Chapter 3 Three-Phase System

Three-Phase Circuits Chapter 3

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 What is a Three-Phase Circuit? Balance Three-Phase Voltages Balance Three-Phase Connection Power in a Balanced System

3.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?(1)

It is a system produced by a generator consisting of three sources having the same amplitude and frequency but out of phase with each other by 120.

Three sources with 120 out of phase

Four wired system

3.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?(2)

Advantages:
1. Most of the electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase. 2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant. 3. The amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical that the single-phase. 4. In fact, the amount of wire required for a threephase system is less than that required for an equivalent single-phase system.

3.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (1)

A three-phase generator consists of a rotating magnet (rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding (stator).

A three-phase generator

The generated voltages

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3.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (2)

Two possible configurations:

Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected ; (b) -connected

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3.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (3)

Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each other by 120. The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their respective maximum values. A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase

3.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (4)

Example 1 Determine the phase sequence of the set of voltages.

van = 200 cos(t + 10) vbn = 200 cos(t 230) vcn = 200 cos(t 110)
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3.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (5)

Solution: The voltages can be expressed in phasor form as

Van = 20010 V Vbn = 200 230 V Vcn = 200 110 V

We notice that Van leads Vcn by 120 and Vcn in turn leads Vbn by 120. Hence, we have an acb sequence.
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Phase Sequence
Order in which the voltages in the individual phases peak Negative and positive sequence

Positive sequence (a-b-c)

Negative sequence (a-c-b)

3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (1)

Four possible connections 1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a Y-connected load) 2. Y- connection (Y-connected source with a -connected load) 3. - connection 4. -Y connection
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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (2)

A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced y-connected source and a balanced y-connected load.

VL = 3V p , where V p = Van = Vbn = Vcn VL = Vab = Vbc = Vca

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (3)

VBN
120

IL = IP
Schematic diagram for WYEconnection Therefore, for phase voltage:

120 120

VRN

VYN

Phase voltage phasor diagram For line voltage:

VRN = V0o VYN = V 120o VBN = V120o

VRY = 3Vp30o VYB = 3Vp 90o VBR = 3Vp150o

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (4)

Therefore, for phase voltage: For line voltage:

VRN = V0

VRY = 3Vp30o VYB = 3Vp 90o VBR = 3Vp150o

VBR
VBN
30 30

VYN = V 120o
VBN = V120o

VRY

90

VRN

VYN
VYB
Phasor diagram illustrating the relationship between line and phase voltages 14

3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (5)

Example 2
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system shown below:

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (6)

A balanced Y- system is a three-phase system with a balanced y-connected source and a balanced -connected load.

I L = 3I p , where I L = I a = Ib = Ic I p = I AB = I BC = I CA

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (7)

VBN
120 120
120

VL = VP
Schematic diagram for DELTAconnection Therefore, for phase voltage:

VRN

VYN Phase voltage phasor diagram

For line current:

VRY = VRN = V0o VYB = VYN = V 120o VBR = VBN = V120 o

IAa = 3Ip 30o IBb = 3Ip 150o ICc = 3Ip90o

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (8)

Therefore, for phase voltage: For line current:

VRY = VRN = V0o VYB = VYN = V 120o

VBR = VBN = V120o
I ca I Cc I bc
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IAa = 3Ip 30o IBb = 3Ip 150o ICc = 3Ip90o

I ab
I Bb I bc I ca I Aa

I ab

Phasor diagram illustrating the relationship between line and phase currents

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3.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (9)

Example 3 A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with ( Van = 10010 ) is connected to a -connected load (8+j4) per phase. Calculate the phase and line currents. Solution Using single-phase analysis,

Ia =

Van 10010 = = 33.54 16.57 A Z / 3 2.98126.57

Other line currents are obtained using the abc phase sequence
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3.4 Power in a Balanced System (1) Real power, P = 3V I cos

P = 3VL I L cos
Reactive power, Q = 3V I sin

Q = 3VL I L sin
Apparent power, S = 3 V I

S =

3V

L
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Three- phase Balanced System

Example
A balanced three phase system as shown in Figure below, maintained at constant voltage and frequency is to supply a three- phase load, with three single-phase impedance. If Vab = 440 30 V, find: 1) The load phase currents IAB, IBC, and ICA. 2) The real power, reactive power, apparent power and the power factor of the load.

Three- phase Balanced System

Example
A balanced star- connected load of ZY=8+j6 per phase is connected to a balanced 3- phase 400V supply as shown in Figure below. Fine the line current, power factor, real power, reactive power and total volt-amperes.