THE UTRA SYSTEM: PHYSICAL LAYER SPECITICATIONS

Fred Daneshgaran
Elect. And Comput. Engr. Dept. Calif. State Univ., Los Angeles

Marina MONDIN
Dipartimento di Elettronica Politecnico di Torino - Torino (Italy)
1

COURSE TOPICS

DS-CDMA and TD-CDMA technologies basic principles Current radio specifications of:
FDD (W-CDMA) component TDD (TD-CDMA) component

Pag. 1 1

DS-CDMA TECHNOLOGY BASIC PRINCIPLES

ACCESS
DEFINITION
By this term we mean the way in which the radio resource is accessed and shared, with the goal of maximizing the number of serviced users and minimizing the required bandwith and power.

Pag. 2 2

DUPLEXING
In wireless systems the user is generally allowed to send information to the basestation and simultaneously receive information from the base-station itself. In conventional telephone systems it is possible to talk and listen at the same time: this effect is duplexing, and can be obtained with either frequency or time based techniques.
5

FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEXING (FDD)

The FDD scheme is based on the use of two different frequency bands for each user, one for the base-station-to-mobile traffic (forward link), one for the mobile-to-base-station traffic (reverse link) Each duplex channel is composed of two simplex channels and a physical device named duplexer is required inside each fixed and mobile tranceiver in order to allow simultaneous transmission and reception on the two duplex channels In order to be able to utilize a low-cost RF technology, forward and reverse link bandwiths should be separated.

Pag. 3 3

TIME DIVISION DUPLEXING (TDD)

The TDD scheme uses time instead of frequency to allow both forward and reverse link communication If the time separation between temporal slots allocated to forward and reverse links is small, transmission and reception of data appear simultaneous to the users TDD allows communication using a single channel and simplifies the radio devices since no duplexer is required
7

TDD (TIME DIVISION DUPLEX)

GUARD TIMES

MS BS TRANSMISSION

BS MS TRANSMISSION

FRAME PERIOD Same carrier for both links RF filtering simplified Time separation between links cannot be guaranteed in cellular systems due to propagation delays in macrocells Used in cordless systems (e.g., CT2, DECT) which utilize microcells or picocell
8

Pag. 4 4

THE DS-CDMA TECHNIQUE

DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access): code division access technique
The user signals are transmitted simultaneously and on the same frequency band A different (and unique) code assigned to each user allows one to distinguish the received signals The system capacity is limited by the interference generated by the other users

DS-CDMA
The information bit is multiplied by a sequence of 0s and 1s corresponding to the codeword uniquely associated to the user At the receiver the useful information is recoverd by means of a correlation operation
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
PNi (f) Di (f) Di (f)

t
PNi (f)

Bs

Ti
Si (f)

t
Bs
Si (f)

Bss

f
10

Pag. 5 5

DS-CDMA (II)
The de-spreading operation distributes the power of a narrow-band interfering signal on the entire channel bandwidth Bss, reducing the interfering power spectral density in the bandwidth Bs occupied by the useful signal The white noise power spectral density is not affected by the despreading operation, since white noise is not bandlimited
RECEIVER INPUT SIGNAL
INTERFERING SIGNAL SS SIGNAL Bs Bss

No

SIGNAL AFTER DESPREADING

USEFUL SIGNAL INTERFERING SIGNAL Bs Bss

No

f
11

CDMA
Signals are transmitted over all the available bandwidth for all the time. The result is that all the users interfere with each other, but the unique code assigned to each user ensures the correct recovery of information at the receiver The user data (for instance the output of the voice coder) are generated with a certain bit-rate, then each bit is multiplied by the codeword uniquely associated to each network user If, for instance, a 64 bit codeword is used, the transmitter will send this codeword each time that the voice coder generates a 1, and its complement each time that the voice coder generates a0
12

Pag. 6 6

CDMA (II)
In this scheme, for each useful bit generated by the voice coder, 64 bits are sent on the channel, therefore the bandwidth occupied by the CDMA scheme is 64 times larger than the bandwidth required by the FDMA scheme The rate measured in terms of channel bits (i.e. the channel bit-rate) is called chip rate The multiplication by the user codeword is called spreading, while the correlation process executed at the reciver to recover the useful information is called de-spreading

13

THE TRANSMITTER
Amplitude

Time Amplitude Code A Information sequence User code Transmitted sequence

Time Amplitude

Time
14

Pag. 7 7

THE RECEIVER
Information sequence User A

Amplitude
Coded sequence Time

Time Received signal Average on the useful bit period

Time

X
Information sequence User B

Recovered information sequence

Coded sequence Time

Code A

X X Y= 1 8

i=1

Xi Yi

Ideal channel

Receiver for user A

15

DS-CDMA
b(t) c(t) BPSK MOD. fo b(t): binary information signal (Rate Rb) c(t): binary PN sequence (Rate Rc) Rc>>Rb The spectrum expansion is due to the multiplication of the useful signal by the Pseudo-Noise (PN) signal x(t) j(t) BPSK z(t) DEMOD. c(t)

~ ~

16

Pag. 8 8

DS-CDMA (II)
b(t) 1 -1 c(t) 1 -1 c(t)b(t) 1 -1 t f
1/Tc
17

Gb(f) t f
1/Tb

Gc(f) t f
1/Tc

Gc*Gb

product spectrum

DS-CDMA (III)
The signal b(t)c(t) is modulated, transmitted, altered by narrow-band interfering signal j(t) and then demodulated, obtaining: z(t)= b(t)c(t) + ~ j(t) The recovered signal is obtained by multiplying z(t) by c(t): ~ ~ z(t)c(t)= b(t)c2(t) + j(t)c(t) = b(t) + j(t)c(t)
Spreaded interfering signal

18

Pag. 9 9

DS-CDMA (IV)
Gz(f)
Interfering signal Useful signal

f Spectrum of z(t)c(t)
Useful signal Spreaded interfering signal

f After filtering only a fraction of the interfering signal is left, with power reduced by a factor G=Rc/Rb (spreading gain)
19

CDMA TRANSMISSION

f0

f0

DATA

WIDEBAND SPECTRUM

CORRELATOR
DIGITAL FILTER DEINTERLEAVING & DECODING DATA

DATA

ENCODING & INTERLEAVING

PN SOURCE

PN SOURCE

CARRIER

CARRIER

f0

f0

f0

f0

BACKGROUND NOISE

EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE

OTHER CELL INTERFERENCE

OTHER USER INTERFERENCE

20

Pag. 10 10

SPREADING CODES FOR CDMA

In an isolated CDMA cell (without interfering cells) each user uses a different spreading code (codeword or sequence) The spreading sequences should be orthogonal in order not to generate interference Two codewords are orthogonal if their scalar product on the sequence length (multiplication and addition of the resulting terms) is equal to zero Example: the sequences 1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1 and 1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1 are orthogonal

21

SPREADING CODES FOR CDMA (II)

The previous sequences belong to the family of the Walsh codes, which are all orthogonal to each other In an isolated cell it is possible to assign a Walsh sequence to each user in order to maximize capacity (which is limited by the number of available sequences, dependent on the sequence length) In a system with many cells, all the users in the different cells should have different sequences, since also adjacent cells are using the same frequency band, but this would strongly limit the system capacity

22

Pag. 11 11

LONG CODE AND SHORT CODE

If short sequences are used: it is easier to control interference, but the code management is more complex If only one but very long sequence is used: code management is easy but it is more difficult to control interference

23

THE FAMILY OF WALSH CODES OF LENGTH 8

Code 0 Code 1 Code 2 Code 3 Code 4 Code 5 Code 6 Code 7

1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1

1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1

1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1

1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1

1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1

1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1

1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

24

Pag. 12 12

SPREADING CODES FOR CDMA (III)

In multi-cell CDMA systems, quasi-orthogonal codes are used, that allow maintaining the interference among different users at admissible levels, even if this level is larger than in the orthogonal sequences case The family of quasi-orthogonal codes is composed of the socalled pseudo-noise or PN sequences PN sequences repeat themselves periodically: if they are multiplied by themselves and added, the result is equal to the sequence length (like for the Walsh codes), while if they are multiplied by a shift of themselves and added the result is -1 (instead of 0, therefore some interference is generated). The advantage is that PN sequences are practically unlimited

25

PSEUDO-NOISE SEQUENCES
Output

They are typically obtained by shifts of feed-back registers properly initialized, or by their combinations (GOLD sequences are obtained by combining the outputs of two different registers) If the register has N stages, the PN sequence period is 2N-1 If PN sequences have auto-correlation function R(t) always zero except for t=0 and null cross-correlation functions, then it is possible to distinguish the different user signals

26

Pag. 13 13

PROPAGATION CHANNEL EFFECTS

f t 1 n
x
nejn

f t

1ej1

t
27

RECEIVER:RAKE RECEIVER

de-spreading

phase recovery channel estimation

i e j

ne j
X

propagation channel

de-spreading

phase recovery channel estimation

spreading sequence

receiver

28

Pag. 14 14

POWER CONTROL AND INTERLEAVING IN CASE OF FAST FADING

Fading Fading SLOW FAST (Low speed) (High speed) Power Control Coding & interleaving

GOOD

BAD

BAD

GOOD t

29

POWER CONTROL (PC)

Closed loop power control - up link (UL) and down link (DL) Adjusts the transmitted power from the mobile terminal (from the network) in order to maintain the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) in UL (DL) equal to a given target SIR Outer loop power control - UL and DL Adjusts the target SIR value used by the closed loop power control on the basis of a connection quality estimate Open loop power control - only UL in UMTS Adjusts the power transmitted on the random access burst on the basis of the path loss value and the interference level evaluated in UL

30

Pag. 15 15

CLOSED-LOOP POWER CONTROL

Errors on the command (Pe) Round trip delay (k slot)

Return channel

Received command (up/down)

BSC channel

FIFO register

W-CDMA transmitter

W-CDMA transmitter

Power amplifier

Transmitted command (up/down)

Receiving filter Max./Min. Transmitted power W-CDMA receiver

Rake receiver

+ Cref
Comparator

31

GAIN DUE TO THE CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL

9 8 7 E b/No gain [dB ] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Mobile channel voice service at 8 kbps CONSTRAINTS: the transmitter must have a sufficient dynamic to be able to follow the channel; it needs a margin at the edges of the coverage area. If the dynamic is insufficient, the gain tends to zero.

mobile speed [km/h]

32

Pag. 16 16

EXAMPLE OF PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMITTED AND RECEIVED POWERS

Outdoor to indoor pedestrian A
0.07 0.06

P.d.f. transmitted power P.d.f. received power

Prob. density function

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -20 -15

-10

-5

0 Power [dB]

10

15

20
33

UTRAN ARCHITECTURE
Core Network
Iu UTRAN RNS Iub
Site Contr

Iu

RNC Iub

Iur

RNS Iub
Site Contr

RNC Iub
Site Contr

Site Contr

BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS BTS

34

Pag. 17 17

HAND-OVER: SOFT HO
DEDICATED DATA CHANNEL
LC=X MS receives from both BTS the same information at the same time LC=Y

BTS 1

BTS 2 RNC
LC = Long Code
35

HAND-OVER: SOFTER HO
DEDICATED DATA CHANNEL, DEDICATED PACKET CHANNEL

Sector 1
LC=X

LC=Y

RNC

BTS Sector 2

MS receives from both sectors the same information at the same time LC = Long Code

36

Pag. 18 18

SOFT HAND-OVER AND MACRODIVERSITY

CELL A CELL B

Ec/No

Signal margin

Time margin ADD threshold DROP threshold

CELL C

Soft Hand-over region

time
37

TYPES OF HAND-OVER
SIST G S M D E C T U M T S TYPE Hard HandHandover BEFORE
MSC
BSS#1
F1

DURING
MSC

AFTER
MSC

BSS#2

BSS#1
F1

BSS#2

BSS#1

BSS#2
F2

CCFP

CCFP
RFP#1
F
1

CCFP
RFP#1 RFP#2
F2

Seamless HandHandover Soft HandHandover

RFP#1
F1

RFP#2

RFP#2
F2

RNC
BS#1
F1

RNC
BS#2 BS#1
F1

RNC
BS#2 BS#1 BS#2
F1

38

Pag. 19 19

SITE SELECTION DIVERSITY

It is an optional variant of the usual soft handover/macrodiversity scheme The mobile identifies a primary cell and some non primary cells within its active set With the goal of reducing the interference due to the soft hand-over, the down link information is transmitted only by the primary cell

39

CAPACITY: ISOLATED CELL, IDEAL PC

Eb Io = CT I/W = C/R I/W C = useful signal power R = bit rate W = spreading bandwidth

In case of ideal power control Eb Io C/R = C(N-1)/W W R = W R

I=C(N-1)

1 (N-1)

(N-1) =

1 Eb/Io
40

Pag. 20 20

EXPLOITATION OF THE SOURCE ACTIVITY AND SECTORING

d: source activity factor (for voice, in ideal conditions, it is equal to 0.38, in practice 0.5 is typically assumed) Gsect: sectoring gain (2.2-2.4 in the three sectors case) W R 1 Eb/Io

. 1 . Gsect
d

Site capacity

41

CAPACITY IN THE MULTI-CELL CASE

The inter-cell interference is accounted for by means of a proper factor generally denoted as f or i and defined as: f = (interference from other cells)/(intracell interference) W R

1 Eb/Io

. 1 . Gsect . 1/(1+f)
d

f, varies according to the scenario (typical values are 0.4-0.6); the factor f (also denoted as i), is sometimes called the reuse factor of the CDMA system
42

Pag. 21 21

NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND HYPOTHESIS

N0 is often use to indicate the overall interference power spectral density (real interference plus thermal noise) instead of the more appropriate expression (I0+N0) It is important to pay attention to the point within the transmission chain where we are making our calculations: the processing gain should always be evaluated at the point in which the ratio Eb/ (I0+N0) is known In the capacity comparison, attention should be given to whether we are talking about full time users or not, and if the capacity values are referred to a sector or to a site

43

CELL DYNAMICS
Cell of radius R with N users N C/I 1/N

N+X N

The user density increases: Cell with radius R with (N+X) > N users (C/I) 1/(N+X) < C/I Under the new load situation in order to return to the original C/I the cell radius must be diminished
44

Pag. 22 22

CELL BREATHING
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 load 0.6 0.8 1

Constraints on the coverage radius: mobile maximum power (21 dBm), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) maximum power, maximum source bit rate, system margins and load (maximum 78 active users, Equivalent of 1)
45

UMTS: voice service at 8 kbit/s in urban environment (fc=2 GHz)

radius [km ]

COVERAGE RADIUS
13 kbit/s The cell coverage radius depends on the type of offered service As a consequence, a different cellular planning must be designed and foreseen depending on the type of offered services

2Mbit/s

144 kbit/s

46

Pag. 23 23

COVERAGE RADIUS
The coverage radius is limited by the maximum power that can be transmitted by the mobile user It is possible to offer services with asymmetric transmission rates on the two links (b-m and m-b) with large coverage radius The base station has less constraints on the maximum transmitted power: as a consequence, it is possible to guarantee a large coverage radius offering for instance only 8 kbit/s in uplink and 144 kbit/s in downlink in this way, it is possible to guarantee applications such as web browsing, in which the mobile terminal makes some requests or sends acknowledgement while receiving a large amount of data
47

POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE BASE-STATION

42 40
Pow er BTS [dBm ]

38 36 34 32 30 0 0.2 0.4 load 0.6 0.8 1

Due to the cell breathing phenomenon, the maximum power transmitted by the base station does not increase linearly with the number of users

Maximum power transmitted by the BTS in the worst case (users on the cell border) - load of 1 = 78 active users
48

Pag. 24 24

LINK PERFORMANCE

49

W-CDMA DOWN LINK RADIO CHAIN

DPDCH source
CRC & tail

insertion

Channel coding

puncturing or unequal repetition

interleaver

MUX

modulation & spreading

filter TX

DPCCH generator

DPCCH

Fading channel

DPCCH BER counter

de-puncturing
CRC & tail

Power control command

DEMUX

AWGN

removal

Channel decoding

or repetition removal

demodulation

de-interleaver

& de-spreading

filter RX

DPDCH

50

Pag. 25 25

W-CDMA: VOICE SERVICE (8 KBIT/S)

DOWN LINK WORKING POINT
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 1 Outdoor to indoor A Outdoor to indoor B Vehicular A Vehicular B

Eb/No [dB] @ BER=0.1%

10

100

1000

velocit del mobile (km/h)

51

Performance of the data service LCD at 144 kbit/s with Turbo Code as a function of the number of decoding iterations down link (Vehicular A - 120 km/h)
1.E+00
it. #1

1.E-01 1.E-02 B ER 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E-05 1.E-06 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

it. #2 it. #3 it. #4 it. #5 it. #6 it. #7 it. #8 TPC H ard TPC So ft BLER

Eb/N o [dB ]

52

Pag. 26 26

W-CDMA UP LINK RADIO CHAIN

DPDCH source
CRC & tail

insertion

Channel coding

puncturing or unequal repetition

interleaver

modulation & spreading

filter TX

DPCCH generator

DPCCH Power control command

Fading channel

Fading channel

AWGN DPCCH BER counter

de-puncturing
CRC & tail

AWGN

Demodulation

removal

Channel decoding

or repetition removal

de-interleaver

& De-spreading & Combining

filter RX filter RX

DPDCH

53

Performance of the data service LCD at 144 kbit/s with Turbo Code as a function of the number of decoding iterations up link (Vehicular A - 120 km/h)
1.E +00 1.E -01 1.E -02 BER 1.E -03 1.E -04 1.E -05 1.E -06 0 1 2 E b /N o [d B ] 3 4
it. #1 it. #2 it. #3 it. #4 it. #5 it. #6 it. #7 it. #8 TPC Ha rd TPC So f t BLER

54

Pag. 27 27

CONSIDERATIONS
In the case of voice services the performances are practically independent of the speed (within the range 25250 km/h) because of the closed loop power control. This behaviour is not exactly true any more for high bit rate services For very high speeds (500 km/h) the performances are affected by a 56 dB degradation because the channel estimation algorithm and the power control are less reliable

55

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE TD-CDMA TECHNIQUE

56

Pag. 28 28

TDD COMPONENT (TD-CDMA)

One Time Slot

Energy

8 TCH per time slot

3. 84

14

15

Time

frame with 15 time slots

Fr e

qu en cy

Codes 1-16

WB-TDMA/CDMA

57

USER CODES
Within each 0.667 ms slot, a further separation is given via the use of codewords with length 16 Several bursts can be transmitted in a single time slot: the bursts can be allocated to different users, and/or the bursts can be allocated to a single user The most critical link is the up link, where up to eight bursts can be transmitted in a single time slot (with more bursts the performances would be excessively degraded)

58

Pag. 29 29

RESOURCES ALLOCATION
In the TDD component, a physical channel is characterised by a combination of carrier frequency, slot and codeword Resources are allocated by means of slow DCA:
in order to obtain a unitary reuse parameter, different time slots are allocated to adjacent cells (slot clustering) each cell slot can be used in up or in down link (for asymmetric traffic)

Resources are allocated to the bearers by means of fast DCA:

the higher bit rate services can be obtained by transmitting using multiple codewords and multiple time slots

59

THE TDD FRAME

Problem: mobile-mobile interference can be solved by forcing the base stations synchronism in an asynchronous network, it is necessary to have a dynamic resource allocation policy in order to avoid interference (like in the DECT case); this will cause an efficiency loss in the bandlimited case (5 MHz) Timing advance techniques are employed in order to reduce the guard times between two successive slots

60

Pag. 30 30

SYNCHRONIZATION AMONG TDD CELLS

Cell A Cell B

With synchronous cells, timing advance and guard times it is possible to avoid the mobile to mobile interference

Mobile to mobile interference

With non synchronized cells, in order to avoid mobile to mobile interference, resources need to be allocated for the cases of potential conflict
61

BASIC FUNCTIONING PRINCIPLE

Mobile 1

CDMA code 1

Midamble channel 1

Base station
Midambles channels 1 - K

X
Traffic channel 1 input data

Radio channels

Channel estimation of K radio channels 1 2 K channels 1 - K

Estimated radio

Traffic channel 1 output data

Mobile K

CDMA code K

Midamble channel K

Joint Detection (JD) of K traffic channels Traffic channel K output data

X
Traffic channel K input data

CDMA codes 1 - K

62

Pag. 31 31

THE JOINT DETECTION TECHNIQUE

It is used to reduce (ideally to cancel) interference among different signals The receiver, exploiting the knowledge of the sequences used to distinguish the different user signals, jointly demodulates the different signals The output is a series of information sequences, one for each user signal

63

THE UMTS SYSTEM RADIO INTERFACE

64

Pag. 32 32

ETSI DECISIONS
Adoption of the W-CDMA solution with FDD duplexing in the paired portion of the available spectrum Adoption of the TD-CDMA solution with TDD duplexing in the non-paired portion of the available spectrum Parameters optimization in order to guarantee:
low-cost terminals smooth evolution with respect to GSM dual mode TDD/FDD terminals

The solution must be able to operate with a minimum spectrum assignment equal to 2x5 MHz (FDD)

65

HARMONIZATION WITH CDMA2000

Agreement among the major operators Three operating modes: FDD DS (based on UTRAN WCDMA) FDD MC (based on cdma2000, with possibility of overlay with cdmaOne networks) TDD (based on UTRAN TD-CDMA) Possibility of connection to GSM MAP and ANSI 41 core networks

66

Pag. 33 33

HARMONIZATION WITH CDMA2000 (II)

Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps for DS and TDD, 3.6864 (3x1.2288) Mcps for MC Adoption of a common pilot channel transmitted in CDMA for the DS solution Possibility of both synchronous or asynchronous networks.

67

POSSIBILITY OF OPERATION IN A 2X5 MHZ BANDWIDTH

This requirement imposes constraints on the out-of-band emissions Since both the TDD and the FDD components occupy the same bandwidth, they have similar requirements as far as guard bands and adjacent channel protection is concerned Employed methods:
Evaluation of the minimum coupling loss (minimum distance among transmitter and receiver) able to guarantee the receiver operation (worst case condition). Statistical approach (Montecarlo simulation) to evaluate the capacity loss due to the different multi-operator scenarios

Problem: is it possible to operate TDD in the FDD band?

68

Pag. 34 34

THE MAIN PARAMETERS

UTRA/FDD Multiple access Chip rate Carrier spacing Frame duration N. of slots per frame BTS synchronisation Modulation Coherent reception Multi-rate Not necessary WCDMA UTRA/TDD Hybrid WCDMA+TDMA

3.84 Mcps (SF FDD:4-256, TDD 1-16) 4.4-5 MHz (200 kHz carrier raster) 10 ms 15 Not necessary but preferable DL: QPSK DL: QPSK UL: Dual-code BPSK UL: QPSK up link and down link Variable SF + Multi-code + Multi-slot (only TDD)

69

FDD COMPONENT (W-CDMA)

The FDD component is based on the system developed by the Alpha group and establishes the adoption of a wide-band CDMA access technique:
chip rate of 3840 kchip/s (they were 4096 before the harmonisation with cdma2000) 3 dB bandwidth equal to 3840 kHz (raised cosine filter, roll-off 0.22) option with chip rate of 2x3840 and 4x3840 kchip/s Coverage of pico-, micro- and macro-cells obtained by adopting different CDMA carriers in the different environments: hierarchical coverage based on the FDMA access

In a certain hierarchical level it is possible to have a frequency reuse factor equal to 1

70

Pag. 35 35

MAPPING BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Transport Channels Physical Channels DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) RACH CPCH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) BCH FACH PCH Synchronisation Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
71

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

MAPPING BETWEEN THE MAIN TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS - UP LINK

Physical channels: DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel): used to transport data generated by the OSI 2nd level (user or control data between the network and the mobile) DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel): used to transport control information generated by the OSI 1st level; in particular, pilot symbols for channel estimation, power control bits (TPC) and information rate bits (RI) DPDCH and DPCCH are transmitted on the in-phase and quadrature components of the modulated signal (QPSK), respectively; they are characterised by different codes RACH (Random Access CHannel): access channel used by the mobile to generate calls PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel): channel with contest access for the transmission of packets
72

Pag. 36 36

DPxCH CHANNELS FRAME STRUCTURE

Frame: has 10 ms of duration A frame is formed by 15 slots (0.666 ms), corresponding to a power control period Spreading factor: belonging to the range 4-256, can be different for DPDCH and DPCCH

DPDCH

Data Ndata bits

DPCCH

Pilot N pilot bits

TFCI N TFCI bits

k

FBI NFBI bits

TPC NTPC bits

0.666 ms, 10x2 bits (k=0..6)

Slot #1

Slot #2

Slot #i Tf = 10 ms

Slot #15

73

MAPPING BETWEEN THE MAIN TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS - DOWN LINK
Physical channels:
DPDCH and DPCCH are transmitted like in the up link but time-multiplexed DSCH (down link Shared Channel) is used to transmit packet traffic scheduled by the base station according to the traffic generated by the various users. It always has an associated dedicated channel used to transport physical level signalling (for instance power control and information rate bits) BCH is the common channel used to transmit system information to all mobiles; it is transmitted on the Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH). The Synchronisation Channel (SCH) is timemultiplexed with it, and it allows the mobile to acquire the synchronisation signal necessary to demodulate the base station signal SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel) is used to transmit the paging and the FACH channel which, together with the AICH, are used to indicate that the call generated by the mobile can start. These channels can also be used to transmit short packets (like SMS in GSM)
74

Pag. 37 37

PHYSICAL CHANNELS: DOWN LINK

DPDCH

DPCCH

DPCCH

DPDCH Data2 N data2 bits

k

DPCCH N Pilot
pilotbits

TPC TFCI Data1 Ndata1 bits NTFCI bits N TPC bits

DPCCH and DPDCH are defined as in the up link, but they are time multiplexed The dedicated pilot symbols are transmitted also in the down link in order to support the use of smart antennas

0.666 ms, 20x2 bits (k=0..6)

Slot #1 Slot #2

Slot #i
Tf = 10 ms

Slot #15

75

COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS (CCPCH)

The CCPCH channels are: primary - used to transport the BCCH (system and cell specific information); they are transmitted on all the cell; secondary - used to transport the FACH (mobile specific control information and short packets) and the paging channel PCH. The primary channel speed is constant, that of the secondary channels can vary from cell to cell
Slot #15

CPICH 20 bits
256 chips (Tx OFF)
k

Data 19 bits
0.666 ms, 20x2 bits (k=0..6)

Slot #1 Slot #2

Slot #i
Tf = 10 ms

The common pilot channel (CPICH) is used for channel estimation on the primary CCPCH and to improve the channel estimation on the dedicated channels
76

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TrCH
Add CRC to Tr. block

TrCH
Add CRC to Tr. block

Channel coding

Channel coding

1st Interleaving

1st Interleaving

Rate-Matching

MULTIPLEXING OF THE TRANSPORT CHANNELS

Multiplexing

2nd Interleaving

Mapping to Physical channels

77

CODING TECHNIQUES
BER = 10-3 Convolutional coding Channel interleaving

BER = 10-6

Turbo coding

Channel interleaving

Service-specific coding

78

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information 80 bits

CRC tail 8 8

convolutional encoding

96x3=288 bits unequal repetition

288x24/25=300 bits spreading

MAPPING OF THE UP LINK VOICE SERVICES

300x128=38400 chips Slot #1 2560 chips 20 bits Pilot TPC TFCI 1536 chips 512 512 6 bits 2 2 frame (10 ms) 79 quadrature component DPCCH (SF=256) Slot #15 2560 chips 20 bits

in-phase component DPDCH (SF=128)

1536 chips 512 512 6 bits 2 2

information 80 bits

CRC tail 8 8

convolutional encoding

96x3=288 bits unequal repetition

288x25/16=450 bits spreading

MAPPING OF THE DOWN LINK VOICE SERVICES

in-phase component

450x128=57600 chips Slot #1 512 chips 128 1920 chip 4 bits 1 15 bits Pilot TPC Data Slot #15 512 chips 128 1920 chips 4 bits 1 15 bits

DPCCH+DPDCH (SF=128) 512 chip 128 1920 chips 4 bits 1 15 bits quadrature component

512 chip 128 1920 chip 4 bits 1 15 bits

frame (10 ms) 80

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SOME EXAMPLES OF SERVICES MAPPING

Data (300 bits)

CRC+SN (12 bits) + Tail (8)

16 blocks per frame

Conv. code Rate 1/2, K=9 16*2*320*15/16 = 9600 bits 960 kbps DPDCH

Packet data service (480 kbps) SF=4

81

SPREADING CODES
Two code families are used: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes - used to enlarge the user signals bandwidth; they are codes orthogonal to each other (orthogonality is guaranteed by choosing different branches in the code tree); scrambling codes - they do not enlarge the signal bandwidth; they are used to guarantee good autocorrelation properties and to distinguish the cells from each other
82

C4,1 = (1,1,1,1) C2,1 = (1,1) C4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1) C1,1 = (1) C4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1) C2,2 = (1,-1) C4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

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SPREADING AND MODULATION - UP LINK

Channelisation codes (OVSF) cD DPDCH I I+jQ Imag p(t) Real cscramb p(t) sin(t) cos(t)

cC DPCCH Q j

cD, cC : channelisation codes c scramb: scrambling code (short or long) p(t): pulse-shaping filter (root raised cosine, roll-off 0.22)

Each mobile transmits at least the DPCCH, to which a unique channelisation code is assigned; to each DPDCH a channelisation code is assigned The same code can be reused on in-phase & quadrature components The scrambling code is a complex sequence QPSK modulation is used
83

SPREADING AND MODULATION - DOWN LINK

cos(t)

p(t)

DPDCH/DPCCH

P
Q

cch

c scramb

sin(t)

p(t)

cch: channelisation codes

c scramb: scrambling code p(t): pulse-shaping filter (root raised cosine, roll-off 0.22)

The same channelisation code multiplies at the same time the in-phase and quadrature components The scrambling code is a real sequence that multiplies both components QPSK modulation is used
84

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OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL

Is used to estimate the required power for the access burst on the PRACH The mobile measures the received power on the common pilot channel and evaluates the attenuation on the down link on the basis of the power used to transmit the primary CCPCH (value transmitted on the BCH) If the interference on the up link and the SIR target are known (values transmitted on the BCH), the mobile estimates the power to be transmitted on the PRACH under the hypothesis of identical attenuation on the up link and and down link

85

UL CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL

The bases of the active set estimate the useful power received on the DPCCH in up link, the total interference and the current value of SIR in up link The base generates TPC commands and send them to the mobile to command an increase (TPC=0) or decrease (TPC=1) of the transmitted power The mobile combines multiple received TPC commands into a unique TPC command The mobile increases or decreases by a predefined step its transmit power

86

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DL CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL

The mobile terminal estimates the useful received power in down link on the DPCH, the total received interference and the current value of SIR in down link relative to the connection The mobile terminal generates a TPC command and sends it to the network (node B) The network adjusts the transmitted power varying it by a predefined step

87

UP LINK VARIABLE RATE (NO DTX)

10 ms

1-rate

1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate

Variable rate

R=1

R = 1/2

R=0

R=0

R = 1/2

: DPCCH (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH (Data)

88

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DOWN LINK VARIABLE RATE (DTX BASED)

0.625 ms 1-rate 1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate

: DPCCH-part (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH-part (Data)

89

INTER-FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS
TDMA: Discontinuous transmission
up link down link TX RX Idle time for IF measurements TX RX

UTRA/FDD: Normally continuous transmission

Up link down link TX RX

90

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DOWN LINK SLOTTED TRANSMISSION

SF=SF0/2 SF=SF0 SF=SF0

Tf = 10 ms

Idle time for IF measurements

91

HAND-OVER WITHIN A TDD SCHEME

Both TDD and FDD components have 10 ms frame duration The base station must indicate the TDD and FDD carriers used in the area The FDD mode can use slotted transmission (or two receivers) in order to execute the required measurements: the FDD terminals must synchronise itself with the TDD down link since the TDD cells in a certain area are synchronous, it is sufficient to obtain the up/down link timing in one cell to be synchronised on the entire area since the frequency separation between TDD and FDD cannot be sufficient to protect the TDD receiver from the interference generated by the FDD component, it can be necessary to interrupt the FDD transmission during measurements: this is the so called slotted mode in up link The TDD terminals can exploit the idle periods to execute measurements on the FDD component
92

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PACKET ACCESS
There are three possible schemes: short packets (or not frequent) transmitted over common channels (PRACH and SCCPCH), similar to SMS in the GSM case large dimension packets or packets scheduled at high rate, that can be transmitted using a dedicated channel in down link it is possible to use a common channel (PDSCH) on which the base station schedules the access of packets belonging to different clients. In up link the PCPCH (contest channel) can be used

93

COMMON CHANNEL PACKET ACCESS

Access request User packet

Arbitrary time

Access request

User packet

Common Channel (RACH/FACH)

No link maintenance when no packet to transmit Limited to small packets and medium data rates

94

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DEDICATED CHANNEL MULTI-PACKET TRANSMISSION

Scheduled packets Non-scheduled packet
Access request User packet User packet Access request User packet

Dedicated Channel (DTCH) Link maintenance (pilot, TPC)

Scheduled and non-scheduled packet access Closed-loop power control during packet transmission Link released after time-out period has expired

95

DSCH AND CPCH CHANNELS

DSCH is a channel (down link) common to all the users which transports control and dedicated traffic bits CPCH is a channel (up link) that can be accessed by many users through a contest mechanism, used for resource optimization in packet transmission

96

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ETSI DECISION

Parameters optimization in order to guarantee:

low-cost terminals dual mode TDD/FDD terminals

97

FDD AND TDD PARAMETERS HARMONIZATION

In order to satisfy the ETSI SMG requirements, it has been decided to harmonise the TDD and FDD components parameters:
chip rate: 3840 kchip/s frame duration: 10 ms number of slots per frame: 15 modulation: QPSK filtering: raised cosine (roll-off 0.22) unitary frequency reuse

The specifications are harmonised, i.e. they have the same structure: many parts are practically identical for the two modes (coding technique, multiplexing of the transport channels, and so forth) Some differences still exist because of the different access technique
98

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THE TDD FRAME

frequency 10 ms 3.84 Mchip/s time 10 ms 666 s

10 ms

Examples of switching modes between up and down link: the switching instants must be the same for all the cells in a certain area
99

RADIO RESOURCES
A physical channel is defined by the following parameters:
frequency time slot channelisation code burst format frame allocation (i.e., transmission on all the frames or only during certain frames, for instance only on the even frames)

In each frame it is mandatory to allocate at least one time slot for down link and one time slot for up link

100

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SPREADING
The information sequences are multiplied with a channelisation code (that causes the bandwidth increase) and the resulting signal is multiplied by a scrambling sequence In down link, the spreading factor assumes the fixed value SF=16; in order to provide high symbol rate services, more than one channelisation code per time slot is assigned The option SF = 1 is also possible In up link the spreading factor can assume values in the range 1-16 A mobile can simoultaneously transmit not more than two physical channels in the same time slot
101

SIGNALLING CHANNELS
The primary common control channel transports the information associated with the BCH and it is transmitted:
with known power over all the cell (no beamforming) in known position (i.e., timeslot number, burst format and code are known) on the SCH, using SF = 16 and type 1 bursts if other channels are transmitted on the same slot with the same code (in different frames in a multiframe pattern), these have the same characteristics as PCCPCH: known reference power and and no beamforming

The synchronisation channel (SCH) is transmitted over each frame (one or two slots per frame)
it allows the mobile to acquire synchronisation it is used for power measures for the up link power control
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BURST FORMAT: THE TRAFFIC BURST

Data symbols 61 (976 chips) Midamble 512 chips 666 s Data symbols 61 (976 chips)
GP 96 CP

Data symbols 69 (1104 chips)

Midamble 256 chips 666 s

Data symbols 69 (1104 chips)

GP 96 CP

There are two types of traffic bursts: the first type has a longer midamble and is particularly suited to up link in the case of channels with large delay spreads; the second type can be used in channels with low delay spreads Both can also be used to transmit the S-CCPCH
103

PHYSICAL LEVEL SIGNALLING

TFCI Data symbols Midamble 512/256 chips 2560*Tc TPC Data symbols
GP

The physical level signalling is time- multiplexed with the traffic channel The only mandatory field is the midamble (used for channel estimation and joint detection)

104

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PHYSICAL LEVEL SIGNALLING (II)

2560*Tc

Code

When more than one code is used, the midamble power is equal to the sum of the traffic channel powers
Data t Midamble TFCI

The TFCI bits are transmitted only on the first code/time slot

2560*Tc

Data Midamble TFCI t

105

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