core ]
DESCRIPTION The netstat command symbolically displays the contents of various network-related data structures. There are a number of output formats, depending on the options for the information presented. The first form of the command displays a list of active sockets for each protocol. The second form presents the contents of one of the other network data structures according to the option selected. Using the third form, with an interval specified, netstat will continuously display the information regarding packet traffic on the configured network interfaces. The fourth form displays statistics about the named protocol. The options have the following meaning: -A With the default display, show the address of any protocol control blocks associated with sockets; used for debugging. With the default display, show the state of all sockets; normally sockets used by server processes are not shown. With the default display, on systems supporting IP security options, show the mandatory and discretionary access control attributes associated with sockets. These consist of a mandatory access control label, printed at the beginning of each line, and a socket uid and acl, printed at the end of each line. (For AF_INET sockets only, a second mandatory access control label, SndLabel, is also shown. SndLabel is a copy of the label in the u_area.) On systems not supporting IP security options, -l is silently ignored. Display the contents of several of the other formats in dynamic "full-screen" forms. Many of the values can be displayed as simple totals (r or "reset"), changes during the previous interval (d or "delta"), or changes since a fix moment (z or "zero"). Show the state of interfaces which have been auto-configured (interfaces statically configured into a system, but not located at boot time are not shown). When -a is also present, show all addresses (unicast, multicast and link-level) associated with each interface. Show the information for -i with the number of packets currently in the output queue, the queue size, and the number of dropped packets due to a full queue.
-a
-l
-C
-i
-iq
-I interface Show information only about this interface; used with an interval as 57
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described below. -m Show statistics recorded by the memory management routines (the network manages a private pool of memory buffers). Show network addresses as numbers (normally netstat interprets addresses and attempts to display them symbolically). This option may be used with any of the display formats.
-n
-p protocol Show statistics about protocol, which is either a well-known name for a protocol or an alias for it. Some protocol names and aliases are listed in the file /etc/protocols. A null response typically means that there are no interesting numbers to report. The program will complain if protocol is unknown or if there is no statistics routine for it. (This includes counting packets for the HELO routing protocol as unknown.) -s -r Show per-protocol statistics. Show the routing tables. statistics instead. When -s is also present, show routing
-M
Show the kernel multicast routing tables. When -s is also present, show multicast routing statistics instead.
-f address_family Limit statistics or address control block reports to those of the specified address family. The following address families are recognized: inet, for AF_INET, and unix, for AF_UNIX. (ns, for AF_NS is not currently supported.) -u A synonym for -f unix.
The arguments, system and core allow substitutes for the defaults /unix'' and /dev/kmem''. The default display, for active sockets, shows the local and remote addresses, send and receive queue sizes (in bytes), protocol, and the internal state of the protocol. Address formats are of the form host.port'' or network.port'' if a socket's address specifies a network but no specific host address. When known the host and network addresses are displayed symbolically according to the data bases /etc/hosts and /etc/networks, respectively. If a symbolic name for an address is unknown, or if the -n option is specified, the address is printed numerically, according to the address family. For more information regarding the Internet dot format,'' refer to inet(3N). Unspecified, or wildcard'', addresses and ports appear as *''. The interface display provides a table of cumulative statistics regarding packets transferred, errors, and collisions. The network addresses of the interface and the maximum transmission unit (mtu'') are also displayed. The routing table display indicates the available routes and their status. Each route consists of a destination host or network and a gateway to use in forwarding packets. The flags field shows the state of the route (U'' if up''), whether the route is to a gateway (G'') or a host (H''), whether the route was created dynamically by a redirect (D''), and whether the route has been modified by a redirect (M''). Direct routes are created for each interface attached to the local host;
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the gateway field for such entries shows the address of the outgoing interface. The MTU field shows the MTU value set with the route(1M) command for that route. The RTT and RTTvar fields show the estimated round-trip time (RTT) and the variance in RTT for routes with large amounts of TCP traffic. The RTT and RTTvar values are in seconds with a resolution of .125 seconds. The use field provides a count of the number of packets sent using that route. The interface entry indicates the network interface utilized for the route. When netstat is invoked with an interval argument, it displays a running count of statistics related to network interfaces. This display consists of a column for the primary interface (the first interface found during autoconfiguration) and a column summarizing information for all interfaces. The primary interface may be replaced with another interface with the -I option. The first line of each screen of information contains a summary since the system was last rebooted. Subsequent lines of output show values accumulated over the preceding interval. SEE ALSO hosts(4), networks(4), nfsstat(1M), protocols(4), services(4), smtstat(1) BUGS The notion of errors is ill-defined.
TELNET
NAME telnet - User interface to the TELNET protocol SYNOPSIS telnet [-d] [-n tracefile] [-l user | -a] [-e escape-char] [host [port]] DESCRIPTION The telnet command is used to communicate with another host using the TELNET protocol. If telnet is invoked without the host argument, it enters command mode, indicated by its prompt (telnet>). In this mode, it accepts and executes the commands listed below. If it is invoked with arguments, it performs an open command (see below) with those arguments. Options: -d Sets the initial value of the debug toggle to TRUE.
-n tracefile Opens tracefile for recording trace information. tracefile command below.
See the set
-l user When connecting to the remote system, if the remote system understands the ENVIRON option, then user will be sent to the remote system as the value for the variable USER. This option may also be used with the open command. -a Auto-login. Same as specifying -l with your user name. option may also be used with the open command. This
-e escape-char Sets the initial telnet escape character to escape-char. If escape-char is the null character (specified by "" or ''), then there will be no escape character. 59
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host
Indicates the official name, an alias, or the Internet address of a remote host. Indicates a port number (address of an application). is not specified, the default telnet port is used. If a number
port
Once a connection has been opened, telnet will attempt to enable the TELNET LINEMODE option. If this fails, then telnet will revert to one of two input modes: either "character at a time" or "old line by line" depending on what the remote system supports. When LINEMODE is enabled, character processing is done on the local system, under the control of the remote system. When input editing or character echoing is to be disabled, the remote system will relay that information. The remote system will also relay changes to any special characters that happen on the remote system, so that they can take effect on the local system. In "character at a time" mode, most text typed is immediately sent to the remote host for processing. In "old line by line" mode, all text is echoed locally, and (normally) only completed lines are sent to the remote host. The "local echo character" (initially "^E") may be used to turn off and on the local echo (this would mostly be used to enter passwords without the password being echoed). If the LINEMODE option is enabled, or if the localchars toggle is TRUE (the default for "old line by line"; see below), the user's quit, intr, and flush characters are trapped locally, and sent as TELNET protocol sequences to the remote side. If LINEMODE has ever been enabled, then the user's susp and eof are also sent as TELNET protocol sequences, and quit is sent as a TELNET ABORT instead of BREAK. There are options (see toggle autoflush and toggle autosynch below) which cause this action to flush subsequent output to the terminal (until the remote host acknowledges the TELNET sequence) and flush previous terminal input (in the case of quit and intr). While connected to a remote host, telnet command mode may be entered by typing the telnet "escape character" (initially "^]"). When in command mode, the normal terminal editing conventions are available. The following telnet commands are available. Only enough of each command to uniquely identify it need be typed (this is also true for arguments to the mode, set, toggle, unset, slc, environ, and display commands). close Close a TELNET session and return to command mode. display [ argument... ] Displays all, or some, of the set and toggle values (see below). mode type Type is one of several options, depending on the state of the TELNET session. The remote host is asked for permission to go into the requested mode. If the remote host is capable of entering that mode, the requested mode will be entered. character
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Disable the TELNET LINEMODE option, or, if the remote side does not understand the LINEMODE option, then enter "character at a time" mode. line Enable the TELNET LINEMODE option, or, if the remote side does not understand the LINEMODE option, then attempt to enter "old-line-by-line" mode. isig (-isig) Attempt to enable (disable) the TRAPSIG mode of the LINEMODE option. This requires that the LINEMODE option be enabled. edit (-edit) Attempt to enable (disable) the EDIT mode of the LINEMODE option. This requires that the LINEMODE option be enabled. softtabs (-softtabs) Attempt to enable (disable) the SOFT_TAB mode of the LINEMODE option. This requires that the LINEMODE option be enabled. litecho (-litecho) Attempt to enable (disable) the LIT_ECHO mode of the LINEMODE option. This requires that the LINEMODE option be enabled. ? Prints out help information for the mode command. open host [ [-l user | -a] [-]port ] Open a connection to the named host. If no port number is specified, telnet will attempt to contact a TELNET server at the default port. The host specification may be either a host name (see hosts(4)) or an Internet address specified in the "dot notation" (see inet(3N)). The -l option may be used to specify the user name to be passed to the remote system via the ENVIRON option. The -a option sends your user name to the remote system via the ENVIRON option. When connecting to a non-standard port, telnet omits any automatic initiation of TELNET options. When the port number is preceded by a minus sign, the initial option negotiation is done. After establishing a connection, the .telnetrc in the user's home directory is opened. Lines beginning with a # are comment lines. Blank lines are ignored. Lines that begin without whitespace are the start of a machine entry. The first thing on the line is the name of the machine that is being connected to. The rest of the line, and successive lines that begin with whitespace are assumed to be telnet commands and are processed as if they had been typed in manually to the telnet command prompt. quit Close any open TELNET session and exit telnet. An end of file (in command mode) will also close a session and exit. send arguments Sends one or more special character sequences to the remote host. The following are the arguments which may be specified
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(more than one argument may be specified at a time): abort Sends the TELNET ABORT (ABORT processes) sequence. ao Sends the TELNET AO (Abort Output) sequence, which should cause the remote system to flush all output from the remote system to the user's terminal. ayt Sends the TELNET AYT (Are You There) sequence, to which the remote system may or may not choose to respond. brk Sends the TELNET BRK (Break) sequence, which may have significance to the remote system. ec Sends the TELNET EC (Erase Character) sequence, which should cause the remote system to erase the last character entered. el Sends the TELNET EL (Erase Line) sequence, which should cause the remote system to erase the line currently being entered. eof Sends the TELNET EOF (End Of File) sequence. eor Sends the TELNET EOR (End of Record) sequence. escape Sends the current telnet escape character (initially "^]"). ga Sends the TELNET GA (Go Ahead) sequence, which likely has no significance to the remote system. getstatus If the remote side supports the TELNET STATUS command, getstatus will send the subnegotiation to request that the server send its current option status. ip Sends the TELNET IP (Interrupt Process) sequence, which should cause the remote system to abort the currently running process. nop Sends the TELNET NOP (No OPeration) sequence. susp Sends the TELNET SUSP (SUSPend process) sequence. synch Sends the TELNET SYNCH sequence. This sequence causes the
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remote system to discard all previously typed (but not yet read) input. This sequence is sent as TCP urgent data (and may not work if the remote system is a 4.2 BSD system - if it doesn't work, a lower case "r" may be echoed on the terminal). ? Prints out help information for the send command.
set argument value unset arguments... The set command will set any one of a number of telnet variables to a specific value or to TRUE. The special value off turns off the function associated with the variable, this is equivalent to using the unset command. The unset command will disable or set to FALSE any of the specified functions. The values of variables may be interrogated with the display command. The variables which may be set or unset, but not toggled, are listed here. In addition, any of the variables for the toggle command may be explicitly set or unset using the set and unset commands. echo This is the value (initially "^E") which, when in "line by line" mode, toggles between doing local echoing of entered characters (for normal processing), and suppressing echoing of entered characters (for entering, say, a password). eof If telnet is operating in LINEMODE or "old line by line" mode, entering this character as the first character on a line will cause this character to be sent to the remote system. The initial value of the eof character is taken to be the terminal's eof character. erase If telnet is in localchars mode (see toggle localchars below), and if telnet is operating in "character at a time" mode, then when this character is typed, a TELNET EC sequence (see send ec above) is sent to the remote system. The initial value for the erase character is taken to be the terminal's erase character. escape This is the telnet escape character (initially "^[") which causes entry into telnet command mode (when connected to a remote system). flushoutput If telnet is in localchars mode (see toggle localchars below) and the flushoutput character is typed, a TELNET AO sequence (see send ao above) is sent to the remote host. The initial value for the flush character is taken to be the terminal's flush character. interrupt If telnet is in localchars mode (see toggle localchars below) and the interrupt character is typed, a TELNET IP
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sequence (see send ip above) is sent to the remote host. The initial value for the interrupt character is taken to be the terminal's intr character. kill If telnet is in localchars mode (see toggle localchars below), and if telnet is operating in "character at a time" mode, then when this character is typed, a TELNET EL sequence (see send el above) is sent to the remote system. The initial value for the kill character is taken to be the terminal's kill character. lnext If telnet is operating in LINEMODE or "old line by line" mode, then this character is taken to be the terminal's lnext character. The initial value for the lnext character is taken to be the terminal's lnext character. quit If telnet is in localchars mode (see toggle localchars below) and the quit character is typed, a TELNET BRK sequence (see send brk above) is sent to the remote host. The initial value for the quit character is taken to be the terminal's quit character. reprint If telnet is operating in LINEMODE or "old line by line" mode, then this character is taken to be the terminal's reprint character. The initial value for the reprint character is taken to be the terminal's reprint character. start If the TELNET TOGGLE-FLOW-CONTROL option has been enabled, then this character is taken to be the terminal's start character. The initial value for the kill character is taken to be the terminal's start character. stop If the TELNET TOGGLE-FLOW-CONTROL option has been enabled, then this character is taken to be the terminal's stop character. The initial value for the kill character is taken to be the terminal's stop character. susp If telnet is in localchars mode, or LINEMODE is enabled, and the suspend character is typed, a TELNET SUSP sequence (see send susp above) is sent to the remote host. The initial value for the suspend character is taken to be the terminal's suspend character. tracefile This is the file to which the output, caused by netdata or option tracing being TRUE, will be written. If it is set to '-', then tracing information will be written to standard output (the default). worderase If telnet is operating in LINEMODE or "old line by line" mode, then this character is taken to be the terminal's worderase character. The initial value for the worderase character is taken to be the terminal's worderase
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character. slc state The slc command (Set Local Characters) is used to set or change the state of the special characters when the TELNET LINEMODE option has been enabled. Special characters are characters that get mapped to TELNET commands sequences (like ip or quit) or line editing characters (like erase and kill). By default, the local special characters are exported. export Switch to the local defaults for the special characters. The local default characters are those of the local terminal at the time when telnet was started. import Switch to the remote defaults for the special characters. The remote default characters are those of the remote system at the time when the TELNET connection was established. check Verify the current settings for the current special characters. The remote side is requested to send all the current special character settings, and if there are any discrepancies with the local side, the local side will switch to the remote value. ? Prints out help information for the slc command. environ arguments... The environ command is used to manipulate the variables that my be sent through the ENVIRON option. The initial set of variables is taken from the user's environment with only the DISPLAY and PRINTER variables being exported by default. Valid arguments for the environ command are: define variable value Define the variable variable to have a value of value. Any variables defined by this command are automatically exported. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes so that tabs and spaces may be included. undefine variable Remove variable from the list of environment variables. export variable Mark the variable variable to be exported to the remote side. unexport variable Mark the variable variable to not be exported unless explicitly asked for by the remote side.
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send variable Send the variable variable to the remote side. list List the current set of environment variables. Those marked with a **** will be sent automatically, other variables will only be sent if explicitly requested. ? Prints out help information for the environ command. ? Displays the legal set (unset) commands. toggle arguments... Toggle (between TRUE and FALSE) various flags that control how telnet responds to events. These flags may be set explicitly to TRUE or FALSE using the set and unset commands listed above. More than one argument may be specified. The state of these flags may be interrogated with the display command. Valid arguments are: autoflush If autoflush and localchars are both TRUE, then when the ao, intr, or quit characters are recognized (and transformed into TELNET sequences; see set above for details), telnet refuses to display any data on the user's terminal until the remote system acknowledges (via a TELNET TIMING MARK option) that it has processed those TELNET sequences. The initial value for this toggle is TRUE if the terminal user had not done an "stty noflsh", otherwise FALSE (see stty(1)). autosynch If autosynch and localchars are both TRUE, then when either the intr or quit characters is typed (see set above for descriptions of the intr and quit characters), the resulting TELNET sequence sent is followed by the TELNET SYNCH sequence. This procedure should cause the remote system to begin throwing away all previously typed input until both of the TELNET sequences have been read and acted upon. The initial value of this toggle is FALSE. binary Enable or disable the TELNET BINARY option on both input and output. inbinary Enable or disable the TELNET BINARY option on input. outbinary Enable or disable the TELNET BINARY option on output. crlf If this is TRUE, then carriage returns will be sent as <CR><LF>. If this is FALSE, then carriage returns will be send as <CR><NUL>. The initial value for this toggle is FALSE. crmod
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Toggle carriage return mode. When this mode is enabled, most carriage return characters received from the remote host will be mapped into a carriage return followed by a line feed. This mode does not affect those characters typed by the user, only those received from the remote host. This mode is not very useful unless the remote host only sends carriage return, but never line feed. The initial value for this toggle is FALSE. debug Toggles socket level debugging (useful only to the superuser). The initial value for this toggle is FALSE. localchars If this is TRUE, then the flush, interrupt, quit, erase, and kill characters (see set above) are recognized locally, and transformed into (hopefully) appropriate TELNET control sequences (respectively ao, ip, brk, ec, and el; see send above). The initial value for this toggle is TRUE in "old line by line" mode, and FALSE in "character at a time" mode. When the LINEMODE option is enabled, the value of localchars is ignored, and assumed to always be TRUE. If LINEMODE has ever been enabled, then quit is sent as abort, and eofand suspend are sent as eofand susp, see send above). netdata Toggles the display of all network data (in hexadecimal format). The initial value for this toggle is FALSE. options Toggles the display of some internal telnet protocol processing (having to do with TELNET options). The initial value for this toggle is FALSE. prettydump When the netdata toggle is enabled, if prettydump is enabled the output from the netdata command will be formatted in a more user readable format. Spaces are put between each character in the output, and the beginning of any TELNET escape sequence is preceded by a '*' to aid in locating them. ? Displays the legal toggle commands. z Suspend telnet. the csh(1). This command only works when the user is using
! [ command ] Execute a single command in a subshell on the local system. If command is omitted, then an interactive subshell is invoked. status Show the current status of telnet. This includes the peer one is connected to, as well as the current mode. ? [ command ] Get help. With no arguments, telnet prints a help summary. If a command is specified, telnet will print the help information for just that command.
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ENVIRONMENT Telnet uses at least the HOME, SHELL, USER, DISPLAY, and TERM environment variables. Other environment variables may be propagated to the other side via the TELNET ENVIRON option. FILES ~/.telnetrc NOTES On some remote systems, echo has to be turned off manually when in "old line by line" mode. In "old line by line" mode or LINEMODE the terminal's eof character is only recognized (and sent to the remote system) when it is the first character on a line. user customized telnet startup values
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ANEXO III
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Pinging 10.10.10.0 with 32 bytes of data: Destination specified is invalid. Destination specified is invalid. Destination specified is invalid. Destination specified is invalid. Pinging students.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.1] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=63 Reply from 10.10.10.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=63 Reply from 10.10.10.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=63 Reply from 10.10.10.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=63 Pinging socrates.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.2] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.3 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.4 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.5 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. www.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.6] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. with 32 bytes of data: TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128
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Reply Reply Reply Reply
from from from from
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anubis.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.14] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. osiris.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.15] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. baco.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.16] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
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Pinging data: Request Request Request Request Pinging data: Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request
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Pinging net-TALLY.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.23] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.23: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=254 Reply from 10.10.10.23: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=254 Reply from 10.10.10.23: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=254 Reply from 10.10.10.23: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=254 Pinging mercurio.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.24] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.24: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.24: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.24: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.24: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.25 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. I0E08-1.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.26] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.27 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.28 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging 10.10.10.29 with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out.
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Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.30 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.31 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.32 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.33] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.34] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.35] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.36] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede33.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.33: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.33: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.33: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.33: bytes=32 Pinging rede34.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.34: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.34: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.34: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.34: bytes=32 Pinging rede35.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.35: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.35: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.35: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.35: bytes=32 Pinging rede36.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.36: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.36: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.36: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.36: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
rede37.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.37] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.38] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
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Reply from 10.10.10.39: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.39: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging rede40.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.40: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.40: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.40: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.40: bytes=32 Pinging rede41.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.41: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.41: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.41: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.41: bytes=32 Pinging rede42.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.42: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.42: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.42: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.42: bytes=32 Pinging rede43.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.43: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.43: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.43: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.43: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request [10.10.10.40] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.41] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.42] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.43] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
rede44.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.44] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.45] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.46] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede45.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.45: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.45: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.45: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.45: bytes=32 Pinging rede46.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.46: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.46: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.46: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.46: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
rede47.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.47] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.48] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.49] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede48.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.48: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.48: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.48: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.48: bytes=32 Pinging rede49.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.49: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.49: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.49: bytes=32
2000/2001
74
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.49: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging rede50.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.50: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.50: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.50: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.50: bytes=32 Pinging rede51.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.51: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.51: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.51: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.51: bytes=32 Pinging rede52.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.52: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.52: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.52: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.52: bytes=32 Pinging rede53.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.53: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.53: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.53: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.53: bytes=32 Pinging rede54.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.54: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.54: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.54: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.54: bytes=32 Pinging rede55.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.55: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.55: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.55: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.55: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request [10.10.10.50] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.51] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.52] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.53] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.54] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.55] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
rede56.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.56] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.57] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.58] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.59] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede57.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.57: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.57: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.57: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.57: bytes=32 Pinging rede58.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.58: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.58: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.58: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.58: bytes=32 Pinging rede59.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.59: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.59: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.59: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.59: bytes=32
2000/2001
75
Guio
Pinging rede60.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.60: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.60: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.60: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.60: bytes=32 Pinging rede61.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.61: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.61: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.61: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.61: bytes=32 Pinging rede62.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.62: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.62: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.62: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.62: bytes=32 Pinging rede63.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.63: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.63: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.63: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.63: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
[10.10.10.60] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.61] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.62] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.63] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
rede64.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.64] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.65] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede65.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.65: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.65: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.65: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.65: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request
rede66.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.66] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. rede67.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.67] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. [10.10.10.68] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede68.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.68: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.68: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.68: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.68: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
rede69.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.69] with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
2000/2001
76
Guio
Pinging rede70.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.70: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.70: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.70: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.70: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
[10.10.10.70] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede78.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.78: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.78: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.78: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.78: bytes=32 Pinging rede79.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.79: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.79: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.79: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.79: bytes=32
Pinging rede80.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.80] with 32 bytes of data:
2000/2001
77
Guio
from from from from
10.10.10.80: 10.10.10.80: 10.10.10.80: 10.10.10.80:
TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128
Pinging rede81.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.81: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.81: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.81: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.81: bytes=32 Pinging rede82.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.82: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.82: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.82: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.82: bytes=32 Pinging rede83.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.83: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.83: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.83: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.83: bytes=32 Pinging rede84.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.84: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.84: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.84: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.84: bytes=32 Pinging rede85.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.85: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.85: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.85: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.85: bytes=32 Pinging rede86.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.86: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.86: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.86: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.86: bytes=32 Pinging rede87.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.87: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.87: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.87: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.87: bytes=32 Pinging rede88.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.88: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.88: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.88: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.88: bytes=32 Pinging rede89.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.89: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.89: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.89: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.89: bytes=32
[10.10.10.81] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.82] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.83] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.84] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.85] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.86] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.87] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.88] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.89] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging rede90.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.90] with 32 bytes of data:
2000/2001
78
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.90: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.90: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.90: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Request timed out. Pinging rede91.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.91: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.91: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.91: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.91: bytes=32 Pinging rede92.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.92: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.92: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.92: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.92: bytes=32 Pinging rede93.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.93: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.93: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.93: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.93: bytes=32 Pinging rede94.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.94: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.94: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.94: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.94: bytes=32 Pinging rede95.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.95: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.95: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.95: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.95: bytes=32 Pinging rede96.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.96: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.96: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.96: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.96: bytes=32 Pinging rede97.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.97: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.97: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.97: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.97: bytes=32 Pinging rede98.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.98: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.98: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.98: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.98: bytes=32 Pinging rede99.students.iscte.pt Reply from 10.10.10.99: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.99: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.99: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.99: bytes=32 [10.10.10.91] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.92] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.93] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.94] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.95] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.96] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.97] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.98] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 [10.10.10.99] with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
79
Guio
Pinging Request Request Request Request
10.10.10.100 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging ETI-LAB-04 [10.10.10.101] Reply from 10.10.10.101: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.101: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.101: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.101: bytes=32 Pinging ETI-LAB-05 [10.10.10.102] Reply from 10.10.10.102: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.102: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.102: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.102: bytes=32
Pinging I1SE1-16 [10.10.10.103] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.103: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.103: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.103: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.103: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging ETI-LAB-03 [10.10.10.104] Reply from 10.10.10.104: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.104: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.104: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.104: bytes=32 Pinging ETI-LAB-07 [10.10.10.105] Reply from 10.10.10.105: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.105: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.105: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.105: bytes=32 Pinging ETI-LAB-08 [10.10.10.106] Reply from 10.10.10.106: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.106: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.106: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.106: bytes=32 with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging I1S19-13 [10.10.10.107] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.107: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.107: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.107: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.107: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-04 [10.10.10.108] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.108: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.108: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.108: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.108: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.109 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
2000/2001
80
Guio
Pinging I0S04-12 [10.10.10.110] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.110: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.110: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.110: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.110: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.111 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S05-14 [10.10.10.112] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.112: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.112: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.112: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.112: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-07 [10.10.10.113] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.113: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.113: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.113: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.113: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-20 [10.10.10.114] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.114: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.114: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.114: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.114: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging ETI-LAB-10 [10.10.10.115] Reply from 10.10.10.115: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.115: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.115: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.115: bytes=32 with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging IS19-03 [10.10.10.118] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.118: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.118: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.118: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.118: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S03-15 [10.10.10.119] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.119: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.119: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.119: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.119: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging 10.10.10.120 with 32 bytes of data:
2000/2001
81
Guio
Request Request Request Request
timed timed timed timed
out. out. out. out.
Pinging I1E14-16 [10.10.10.121] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.121: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.121: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.121: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.121: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-06 [10.10.10.122] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.122: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.122: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.122: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.122: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.123 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I1SE1-08 [10.10.10.124] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.124: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.124: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.124: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.124: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.125 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging IE14-12 [10.10.10.126] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.126: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.126: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.126: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.126: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.127 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S06-07 [10.10.10.128] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.128: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.128: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.128: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.128: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-21 [10.10.10.129] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.129: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.129: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.129: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.129: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-05 [10.10.10.130] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.130: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
82
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.130: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.130: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.130: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I2ES-07 [10.10.10.131] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.131: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.131: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.131: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.131: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-15 [10.10.10.132] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.132: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.132: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.132: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.132: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-16 [10.10.10.133] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.133: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.133: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.133: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.133: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.134 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I2ES-09 [10.10.10.138] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.138: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.138: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.138: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.138: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-08 [10.10.10.139] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.139: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.139: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.139: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.139: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging 10.10.10.140 with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out. Request timed out.
2000/2001
83
Guio
Request timed out. Request timed out. Pinging I2ES-08 [10.10.10.141] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.141: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.141: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.141: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.141: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S08-15 [10.10.10.142] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.142: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.142: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.142: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.142: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-10 [10.10.10.143] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.143: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.143: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.143: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.143: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-11 [10.10.10.144] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.144: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.144: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.144: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.144: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-13 [10.10.10.145] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.145: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.145: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.145: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.145: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.146 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S06-16 [10.10.10.147] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.147: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.147: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.147: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.147: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-02 [10.10.10.148] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.148: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.148: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.148: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.148: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-12 [10.10.10.149] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.149: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.149: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.149: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.149: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-03 [10.10.10.150] with 32 bytes of data:
2000/2001
84
Guio
from from from from
10.10.10.150: 10.10.10.150: 10.10.10.150: 10.10.10.150:
TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128
Pinging I0S04-14 [10.10.10.151] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.151: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.151: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.151: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.151: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S08-02 [10.10.10.152] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.152: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.152: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.152: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.152: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-13 [10.10.10.153] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.153: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.153: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.153: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.153: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-12 [10.10.10.154] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.154: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.154: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.154: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.154: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-18 [10.10.10.155] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.155: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.155: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.155: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.155: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-11B [10.10.10.156] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.156: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.156: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.156: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.156: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-08 [10.10.10.157] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.157: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.157: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.157: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.157: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.158 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S07-09 [10.10.10.159] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.159: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.159: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.159: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.159: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-05 [10.10.10.160] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.160: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
85
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.160: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.160: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.160: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-06 [10.10.10.161] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.161: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.161: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.161: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.161: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.162 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I1E14-14 [10.10.10.165] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.165: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.165: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.165: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.165: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-05 [10.10.10.166] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.166: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.166: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.166: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.166: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S07-03 [10.10.10.167] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.167: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.167: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.167: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.167: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E19-09 [10.10.10.168] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.168: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.168: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.168: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.168: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-05 [10.10.10.169] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.169: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.169: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.169: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.169: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-06 [10.10.10.170] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.170: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.170: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
86
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.170: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.170: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-08 [10.10.10.171] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.171: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.171: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.171: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.171: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-11 [10.10.10.172] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.172: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.172: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.172: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.172: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1S19-16 [10.10.10.173] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.173: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.173: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.173: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.173: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-14 [10.10.10.174] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.174: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.174: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.174: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.174: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-15 [10.10.10.175] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.175: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.175: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.175: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.175: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I2ES-11 [10.10.10.176] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.176: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.176: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.176: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.176: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1S19-04 [10.10.10.177] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.177: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.177: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.177: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.177: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.178 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S04-05 [10.10.10.179] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.179: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.179: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.179: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.179: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging INSTALA [10.10.10.180] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.180: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.180: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.180: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
87
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.180: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.181 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. of data: TTL=32 TTL=32 TTL=32 TTL=32
Pinging SONORA [10.10.10.182] with 32 bytes Reply from 10.10.10.182: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.182: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.182: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.182: bytes=32 time<10ms
Pinging I1E14-02 [10.10.10.183] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.183: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.183: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.183: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.183: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.184 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S06-13 [10.10.10.185] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.185: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.185: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.185: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.185: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-17 [10.10.10.186] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.186: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.186: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.186: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.186: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I2ES-10 [10.10.10.187] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.187: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.187: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.187: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.187: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-03 [10.10.10.188] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.188: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.188: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.188: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.188: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.189 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.190 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
2000/2001
88
Guio
Pinging I2ES-02 [10.10.10.191] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.191: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.191: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.191: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.191: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-03 [10.10.10.192] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.192: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.192: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.192: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.192: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.193 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S04-01 [10.10.10.194] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.194: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.194: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.194: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.194: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.195 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.196 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I1SE1-02 [10.10.10.197] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.197: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.197: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.197: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.197: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.198 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
2000/2001
89
Guio
Pinging I0S06-12 [10.10.10.206] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.206: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.206: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.206: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.206: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-10 [10.10.10.207] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.207: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.207: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.207: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.207: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-16 [10.10.10.208] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.208: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.208: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.208: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.208: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.209 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.210 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging ETI-LAB-09 [10.10.10.211] with 32 bytes of data:
2000/2001
90
Guio
from from from from
10.10.10.211: 10.10.10.211: 10.10.10.211: 10.10.10.211:
TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128 TTL=128
Pinging I0S04-10 [10.10.10.212] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.212: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.212: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.212: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.212: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-08 [10.10.10.213] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.213: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.213: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.213: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.213: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.214 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. with 32 bytes of data: time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128 time<10ms TTL=128
Pinging ETI-LAB-06 [10.10.10.215] Reply from 10.10.10.215: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.215: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.215: bytes=32 Reply from 10.10.10.215: bytes=32 Pinging Request Request Request Request
10.10.10.216 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I0S04-23 [10.10.10.217] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.217: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.217: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.217: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.217: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-06 [10.10.10.218] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.218: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.218: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.218: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.218: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-17 [10.10.10.219] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.219: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.219: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.219: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.219: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-19 [10.10.10.220] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.220: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.220: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.220: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.220: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-07 [10.10.10.221] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.221: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
91
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.221: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.221: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.221: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-10 [10.10.10.222] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.222: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.222: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.222: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.222: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-04 [10.10.10.223] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.223: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.223: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.223: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.223: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-07 [10.10.10.224] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.224: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.224: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.224: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.224: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I2ES-04 [10.10.10.225] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.225: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.225: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.225: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.225: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S05-12 [10.10.10.226] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.226: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.226: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.226: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.226: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-24 [10.10.10.227] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.227: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.227: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.227: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.227: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S04-04 [10.10.10.228] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.228: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.228: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.228: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.228: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I2ES-14 [10.10.10.229] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.229: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.229: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.229: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.229: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-08 [10.10.10.230] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.230: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.230: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.230: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.230: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1SE1-13 [10.10.10.231] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.231: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.231: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
92
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.231: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.231: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1S19-08 [10.10.10.232] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.232: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.232: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.10.10.232: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.232: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-15 [10.10.10.233] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.233: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.233: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.233: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.233: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1S19-12 [10.10.10.234] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.234: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.234: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.234: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.234: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.235 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out. 10.10.10.236 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I2ES-03 [10.10.10.239] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.239: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.239: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.239: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.239: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.240 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
Pinging I1E14-04 [10.10.10.241] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.241: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
2000/2001
93
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.241: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.241: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.241: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I0S06-02 [10.10.10.242] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.242: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.242: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.242: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.242: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging I1E14-09 [10.10.10.243] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.243: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.243: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.243: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Reply from 10.10.10.243: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128 Pinging 10.10.10.244 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.244: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.244: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.244: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.244: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging 10.10.10.245 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.245: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.245: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.245: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.245: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging 10.10.10.246 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.246: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.246: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.246: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.246: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging 10.10.10.247 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.247: bytes=32 time=10ms Reply from 10.10.10.247: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.247: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.247: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging 10.10.10.248 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.248: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.248: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.248: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.248: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging 10.10.10.249 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.249: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.249: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.249: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.249: bytes=32 time<10ms Pinging Request Request Request Request 10.10.10.250 with 32 bytes of data: timed out. timed out. timed out. timed out.
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
Pinging 10.10.10.251 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.251: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.251: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255
2000/2001
94
Guio
Reply from 10.10.10.251: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.251: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Pinging data: Request Request Request Request swalunos.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.252] with 32 bytes of timed timed timed timed out. out. out. out. with 32 bytes of data: TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255
Pinging fw.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.253] Reply from 10.10.10.253: bytes=32 time=10ms Reply from 10.10.10.253: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.253: bytes=32 time<10ms Reply from 10.10.10.253: bytes=32 time<10ms
Pinging fwi.students.iscte.pt [10.10.10.254] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Reply from 10.10.10.254: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=255 Interface: 10.10.10.112 on Interface 2 Internet Address Physical Address 10.10.10.1 00-00-e8-67-7c-d2 10.10.10.2 00-03-47-08-c7-d9 10.10.10.7 00-4f-4e-06-5b-86 10.10.10.8 00-80-5f-0d-2d-e0 10.10.10.9 00-80-5f-bb-8d-88 10.10.10.10 00-d0-b7-d3-60-0b 10.10.10.12 00-80-5f-bb-68-f4 10.10.10.13 00-4f-4e-01-ad-9a 10.10.10.17 00-4f-4e-06-3a-85 10.10.10.23 00-04-00-34-00-af 10.10.10.24 00-4f-4e-04-35-76 10.10.10.33 00-00-e8-22-7c-fc 10.10.10.34 00-00-e8-22-a3-7d 10.10.10.35 00-00-e8-18-9d-98 10.10.10.36 00-00-e8-4e-c2-fc 10.10.10.37 00-00-e8-22-bd-ac 10.10.10.38 00-00-e8-22-77-a6 10.10.10.39 00-00-e8-22-7c-cc 10.10.10.40 00-00-e8-22-74-dd 10.10.10.41 00-60-97-c2-42-37 10.10.10.42 00-00-e8-4e-c1-8b 10.10.10.43 00-60-97-c2-47-29 10.10.10.44 00-4f-4e-03-13-f0 10.10.10.45 00-00-e8-22-74-85 10.10.10.46 00-60-97-c2-45-a0 10.10.10.47 00-4f-4e-06-3a-d2 10.10.10.48 00-4f-4e-05-7e-cf 10.10.10.50 00-4f-4e-07-56-2b 10.10.10.51 00-4f-4e-08-5e-7b 10.10.10.52 00-4f-4e-08-5e-75 10.10.10.53 00-4f-4e-08-5e-7f 10.10.10.54 00-4f-4e-08-5e-7d 10.10.10.55 00-4f-4e-08-5e-77 10.10.10.56 00-4f-4e-06-ff-fc 10.10.10.57 00-4f-4e-07-03-f3 10.10.10.58 00-4f-4e-07-51-1c 10.10.10.59 00-4f-4e-00-0c-97
Type dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
2000/2001
95
Guio
10.10.10.60 10.10.10.61 10.10.10.62 10.10.10.63 10.10.10.65 10.10.10.66 10.10.10.67 10.10.10.68 10.10.10.70 10.10.10.72 10.10.10.73 10.10.10.75 10.10.10.76 10.10.10.79 10.10.10.80 10.10.10.81 10.10.10.82 10.10.10.83 10.10.10.84 10.10.10.85 10.10.10.86 10.10.10.87 10.10.10.88 10.10.10.89 10.10.10.90 10.10.10.92 10.10.10.93 10.10.10.94 10.10.10.95 10.10.10.96 10.10.10.97 10.10.10.98 10.10.10.102 10.10.10.103 10.10.10.104 10.10.10.106 10.10.10.107 10.10.10.108 10.10.10.109 10.10.10.110 10.10.10.111 10.10.10.112 10.10.10.113 10.10.10.114 10.10.10.116 10.10.10.118 10.10.10.119 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.121 10.10.10.122 10.10.10.124 10.10.10.126 10.10.10.128 10.10.10.129 10.10.10.130 10.10.10.131 10.10.10.132 10.10.10.133 10.10.10.134 10.10.10.135 10.10.10.136
00-4f-4e-08-5e-79 00-4f-4e-08-5e-78 00-00-e8-22-a6-33 00-4f-4e-07-56-0d 00-00-e8-22-72-12 00-4f-4e-07-0f-48 00-4f-4e-07-49-69 00-00-e8-a3-1b-79 00-4f-4e-05-81-68 00-00-e8-a4-73-10 00-00-e8-22-a8-57 00-4f-4e-06-fd-e6 00-4f-4e-01-92-1e 00-4f-4e-08-5e-80 00-4f-4e-06-5b-43 00-4f-4e-05-83-b8 00-00-e8-1b-c9-81 00-00-e8-22-c9-00 00-00-e8-a4-5a-f3 00-00-e8-a4-5d-c4 00-00-e8-22-a4-d7 00-4f-4e-07-43-4d 00-4f-4e-07-56-28 00-00-e8-22-a4-31 00-00-e8-1a-86-f5 00-4f-4e-07-47-b9 00-4f-4e-01-26-b0 00-4f-4e-05-81-62 00-4f-4e-08-27-e5 00-4f-4e-04-51-bd 00-00-e8-22-d4-e2 00-00-e8-3d-88-f0 00-4f-4e-06-43-f3 00-00-e8-22-bd-6b 00-4f-4e-06-3b-3c 00-4f-4e-06-47-73 00-00-e8-18-95-5f 00-4f-4e-02-e6-1a 00-4f-4e-03-04-10 00-00-e8-4e-d9-7f 00-00-e8-4e-c2-d2 00-4f-4e-00-0c-92 00-4f-4e-06-50-f8 00-00-e8-22-a5-dc 00-4f-4e-02-89-9d 00-00-e8-22-7c-fa 00-4f-4e-08-5e-7a 00-00-e8-e3-02-9c 00-00-e8-4e-bc-b0 00-4f-4e-03-0a-c8 00-4f-4e-05-86-8f 00-00-e8-13-3e-86 00-4f-4e-05-8a-00 00-00-e8-4e-be-45 00-00-e8-28-d6-7e 00-4f-4e-00-0c-98 00-00-e8-4e-be-44 00-4f-4e-06-59-d1 00-4f-4e-08-5e-76 00-4f-4e-0a-86-f9 00-4f-4e-02-9d-8a
dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
2000/2001
96
Guio
10.10.10.138 10.10.10.141 10.10.10.142 10.10.10.143 10.10.10.144 10.10.10.145 10.10.10.147 10.10.10.148 10.10.10.149 10.10.10.150 10.10.10.152 10.10.10.153 10.10.10.154 10.10.10.155 10.10.10.156 10.10.10.157 10.10.10.158 10.10.10.159 10.10.10.160 10.10.10.161 10.10.10.162 10.10.10.163 10.10.10.164 10.10.10.165 10.10.10.167 10.10.10.168 10.10.10.169 10.10.10.170 10.10.10.171 10.10.10.172 10.10.10.173 10.10.10.174 10.10.10.175 10.10.10.176 10.10.10.177 10.10.10.178 10.10.10.179 10.10.10.180 10.10.10.181 10.10.10.182 10.10.10.183 10.10.10.185 10.10.10.186 10.10.10.187 10.10.10.188 10.10.10.192 10.10.10.193 10.10.10.194 10.10.10.196 10.10.10.197 10.10.10.199 10.10.10.201 10.10.10.202 10.10.10.203 10.10.10.204 10.10.10.206 10.10.10.208 10.10.10.209 10.10.10.211 10.10.10.212 10.10.10.213
00-4f-49-01-81-dc 00-00-e8-13-28-cd 00-4f-49-09-3f-e3 00-00-e8-13-44-18 00-4f-4e-05-88-55 00-00-e8-4e-cf-2c 00-4f-4e-00-0c-8b 00-00-e8-4e-db-2b 00-00-e8-22-b9-82 00-00-e8-22-bd-06 00-4f-4e-01-97-0a 00-4f-4e-0a-7d-8b 00-4f-4e-0a-7f-2a 00-00-e8-4e-cf-45 00-4f-4e-0a-86-b4 00-4f-4e-0a-7e-cf 00-4f-4e-0a-8b-cd 00-4f-4e-0a-66-a5 00-4f-4e-0a-85-28 00-4f-4e-06-3e-a8 00-4f-4e-0a-7c-b5 00-4f-4e-02-9d-81 00-4f-4e-08-5e-7e 00-00-e8-1b-c8-5d 00-4f-4e-0a-7a-7e 00-00-e8-22-7c-32 00-00-e8-22-ba-79 00-4f-4e-0a-ac-18 00-4f-4e-01-9f-fb 00-00-e8-4e-dc-a5 00-00-e8-22-74-9a 00-4f-4e-0a-85-08 00-4f-4e-06-bf-9e 00-4f-49-09-46-06 00-00-e8-22-7c-c3 00-4f-4e-05-7c-d4 00-00-e8-4e-c0-b0 00-00-e8-22-7c-cb 00-4f-4e-03-04-08 00-60-97-c2-44-2e 00-00-e8-13-29-93 00-4f-4e-06-67-9b 00-00-e8-4e-ca-e5 00-4f-4e-06-4d-f3 00-00-e8-a6-c7-a1 00-4f-4e-05-85-ba 00-4f-4e-0a-65-6f 00-00-e8-4e-d0-a0 00-4f-4e-0a-63-14 00-00-e8-2d-2c-e6 00-00-e8-4e-bb-fc 00-00-e8-4e-e5-84 00-4f-4e-0a-ac-cf 00-00-e8-4e-cf-51 00-4f-4e-06-5c-97 00-4f-4e-05-87-7e 00-4f-4e-00-3c-aa 00-4f-4e-06-58-42 00-4f-4e-0a-b3-9e 00-00-e8-4e-bf-cb 00-00-e8-4e-cd-36
dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
2000/2001
97
Guio
10.10.10.215 10.10.10.217 10.10.10.221 10.10.10.222 10.10.10.223 10.10.10.224 10.10.10.225 10.10.10.227 10.10.10.228 10.10.10.230 10.10.10.231 10.10.10.232 10.10.10.233 10.10.10.234 10.10.10.237 10.10.10.239 10.10.10.240 10.10.10.241 10.10.10.242 10.10.10.243 10.10.10.244 10.10.10.245 10.10.10.246 10.10.10.247 10.10.10.248 10.10.10.249 10.10.10.251 10.10.10.253 10.10.10.254
00-4f-4e-0a-b8-ca 00-00-e8-4e-bf-be 00-00-e8-18-91-f3 00-4f-4e-05-c9-af 00-4f-4e-05-7e-92 00-4f-4e-03-17-35 00-00-e8-13-2a-3a 00-00-e8-4e-bf-12 00-00-e8-4e-c0-13 00-4f-4e-05-82-31 00-00-e8-22-ae-19 00-00-e8-22-77-08 00-4f-4e-06-47-ee 00-00-e8-22-7a-ee 00-00-e8-22-77-0d 00-00-e8-18-99-26 00-4f-4e-0a-96-ba 00-4f-4e-0a-af-f8 00-4f-4e-05-82-27 00-00-e8-1b-cf-50 08-00-4e-2b-40-ef 00-90-04-0f-ca-78 00-90-04-12-57-b8 08-00-4e-09-0f-41 08-00-4e-c9-60-b8 00-90-04-09-92-f8 00-90-04-11-f7-78 08-00-4e-10-5e-e8 00-4f-4e-06-a9-d7
dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
2000/2001
98
Guio
ANEXO IV
2000/2001
99
Guio
PING 193.136.190.30 (193.136.190.30): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.30 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.31 (193.136.190.31): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.31 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.32 (193.136.190.32): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=2 ms ----193.136.190.32 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 2/2/2 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.33 (193.136.190.33): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.33: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.33 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: indigoxz.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.33 PING 193.136.190.34 (193.136.190.34): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.34: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.34 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: indy1.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.34 PING 193.136.190.35 (193.136.190.35): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.35: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.35 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: o2video.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.35 PING 193.136.190.36 (193.136.190.36): 56 data bytes
2000/2001
100
Guio
64 bytes from 193.136.190.36: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.36 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: lablin1.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.36 PING 193.136.190.37 (193.136.190.37): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.37: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.37 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult1.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.37 PING 193.136.190.38 (193.136.190.38): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.38: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.38 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult2.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.38 PING 193.136.190.39 (193.136.190.39): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.39: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.39 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult3.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.39 PING 193.136.190.40 (193.136.190.40): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.40: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.40 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult5.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.40 PING 193.136.190.41 (193.136.190.41): 56 data bytes
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----193.136.190.41 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult4.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.41 PING 193.136.190.42 (193.136.190.42): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.42: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.42 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: superlab.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.42 PING 193.136.190.43 (193.136.190.43): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.43 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: dhl.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.43 PING 193.136.190.44 (193.136.190.44): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.44: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.44 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult6.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.44 PING 193.136.190.45 (193.136.190.45): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.45: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.45 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult7.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.45 PING 193.136.190.46 (193.136.190.46): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.46: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.46 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
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round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult8.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.46 PING 193.136.190.47 (193.136.190.47): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.47: icmp_seq=0 ttl=128 time=2 ms ----193.136.190.47 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 2/2/2 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult9.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.47 PING 193.136.190.48 (193.136.190.48): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.48 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: telemed.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.48 PING 193.136.190.49 (193.136.190.49): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.49 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labserver.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.49 PING 193.136.190.50 (193.136.190.50): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.50 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: web1.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.50 PING 193.136.190.51 (193.136.190.51): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.51: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.51 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: lablin2.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.51
2000/2001
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PING 193.136.190.52 (193.136.190.52): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.52 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult10.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.52 PING 193.136.190.53 (193.136.190.53): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.53 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult11.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.53 PING 193.136.190.54 (193.136.190.54): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.54 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: labmult12.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.54 PING 193.136.190.55 (193.136.190.55): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.55 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: www.aitear.com Address: 193.136.190.55 PING 193.136.190.56 (193.136.190.56): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.56 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: toshiba2.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.56 PING 193.136.190.57 (193.136.190.57): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.57: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=3 ms ----193.136.190.57 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 3/3/3 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1
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PING 193.136.190.58 (193.136.190.58): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.58 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: pl75.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.58 PING 193.136.190.59 (193.136.190.59): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.59: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.59 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.59 PING 193.136.190.60 (193.136.190.60): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.60: icmp_seq=0 ttl=15 time=3 ms ----193.136.190.60 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 3/3/3 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: iris.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.60 PING 193.136.190.61 (193.136.190.61): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.61: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.61 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: indy2.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.61 PING 193.136.190.62 (193.136.190.62): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.62: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.62 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: fore-switch-eth.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.62 PING 193.136.190.63 (193.136.190.63): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.190.34: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=1 ms
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----193.136.190.63 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.64 (193.136.190.64): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 193.136.188.254: icmp_seq=0 ttl=254 time=1 ms ----193.136.190.64 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.65 (193.136.190.65): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.65 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 Name: gtrsi.adetti.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.190.65 PING 193.136.190.66 (193.136.190.66): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.66 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.67 (193.136.190.67): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.67 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.68 (193.136.190.68): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.68 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 PING 193.136.190.69 (193.136.190.69): 56 data bytes ----193.136.190.69 PING Statistics---1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 indigoxz.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.33) at 8:0:69:7:67:2b o2video.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.35) at 8:0:69:5:bb:7a lablin1.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.36) at 8:0:0:52:36:7 labmult1.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.37) at 0:50:da:c6:48:24 labmult2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.38) at 0:50:da:c6:48:34 labmult3.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.39) at 0:0:e8:49:86:c8
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labmult5.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.40) at 0:4f:49:1:42:5c superlab.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.42) at 0:4f:4e:a:af:e7 labmult6.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.44) at 0:60:97:b2:79:1 labmult7.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.45) at 0:50:da:c6:46:d4 labmult8.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.46) at 0:50:4:f7:b5:38 labmult9.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.47) at 0:0:86:1a:a8:86 lablin2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.51) at 0:0:e8:3d:be:5a labmult11.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.53) at (incomplete) labmult12.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.54) at (incomplete) www.aitear.com (193.136.190.55) at (incomplete) toshiba2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.56) at (incomplete) ? (193.136.190.57) at 0:c0:7b:7b:d2:63 pl75.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.58) at (incomplete) gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.59) at 0:0:e8:49:89:bc iris.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.60) at 0:40:8c:44:ab:59 indy2.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.61) at 8:0:69:6:eb:ca fore-switch-eth.adetti.iscte.pt (193.136.190.62) at 0:80:42:9:c:99
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ANEXO V
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ROUTER14.ATM0-0-0.3.Lisboa.rccn.net 193.136.1.190
193.136.5.254 lcatrt1.telepac.net 213.13.135.105 194.65.12.157 ROUTER16.ATM3-0.3.Lisboa.rccn.net 193.136.1.1 PIX.telepac.pt 193.136.250.30
Internet
gtiscte.iscte.pt 193.136.188.254 213.13.135.70
gtadetti.adetti.iscte.pt 193.136.190.59
fwe.iscte.pt 193.136.191.9
gtalunos.iscte.pt 193.136.191.10
iscte.iscte.pt 193.136.188.1
fwi.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.254 00-4f-4e-06-a9-d7 indy1.adetti.iscte.pt 193.136.190.34 08:00:69:08:27:b2 255.255.255.224 indigoxz.adetti.iscte.pt 193.136.190.33 8:0:69:7:67:2b 255.255.255.224
o2video.adetti.iscte.pt 193.136.190.35 8:0:69:5:bb:7a 255.255.255.224
IDC
socrates.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.2 00-03-47-08-c7-d9
HUB Passivo
rede33.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.33 00-00-e8-22-7c-fc
rede34.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.34 00-00-e8-22-a3-7d
rede39.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.39 00-00-e8-22-7c-cc
rede40.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.40 00-00-e8-22-74-dd
rede41.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.41 00-60-97-c2-42-37
rede35.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.35 00-00-e8-18-9d-98
rede36.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.36 00-00-e8-4e-c2-fc
rede42.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.42 00-00-e8-4e-c1-8b
rede43.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.43 00-60-97-c2-47-29
rede44.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.44 00-4f-4e-03-13-f0
rede37.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.37 00-00-e8-22-bd-ac
rede38.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.38 00-00-e8-22-77-a6
i0s05-14.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.112 00-4F-4E-00-0C-92 255.255.255.0
rede45.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.45 00-00-e8-22-74-85
rede46.students.iscte.pt 10.10.10.46 00-60-97-c2-45-a0

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Instituto Superior de Cincias do Trabalho e da Empresa

SISTEMAS DE COMUNICAO INTEGRADOS

Docente: Professor Doutor Miguel Dias

Discente: Joo Nascimento

Lisboa, 11 de Abril de 2001

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

ANEXO II - Comandos Utilizados (Unix) ..........................................................................29

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

II. Aplicao dos Comandos (Dos)

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Seja como for, o resultado obtido o mesmo: socrates.students.iscte.pt

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255 TTL=255

Arp -a Interface: 10.10.10.112 Internet Address 10.10.10.8 10.10.10.10 10.10.10.12 10.10.10.254

on Interface 2 Physical Address 00-80-5f-0d-2d-e0 00-d0-b7-d3-60-0b 00-80-5f-bb-68-f4 00-4f-4e-06-a9-d7

Type dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Como no podemos ter o endereo: 000 0 0 0 Sub-rede 0 0 0 1 Hosts 0

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Gateway Flags 127.0.0.1 UH 127.0.0.1 UH 193.136.190.59 UG 193.136.190.34 U 193.136.190.34 U

nslookup Default Server: iscte.iscte.pt Address: 193.136.188.1 >

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Gateway 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 193.136.190.59 193.136.190.34 193.136.190.34 UH UH UG U U

RTT RTTvar 0 0 0 0 0 1192 1126 60309 2616 26928

Use lo0 lo0 ec0 ec0 ec0

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

ANEXO I - Comandos Utilizados (Dos)

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados

1 1 ms. <10 ms. Rasteio concludo.

8. NETSTAT a) Funo Mostra informao TCP/IP de rede. b) Sintaxe do comando

M estrado e m Ge st o d e Siste ma s d e Info rma o

Sistemas de Comunicao Integrados