Foundation Calculations

ATTACHMENT 7

Technical Memorandum: Pile Stiffness Pile Capacity Calculations WEAP Calculations

PDX/080180012.DOC

Technical Memorandum: Pile Stiffness

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

Oregon LNG Import Terminal Project, Warrenton, Oregon Pile Stiffness

PREPARED FOR: PREPARED BY:

Oregon LNG Development Ben Hoffman/CH2M HILL Deanne Takasumi/CH2M HILL Nason McCullough/CH2M HILL Dave Dailer/CH2M HILL Pile Stiffness October 3, 20081 355036.BP.02.SA

REVIEWED BY: SUBJECT: DATE: PROJECT NUMBER:

Introduction
The purpose of this technical memorandum is to present lateral and vertical spring constants and pile head damping for the proposed liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank pile foundations. The following sections provide a description of the methodology used and resulting design parameters for the lateral pile analysis.

Pile Section and Layout

A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine one feasible pile section for foundation support of the proposed LNG storage tanks. Based on structure and liquid loads provided by IHI Corporation, cost, and other factors, the pile section chosen for preliminary design is a 30-inch diameter, 1--inch wall thickness, steel pipe pile. The following section properties comprise this pipe pile and were used in the lateral pile analysis: Area of Steel, As = 112.9 square inches (in2) Moment of Inertia, I = 11,687 (in4) Steel Yield Strength = 50 kips per square inches (ksi)

The proposed pile layout beneath the LNG storage tanks was determined by IHI Corporation. The proposed pile locations are divided into two groups; center piles located under most of the circular footprint of each tank except for approximately the outside 25 feet and periphery piles located under the outside 25 feet (consisting of an approximate 25-foot-wide ring around the perimeter of the circular footprint of each storage tank). The pile center-to-center spacing (S) and spacing to diameter ratios (S/D) used in the lateral pile analysis for each pile group are provided in Table 1.

1 This document is technically consistent with the version provided to IHI Corporation on March 15, 2008.

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OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL PROJECT, WARRENTON, OREGON PILE STIFFNESS

TABLE 1

LNG Storage Tank Pile Spacing (30-inch diameter, 1- -inch wall thickness, steel pipe pile)
Pile Group Center Piles Periphery Piles Center-to Center Spacing, S (feet) 12.0 7.5 Spacing to Diameter Ratio, S/D 4.8 3.0

Pile Foundation Modeling for Structural Tank Modeling

The method of analyses that IHI Corporation is using to model the pile foundation requires lateral and vertical load-deflection curves that represent the pile foundation behavior during both static (normal) and seismic (dynamic) load cases. In addition, equivalent viscous damping values are required for the seismic load cases that take into account the hysteretic and radiation damping for the pile foundation. CH2M HILL has developed the required load-deflection and damping data, taking into account the soil-structure interaction of the piles in the foundation soils. The developed parameters also take into account the proposed cement deep soil mixing (CDSM) soilimprovement that is proposed for the site.

Development of Lateral and Vertical Load-Deflection Curves

Two computer programs, LPILE Plus 5.0 (Ensoft Inc., 2006) and FB-Multipier (BSI, 2008), were used to estimate lateral soil-structure behavior. FB-Multipier (BSI, 2008), was used to estimate vertical soil-structure behavior. The soil model used in each of the analyses was developed using information provided in Geotechnical Investigation Report for the Oregon LNG Terminal Project (CH2M HILL, 2008). The range of lateral and vertical loads applied to the piles in the analyses was based on the preliminary loads provided by IHI Corporation. The lateral load-deflection curves were developed for lateral load of up to 300 kips, and the vertical load-deflection curves were developed for vertical loads of up to 2,000 kips. If larger loads are anticipated, CH2M HILL should review and provide additional load-deflection data. Pipe group effects were considered in the lateral analysis. Given the uncertainty in the soil properties, and uncertainty in the effect of the soil improvement on the lateral pile behavior, a range of p-multiplier values were used to estimate group effects; an upper-bound and a lower-bound estimate. The p-multiplier values used were estimated based on the pile spacing presented in Table 1, methods presented in Mokwa and Duncan (2001), and estimated properties of the improved soil. The p-multiplier values used in the analysis are presented in Table 2.

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OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL PROJECT, WARRENTON, OREGON PILE STIFFNESS

TABLE 2

LNG Storage Tank Pile P-Multipliera

Pile Location Center Piles Periphery Piles Leading Row Periphery Piles Average of Trailing Rows
a

Lower-Bound Value 1.2 1.2 0.9

Upper-Bound Value 2.5 2.5 1.8

The p-multipliers take into account the pile diameter to pile spacing ratio and the effect of soil improvement on the lateral pile behavior.

Recommended Lateral Load-Deflection Data

The recommended lateral pile load-deflection data are presented in Table 3 and Figure 1. The same stiffness values are recommended to be used for both static and dynamic loading. Both the lower-bound and upper-bound data is provided. Separate analyses are recommended to be conducted using both the lower- and upper-bound data, to determine whether the lower-bound or upper-bound values will control the design. Two pile cases are required for analyses: 1. The center piles (12.0 foot pile spacing) and leading row periphery (7.5-foot pile spacing) piles. Both pile locations have the same load-deflection behavior. 2. Trailing row periphery (7.5-foot pile spacing) piles. This includes any piles in the periphery that are not on the periphery. Table 3, in addition to including the full load-deflection data, also includes the secant modulus for each load level. In the preliminary analyses conducted by IHI Corporation, the following lateral spring secant stiffness values were used: Static (normal): 240 kips per inch (kips/in) was used for all piles. Seismic (dynamic): 164 kips/in (periphery piles) and 250 kips/in (center piles) were used.

These values are in general agreement with the values recommended in Table 3 for the larger lateral loads. It should be recognized that for the lower lateral load levels, the stiffness values recommended by CH2M HILL are much greater (2 to 5 times greater) than what was used by IHI Corporation previously.

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OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL PROJECT, WARRENTON, OREGON PILE STIFFNESS

TABLE 3

Pile Lateral Stiffnessa

Lateral Load (kips) Pile Head Deflection (inches) Secant Stiffness (kips/inch) Pile Head Deflection (inches) Upper-Bound 0.004 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.30 0.45 0.63 1,100 880 830 780 670 550 480 Secant Stiffness (kips/inch)

Pile Group Center Piles and Leading Row Periphery Piles

Lower-Bound 10 50 100 150 200 250 300 0.02 0.14 0.36 0.61 0.90 1.2 1.5 500 360 280 240 220 210 200

Trailing Rows Periphery Piles 5 50 100 150 200 250 300

a

Lower-Bound 0.01 0.19 0.48 0.82 1.2 1.6 2.2 420 270 210 180 170 160 140

Upper-Bound 0.005 0.07 0.15 0.27 0.45 0.67 0.90 940 700 650 550 440 380 340

The same stiffness values should be used for both static and seismic load cases.

Recommended Vertical Load-Deflection Data

The recommended vertical pile load-deflection data are presented in Table 4 and Figure 2. The same pile stiffness values are recommended to be used for both static and dynamic loading. Table 4, in addition to including the full load-deflection data, also includes the secant modulus for each load level. In the preliminary analyses conducted by IHI Corporation, the following vertical spring secant stiffness values were used: Static (normal): data not available to CH2M HILL Seismic (dynamic): 307 kips/in (periphery piles) and 465 kips/in (center piles) were used.

The values used by IHI Corporation in the preliminary analyses were about two to ten times lower than what CH2M HILL is recommending. This is largely due to the soil-structure interaction that CH2M HILL used in estimating the values. Without the soil-structure interaction, much lower stiffness values are estimated.

PDX/082540007.DOC

OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL PROJECT, WARRENTON, OREGON PILE STIFFNESS

TABLE 4

Pile Vertical Stiffnessa

Vertical Load (kips) 10 50 100 200 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000
a

Pile Head Deflection (inches) 0.003 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.15 0.33 0.55 0.80 1.1

Secant Stiffness (kips/inch) 3,300 2,900 2,900 2,800 2,700 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800

The same stiffness values should be used for both static and seismic load cases.

Recommended Damping Factor

The damping factors used in the preliminary dynamic analyses by IHI Corporation were 15 and 17 percent in the lateral and vertical directions, respectively. Damping factors were estimated following the methods presented by NEHRP (2004), Gazetas and Dobry (1986), and Prakash and Sharma (1990). Damping factors were estimated ranging from 8 to 17 percent for horizontal conditions, and 20 percent for the vertical condition. Seismic damping factors of 10 and 20 percent are recommended for the lateral and vertical directions, respectively. These damping factors take into account the radiation damping and hysteretic damping that are expected to occur during the seismic loading of the pile foundation system, and include the soil-structure interaction effects.

References
BSI. 2000. FB-MultiPier, Version 4 (4.12b). Computer Program. Florida Bridge Software Institute, Florida. CH2M HILL. 2008. Geotechnical Investigation Report for the Oregon LNG Terminal Project. Appendix J.1 to Resource Report 13. Prepared for LNG Development Company, LLC (d/b/a Oregon LNG). October 2008. Ensoft Inc. 2006. LPILE Plus, Version 5.0.27. Computer Program. Austin, Texas. Gazetas, G. and Dobry, R. 1984. Horizontal Response of Piles in Layered Soils. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 110, No. 1, Jan 1984, pp 20-40.

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OREGON LNG IMPORT TERMINAL PROJECT, WARRENTON, OREGON PILE STIFFNESS

Mokwa, R.L. and J.M. Duncan. 2001. Laterally loaded pile group effects and p-y multipliers. ASCE Special Publication (GSP No. 113), Foundations and Ground Improvement, Geo-Odyssey, Blacksburg, VA. Pages 728-742. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). 2004. NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 450), 2003 Edition, Part 1: Provisions, and Part 2: Commentary. Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C. Prakash, S. and Sharma, H.D. 1990. Pile Foundations in Engineering Practice. John-Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 734 p.

PDX/082540007.DOC

Figures

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350

300

250 Center and Leading Row Periphery Piles - Upper-Bound Center and Leading Row Periphery Piles - Lower-Bound Trailing Row Periphery Piles Upper-Bound Trailing Row Periphery Piles Lower-Bound Lateral Load (kips)

200

150

100

50

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Pile Head Deflection (inches)

Figure 1 Pile Lateral Load-Deflection

2000

1500 Vertical Load (kips)

1000

Center and Periphery Piles

500

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Pile Head Vertical Deflection (inches)

Figure 2 Pile Vertical Load-Deflection

Pile Capacity Calculations

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