PREPOSICIONES DE MOVIMIENTO

PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR IN

Tambien: In bed in hospital in prision In a street in the sky in the world In a newspaper in a magazine in a book In a photogrph in a picture in the middle (of) In a car in your mouth in your hand In a line in a letter in a row in a queu pero decimos: on a bus on a train on a plane Compara at sea / in the sea It was a long voyage, we were at sea for 30 days I love swimming in the sea

AT

Tambien: At home At the station At Janes (house) At reception

at work at the airport at a concert

at school at the end (of the street) at a conference at the roundabout

at university at the doctor(s)etc. at a party

Podemos utilizar IN o AT para edificios ( hoteles, restaurantes, etc.) We stayed at a nice hotel or We stayed in a nice hotel Utilizamos IN cuando estamos pensando en el edificio mismo I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema

 ON

On a table ona wall on a bus On a plate on a door on a train On the floor on the ceiling on a plane On a map on an island on a page On a farm on the left on the right Tambien: on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motor-bike The front and the back In the front / in the back of a car At the front / at the back of a building / cinema / group of people On the front / on the back of a letter / piece of paper Tambien decimos que un lugar esta: on a river / on a road / on the coast Junto a un rio / a una carretera / a la costa

on the. ground floor first floor on a menu

ARRIVE IN / ARRIVE AT Arrive in + un pais o una ciudad They arrived in England last week Arrive at + otros lugares: (at the station, at work, at the hotel, etc.) What did they arrive at the hotel? Arrive home (sin preposicion) I arrived home yesterday TO IN AT Con verbos de movimiento (go, come, return, walk) la preposicion es TO Im going to London next week Picadilly Circus is in London I want to go to Italy My brother lives in London Im going to a party tonight I met a lot of people at the party You must come to our house Ann is at her sisters house Con home no lleva to ni the con verbos de movimiento Did you walk home Ann is at home

 UNDER

debajo de The cat is under the table proximo a pegado a cerca de Entre(dos cosas) entre(varias cosas) en el medio de delante de detrs de enfrente de encima de (sin contacto) encima de (con contacto) debajo de (con contacto) debajo de (sin contacto) a la izquierda a la derecha al final de en la esquina de en el rincon de

NEXT TO BESIDE NEAR BETWEEN AMONG IN THE MIDDLE OF IN FRONT OF BEHIND OPPOSITE OVER ABOVE BELOW UNDER ON THE LEFT ON THE RIGHT AT THE END OF ON/AT THE CORNER OF IN THE CORNER OF

IN / AT

There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowded Go along this road, then turn left at the shop There is some water in the bottle There is a label on the bottle There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is? There is a notice on the door. It says do not disturb

IN / ON

AT / ON

ON TIME / IN TIME

AT THE END / IN THE END Lo contrario es: late

On time = a la hora Please be on time. Dont be late

In time = a tiempo Lo contrario es: too late Will you be at home in time for dinner? I got home too late to see the football match At the end (of) = al final de.. At the end of January At the end of the match Lo contrario es: at the beginning (of)

In the end = finally = finalmente Lo contrario es: at first We had a lot of problems with our car. In the end we sold it and bought another

TO / AT / IN Decimos GO / COME / TRAVEL (etc) TO + un lugar o un evento Go to America go to bed go to a concert Return to Italy drive to the airport Tambien decimos On my way to/ a journey to / a trip to / welcom to TO es para movimiento They are going to France Can you come to the party IN / AT es para posicion but They live in France but Ill see you at the party

Been to Siempre decimos: Ive been to a place Ive been to Italy four times GET to a place What time did they get to London / to work / to the party

ON / IN / AT ON

OTROS USOS

(be / go) on holiday / on business / on a trip / on a tour / on a cruise Hes on holiday in France Did you go to German on business or on holidays Pero decimos: go to a place for a holiday on television / on the radio on the phone (be / go) on a diet / on a strike be on fire Look! That car is on fire on the whole = in general Sometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job on purpose = intentionallyintencionadamente

IN AT

in the rain / in the sun / in the shade / in the dark / in bad weather (write) in ink / in biro / in words / in figures / in block letters (pay) in cash but (pay) bu cheque / by credit card (be / fall) in love with sb. In my opinion At the age of At a speed of At a temperature of

PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO AT va con las horas AT.. (8 oclock, 10.30, midnight, etc.) I start work at 5.30 p.m. ON va con los dias de la semana y dias concretos ON..(Sunday(s), Monday(s), 25 April, New years day, on my birthday etc.) Goodbay! See you on Friday The concert is on 22 November IN va con meses, aos, estaciones,es decir, con periodos largos de tiempo IN..(April, June, 1995,1750, summer, spring, in the past, in (the) future etc.) Im going on holiday in October The garden is lovely in spring AT va tambien con: At the weekend At Christmas/ Easter At night (por la noche) At the end of. At the moment Are you going away at the weekend? In Britain children get presents at Christmas I cant sleep at night Im going on holiday at the end of October Are you busy at the moment? (por la maana, etc.)

IN va tambien con: In the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening I always feel good in the morning

ON va con un dia de la semana seguido de morning, night, etc. On Monday morning El domingo por la maana On Saturday night El sabado por la noche In five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc. Goodbay! Ill see you in a few days No usamos at / on / in antes de: this / every / last / next Theyre going on holiday next monday Last summer we went to Scotland FROM..TO. (de/desde.a/hasta) We lived in Canada from 1977 to 1985 FROM..UNTIL. (de/desde.a/hasta) Es lo mismo que from..to. We lived in Canada from 1977 until 1985 UNTIL + final de un periodo Theyre going away tomorrow. Theyll be away until Friday Wait here until I come back SINCE + El principio de un periodo ( desde, desde el pasado hasta ahora) Since + (Friday, 1958, 2 oclock, I arived) Se utiliza despues del present perfect (have been) Jill has been in hospital since Monday (desde el lunes hasta ahora) It has been raining since I got up (En, dentro de)

 FOR + un periodo de timpo (desde hace / durante) FOR + (three days, ten years, a long time) Theyve been married for ten years En frases afirmativas lo puedo omitir. En negativas no.
Theyve been married ten years

George stayed with us for three days (for) + all my life / all day, etc omitimos siempre el for Ive lived here all my life BEFORE (antes de) Before the examination everybody was very nervous Dont forget to close the windows before you go out AFTER (despues de) We were tired after our visit to the museum They went home after they did the shopping. DURING /WHILE DURING + nombre WHILE + verbo (durante, mientras) I went to sleep during the film I went to sleep while I was watching television. (=before I go to work) (=after I read the newspaper)

BEFORE ing AFTER ing I always have breakfast before going to work I started work after reading the newspaper

PREPOSICIONES AT At the age of. / At 90 Kms an hour / at 100 degrees Water boils at 100 degrees celsius BY BY = cerca de John is standing by the window cerca de la ventana

By car / By bus / By plane / By bike, etc en coche Do you like travelling by train? Si estos medios de transporte llevan delante un determinante the, a, this, my, etc. entonces no van con BY: in my car on the train Pero decimos : on food A book by / a painting by / a piece of music by. Un libro de By despues de pasiva I was bitten by a dog To increase by incrementado en It has increased by 100 ptas. / by ten per cent WITH WITHOUT Tambien para decir: The woman with glasses The man with a beard (con / sin) la mujer de gafas el hombre de barba

STILL YET Significan los dos aun, todavia Still va con frases afirmativas y sigue las mismas reglas que los adverbios de frecuencia Shes still at school Yet va con frases negativas e interrogativas y se suele colocar al final de la frase Has it stopped rainning yet? I havent finished eating yet

EVER

NEVER Do you ever speak? He never speaks or

ALGUNA VEZ He doesnt ever speak

NUNCA

EVEN En frases afirmativas significa incluso En frases negativas significa ni siquiera Podemos utilizar even con un comparativo I got up very early but John got up even earlier Even thought /dou/ aunque Even thought she cant drive, she has bought a car Even if incluso si
Ill probably see you tomorrow. But even if I dont see you tomorrow were sure to see each other

Even when incluso cuando He never shouts, even when hes angry

SO SUCH SO + ADJ. / ADV. Its so cold Its so different

TAN

SUCH + NOUN They were such difficult exercices We enjoyed our holiday, we had such a good time Podemos utilizar: so.that / such..that The book was so good that I couldnt put it down It was such a good book that I couldnt put it down Decimos so long pero such a long time I havent seen her for so long. Ive forgotten what she looks like I havent seen her such a long time Decimos so far pero such a long way I didnt know it was so far I didnt know it was such a long way Decimos so much, so many pero such a lot (of) 10

Why did you buy so much food?

Why did you buy such a lot of food?

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1 CONDICIONAL O CONDICIONAL REAL IF + PRESENT , Oracion condicional FUTURO, MODAL, IMPERATIVO, PRESENTE oracion principal

If you study, you will pass your exams If you want to catch the train, run! If you heat water at 100, it boils If you speak slowly, I can understand you

2 CONDICIONAL O POSIBLE IF + PAST TENSE , Oracion condicional WOULD + INFINITIVO oracion principal
en las condicionales no se pone nunca was ni con he she it

If I were you, I would study harder Si yo fuera tu, estudiaria mas duro

If you came, we would go to the beach Si vinieras iria al banco If I had a lot of money, I wouldnt be here Si tuviera mucho dinero, no estaria aqu

3 CONDICIONAL IF + HAD + P.P. , WOULD + HAVE + P.P. (participio pasado)

If I had heard the weather forecast, I wouldnt have gone out Si hubiera oido la prediccion del tiempo, no habria salido fuera

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USED TO + INFINITIVO Afirmativa: Negativa: Interrogativa: We used to watch films We didnt use to watch Did you use to watch..?

SOLIA solia ver peliculas no soliamos ver soliais ver?

BE / GET + USED TO + -ING

estar acostumbrado / acostumbrarse

Despues de esta estructura no puede ir infinitivo She wasnt used to driving on the left = she wasnt used to it on the left But after a lot of practice, she got used to driving on the left

ESTRUCRUTA:

GIVE SB. STH = GIVE STH. TO SB.

Ademas de GIVE siguen esta estructura: LEND; PASS; SEND Y SHOW I gave the money to Jack I gave Jack the money Se prefiere la estructura GIVE STH. TO SB. cuando el pronombre objeto e IT or THEM I gave it to her (mejor que: I gave her it) Give them to your father

SAY AND TELL (pasado: said and told) Say y tell significan lo mismo decir, pero la estructura de la frase varia si utilizamos uno u otro. Say + something + to + somebody What did he say to you? Tell + somebody + something What did he tell you? decir algo a alguien decir algo a alguien

I WENT TO THE SHOP TO BUY..

(PARA)

Este TO es para indicarnos el porque una persona hace algo, es decir el proposito She turned on the TV to watch the news La diferencia con FOR, que tambien significa lo mismo, es: To + verbo For + nombre She went to the shop to buy some bread She went to the shop for some bread

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REPLAY QUESTIONS Son expresiones de interes o sorpresa que se dicen en una conversacion: A si , de verdad !, oh si A:Youre late. B: Oh, Am I ? Im sorry A: llegas tarde B: de verdad! Lo siento En ingles se expresan con una interrogacion que dice el segundo interlocutor al principiio de la frase. A:Youre late. B: Oh, Am I ? Im sorry Esta interrogacion se forma con el auxiliar (am, is, are / was, were / have, has / do, does, did / can / will ) que corresponda seguido del pronombre personal que corresponda. A:Youre late. B: Oh, Am I ? Im sorry Si la frase principal es positiva la replay es positiva y si la principal es negativa la replay question es negativa (+)A: Its raining again (+)B: Is it? It was sunny five minutes ago (-)A: Sue isnt at work today (-)B: Isnt she? Is she ill? Si la frase es terceras personas, se mantiene la tercera persona en la replay question A: Sue isnt at work today B: Isnt she? Is she ill? Si la frase va en primera persona (sing. o pl.) la replay question va en 2 y viciversa. A:Youre late. B: Oh, Am I ? Im sorry A: I was ill last week B: Were you? I didnt know that Ejemplos: A: I speak four languages A: Ive bought a new car A: I didnt eat anything B: Do you? which ones? B: Have you? What kind is it? B: Didnt you? Werent you hungry?

QUESTION TAGS Son expresiones que dice el primer interlocutor despues de decir una frase para enfatizar lo que ha dicho o buscando una respuesta: No?, Verdad? A: Its a beautiful day, Isnt it? B: Yes its lovely A: Hace un bonito dia, verdad? B: Si, es precioso En ingles se expresan con una interrogacion al final de la frase A: You dont smoke, do you? B: No, never Esta interrogacion mantiene el mismo pronombre personal que la frase principal A: You dont smoke, do you? B: No, never La interrogacion se forma con el auxiliar que le corresponda de la frase principal A: Its a beautiful day, Isnt it? B: Yes its lovely A: You closed the window, Didnt you? B: Yes, I think so
Decimos: arent I y no Am I not Im late, arent I?

Si la frase principal es positiva la question tags es negativa y viciversa A: You dont smoke, do you? B: No, never A: You have met my mother, havent you? B: Yes I have Despues de lets la question tag es ..shall we? Despues del imperativo la question tag es generalmente: ..Will you? Lets go for a walk, shall we?

14

Open the door, will you?

15

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE

BY PLANE BY CAR BY TRAIN

FROMTO?

IT TAKES

TWO HOURS THREE DAYS ONE MONTH

BY PLANE BY CAR BY TRAIN

FROMTO

How long does it take by train from London to Manchester? It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester

HOW LONG

DOES DID WILL

IT TAKE

(ANN) (YOU) (THEM)

TO (Do something)?

IT

TAKES TOOK WILL TAKE

(ANN) (ME) (THEM)

A WEEK A LONG TIME THREE HOURS

TO (Do something)

How Long does it take to cross the Atlantic Ocean by ship? How long will it take me to learn to drive? Did it take you a long time to find a job? It takes me a long time to get to work in the morning It will take you an hour to cook the dinner

WOULD YOU LIKE.? (TE GUSTARIA.?)

/ ID LIKE. (ME GUSTARIA)

Would you like? Se utiliza para ofrrecer cosas o invitar a alguien Would you like some coffee? Would you like to come to a party? Id like Es una forma educada de pedir algo Id like an orange Im thirsty, Id like a drink 16 Yes, please Yes I like

PREGUNTAS CON WHO (QUIEN) Y WHAT (QUE) Cuando who y what hacen de sujeto no llevan auxiliar Who lives in that house? What happened? quin vive en esta casa? qu ocurrio?

Si who y what hacen de objeto es cuando llevan el auxiliar que corresponda. Who did you see yesterday? What did she say? Ejemplo 1 Fred saw Julia Who saw Julia? Who did Fred see? Ejemplo 2 Joe likes eggs Who likes eggs? What does Joe like? TOO (tambien) ; EITHER (tampoco) Too y either se utilizan al final de la frase, too en frases positivas y either en frases negativas A: Im happy. B: Im happy too A: I enjoyed the film B: I enjoyed it too Mary is a doctor. Her husband is a doctor too A: Im not happy. B: Im not happy either A: I cant cook B: I cant either Mary isnt a doctor. Her husband isnt a doctor either Joe Eggs Fred Julia Fred vio a Julia Quin vio a Julia? A quien vio Fred? Fred A Julia A quien viste ayer? Qu dijo ella?

SO AM I (Yo tambien) NEITHER DO I (yo tampoco) Se utilizan con el auxiliar que corresponda. A: I,m tired A: I was late for work A: I wont be here tomorrow A: Ann cant cook A: We went to the cinema yesterday ITS + ADJET.+ TO Its nice to see you again Es bonito verte otra vez It wasnt easy to find your house (It= to see you again) B: So am I (yo tambien) B: So was John (Tambien John) B: Neither will I B: Neither can Tom B: Neither did I

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VERBS + TO WANT NEED PLAN AGREE AFFORD DECIDE OFFER REFUSE ARRANGE ATTEMPT HOPE EXPECT PROMISE AIM MANAGE TRY FORGET LEARN DESERVE FAIL

+ TO

Tambien usamos to despues de: seem appear tend pretend claim What do you want to do this evening? I hope to go to university next year My brother is learning to drive Si el verbo es negativo es: not to I promised not to be late

VERBS + -ING LIKE ENJOY DELAY AVOID RISK LOVE HATE POSTPONE ADMIT INVOLVE SUGGEST MIND FANCY DENY PRACTISE STOP FINISH CONSIDER MISS

+ -ING

I enjoy dancing Do you like driving? I hate getting up in the morning Tambien: GIVE UP PUT OFF CARRY ON GO ON Paula has given smoking We must do something. We cant go on living like this KEEP (ON)

Con estos verbos podemos usar la estructura: verb + somebody + -ing I cant imagine George riding a motorbike You cant stop me doing what I want Cuando hablamos de acciones acabadas podemos decir: having done / stolen / said etc She admitted stealing (having stolen) the money

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VERBS + -ING /or / + TO START BEGIN CONTINUE PREFER + TO / or / -ING

It started raining / or / It starte to rain I prefer travelling by car / or / I prefer to travel by car

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VERB +

SOMEBODY

TO.

Usamos esta estructura con los siguientes verbos: WANT TELL ASK ADVICE PERSUADE EXPECT TEACH I want you to be happy I told you to be careful She asked her friend to help her What do you advice me to do? We persuaded Tom to come with us I didnt expect you to be here I taught my brother to swim

Para negar el infinitivo se coloca not delante del to Tom told Ann to wait for him Tom told Ann not to wait for him Make y let no llevan to detrs de ellos cuando les sigue un infinitivo Hes very funny. He makes us laugh (sin to ) I dont want you to go alone. Let me go with you (Lets= let us) Help puede ir con o sin to Tom helped me carry the box or Tom helped me to carry the box

CAN YOU TELL ME( WHERE/ WHY/ HOW/ WHAT/ WHEN) Despues de esta estructura y otras como: Do you know I dont know I know I cant remember La frase posterior lleva estructura positiva y NO interrogativa a pesar de estar introducidas por particula interrogativa Where is the station? Why did she go home? How old is Tom? But But But Can you tell me where the station is? I know why she went home I dont know how old Tom is

Lo mismo ocurre con la estructura: Do you know I dont know + + if/whether (si) if/whether (si) But but + +

Is Jack at home? Did anybody see you?

Do you know if/whether Jack is at home? I dont know if/whether anybody saw me

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RESPUESTA CORTA Se utilizan los verbos auxiliares: am, is are / was, were / have, has / do, does did / can, will, must, may, might, would, should Estos verbos se utilizan con otros verbos pero tambien pueden utilizarse solos: I havent got a car but my sister has (= my sister has got a car) A: Please help me. A: Im not tired A: Have you ever been to Canada? B: Im sorry I cant (I cant help you) B: I am B: Yes I have / No I havent

No se pueden utilizar las formas contraidas: m, s, re, ll, etc. al final de la frase A: Are you tired? B: Yes I am ( no Im )

PREGUNTAS CON VERBOS CON PREPOSICION Las preguntas hechas con Who? / What? / Where? / Which? A menudo acaban con una preposicion: ( to, for, about, etc) A: Im thinking A: Im afraid B: What are you thinking about? B: What are you afraid of?

Who does this book belong to? Where is your friend from? What is it like? Aqu like es una preposicion que significa: como What is Peter like? He is big, and fat What are they like? They are friendly

WHAT? / WHICH?(QUE, CUAL?) Significan lo mismo pero se utilizan de forma distinta: Which se utiliza cuando pensamos en un numero pequeo de cosas, (de 1 a 4 cosas) mientras que What lo utilizamos para preguntar en general What colour are yours eyes? Which colour do you prefer, pink or blue?

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PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS (PERSONALES Y POSESIVOS) PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES OBJETO ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS YOURS THEIRS

ANNS CAMERA (GENITIVO SAJON) Utilizamos -s para expresar que algo le pertenece a alguien y no of. Se utiliza para personas o animales Poseedor + -s + cosa poseida I stayed at my sisters house Have you met Mr. Kellys wife? NO I stayed at house of my sister

Podemos utilizar -s sin que le siga un nombre This isnt my book. Its my brothers No siempre usamos -s para pesonas. Por ejemplo cuando la definicion de esa persona es muy larga para ser seguida de -s What is the name of the man who lent us the money? Con los plurales acabados en s solo se coloca -s My friends car My friends car No usamos el genitivo sajon para cosas o lugares sino of o algunas veces la estructura: noun + noun The roof of the building NO: The buildings roof The beginning of the film The time of the next train The capital of Spain The meaning of this word The owner of the restaurant or the restaurant owner Usamos of y no la estructura: noun + noun con: the begining / end / top / bottom / front / back / middle / side / etc. the back of the car not: the car back The begining of the month Podemos usar -s o of con organizaciones o grupos de gente: The governments decision or The decision of the government

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The companys success

or

The success of the company

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A/AN

(UN, UNO, UNA) Se coloca a delante de nombre o de adjetivos que califican a un nombre que sea singular Do you want a cup of tea? Birmingan is a large city in England Utilizamos an cuando la siguiente palabra comienza por vocal They live in an old house Can you give me an example Pero tambien si es una h que no suena: an hour Univerity y European van con a pues se pronuncian /yuniversity/ y /yuropean/ A university and a European Utilizamos a/an con trabajos Im a dentist Im an engineer

ONE, ONES Son pronombres que se utilizan en lugar del nombre para no repetir este otra vez I need a pen. Have you got one? (one = a pen) This one / that one Which car is yours? This one or that one? These / those (se suelen usar sin ones) Which flowers do you want? These or those? The one. The ones A: Which hotel did you stay at? A: Which cigarettes are yours? B: The one near the station B: The ones on the table

The.one Theones Dont buy that camera. Buy the other one I dont like the red shoes but I like the green ones A/anone (Some)..ones This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? My shoes are very old. I must buy some new ones

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SINGULAR Y PLURAL El plural de un nombre se forma generalmente aadiendo -s flowerflowers weekweeks placeplaces Aadimos es cuando acaban en s, -sh, -ch, -x busbuses dishdishes churchchurchesboxboxes Cuando acaba en y: Si es vocal-y: aade y+s daydays boyboys Si es consonante-y: cambia la y por ie y aade -s babybabies partyparties -f/fe-ves Shelfshelves

knifeknives

wifewives

Otros son iregulares: A mantwo men A womantwo women One foottwo feet A mousetwo mice A sheeptwo sheep A toothtwo teeth A fishtwo fish A persontwo people Otros nombres son siempre plural en ingles Scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, tigths Police es plural en ingles The police are coming En ingles normalmente las palabras terminadas en ics suelen ser singular: Athletics, gymnastics, mathematics, physics, electronics, economics, politics Gymnastics is my favourite sport Otras palabras coinciden en el singular y el plural: Means, series, species Algunos nombres singulares en ingles son usados con el verbo en plural: Government, staff, team, family, audience, committee, company, firm The staff at the school (=they) are no happy with their new working conditions. Cuando pensamos en una suma de dinero, un periodo de tiempo, una distancia como una sola cosa, el verbo va en singular Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery Tree years is a long time to be without a job Six miles is a long way to walk every day

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26

CONTABLES E INCONTABLES Los nombres contables son aquellos que se pueden contar: A car, two car three men, four houses etc. Los nombres contables pueden ser singular o plural: Sing: a car, my car, the car, etc. No puede ir un nombre singular solo Plur: cars, some cars, two cars, the cars, many cars Los nombres incontables son los que no se pueden contar: Water, rain, salt, air, rice, oil, plastic, money, music, tennis No podemos decir con estas palabras: one money, two salt etc. Los nombres incontables solo tienen una forma: Money, the money, my money, some money much money etc. Pero nunca puede ir un nombre incontable con a/an Pero si que podemos decir: a piece of.(wood) Or a bottle of..(milk) A/AN y SOME: 1. A/an + nombre singular contable I need a new car 2. Some + nombre plural contable I need some new shoes 3. Some + nombre incontable I need some money

Algunas veces un nombre puede ser contable o incontable: A chiken (un pollo entero) some chikens (unos pollos enteros) Some chiken or a piece of chiken ( algo de pollo, un trozo de pollo) Atencion! Las siguientes palabras son incontables en ingles + es incont., no plural Bread, weather, information, advice, hair, furniture, paper, news, accomodation, behaviour, damage, luck, permision, luggage, progress, baggage, chaos, scenery Las bebidas son normalmente incontables (coffee / tea / beer / juice, etc) a no ser que estemos pensando en una copa, vaso, etc. que entonces son contables. I dont drink coffee very often incontable Pero: (en un restaurante) two coffees and a juice, please contable . solo en lenguaje hablado

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28

THE (EL, LA, LOS, LAS) Utilizamos el articulo THE cuando esta claro sobre que hablamos Rome is a big city in Italy (There are many big cities in Italy and Rome is one) Rome is the capital of Italy (there is one capital in Italy) Se utiliza para las expresiones: at the bottom, at the top, in the middle, on the right, on the left, etc. Write your name at the top of the page My house is at the end of the street Do you drive on the left or on the right in your country? The same. We live in the same street Utilizan articulo: the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the environment Pero no utlizamos the con space cuando significa: universo pero si cuando significa: espacio Tambien con: the police, the fire brigade, the army (of a city, country Con instrumentos musicales: the piano, the guitar, the trumpet, etc. The radio, pero television (sin the) I often listen to the radio I like watching television Without the: breakfast, lunch, dinner I never have breakfast No se pone articulo para expresar ideas generales: I like music (= music in general) I like flowers (= flowers in general) pero si digo: Your garden is very nice. The flowers are beautiful (flowers in your garden) No se pone the con juegos y deportes. My favourite sports are tennis and skiing No se pone the con idiomas y con estudios academicos (history, biology) Do you think English is difficult? Tom,s brother is studying physic and chemistry No usamos the con: continentes, paises, ciudades, islas, montaas, etc France is a very large country Cairo is the capital of Egypt Pero si utilizamos the si esos paises van precedidos por: repblic, states, kingdom, union The Republic of Irland The United States Y tambien ponemos the con nombres plurales de paises, islas y montaas. Tambien con nombres de familia The Netherlands, The Canary Islands The Andes The Taylors

29

 Lugares en ciudades (calles, edificios,etc) No usamos generalmente the con nombres de calles, barrios, parques etc. He lives in Coronation Street Where is Highfield Road, please? No usamos the con el nombre + airport/ station/ univerity/ castle/ etc. Munich Airport London Zoo Cambridge University Pero si lo usamos con nombres de: hotels/ restaurants/ pubs/ cinemas/ theatres/ museums: The Hilton (hotel) The star of India (restaurant) Usamos the con nombres de oceans/ seas/ rivers/ canals: The Atlantic (Ocean) The Nile (river) The Suez Canal The..of.. The Republis of Irland The Great Wall of China The Tower of London The Bank of England

The + north/ south/ west/ east/ middle (of) Ive been to the north of Italy but no to the south Si no se pone el of entonces no llevan articulo North Spain, West Africa, Northen Spain Noun + number no lleva the delante Our train leaves from plataform 5 The + adj Ponemos the para expresar grupos de gente: the old, the young, the unemployed etc Los viejos, los jovenes, los parados Do you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor The + nationality Cuando esa nacionalidad expresa la gente de esa nacionalidad The French are famous for their food Los franceses son. En este caso son plurales. Si queremos decir un frances o una francesa tenemos que decir: a Frenchman or a Frenchwoman. Mr. / Mrs. / Captain / Doctor etc. + a name no llevan articulo the We called the doctor but We called Doctor Johnson Ocurre lo mismo con: mount (=mountain) y lake (lago) + nombre sin the They live near the lake but They live near Lake Constance The + periodico the ABC The Harold etc. Empresas, compaias aereas sin the British Airways, IBM, Sony etc Iglesias despues de Saints (St.) sin the St Johns Church

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SOME / ANY Son determinantes que acompaan a los sustantivos. Pueden ir con contables e incontables Si van con contables entonces el sustantivo ira en plural SOME se utiliza para frases afirmativas There is some ice in the frigde. (ice= incontable) Im going to buy some eggs (eggs= contable que va en plural) SOME tambien se utiliza en frases interrogativas cuando pides u ofreces algo Can I have some soup, please? Would you like some coffee? ANY se utiliza para frases negativas e interrogativas They didnt make any mistakes (mistakes= contable sustantivo en plural) Is there any ice in the frigde? Utilizamos ANY, al igual que sus compuestos, en frases afirmativas si el significado de esta es negativo She went out without any money He refused to eat anything Usamos ANY despues de if If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this addres Usamos ANY cuando tiene el significado de It doesnt matter which You can catch any bus. They all go to the centre no importa cual

NOT + ANY

NO

NONE

NOT + ANY There arent any good hotels in the town. Ann toke some photographs but I didnt any NO + noun ( no money, no job etc) He has got no money Its a nice house but theres no garden IMPORTANTE I havent got any friends verbo negativo + any Verbo positivo + no I have got no friends

NONE se utiliza solo, como respuesta a una pregunta hecha con How much o How many? a diferencia de no que va seguido de sustantivo. How much time have you got? None (= no time) How many people did you meet? None (= no people) NONE of si va seguido de sustantivo. Ademas si este es plural el verbo puede ir en singular o plural None of this money is mine None of the shops was (or were) open NO-ONE es para contestar a la pregunta WHO? Who did you meet? No-one (= nobody)

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COMPUESTOS DE SOME, ANY, NO

EVEY

ONE / BODY SOME ONE SOME SOMEBODY ANYONE ANY ANYBODY NO-ONE NO NOBODY EVERYONE EVERY EVERYBODY

THING SOMETHING

WHERE SOMEWHERE

ANYTHING

ANYWHERE

NOTHING

NOWHERE

EVERYTHING

EVERYWHERE

Siguen las mismas reglas que some, any y no, recordando entre no y any que el verbo va en positivo o en negativo respactivamente. There isnt anywhere to go There is no money to go Si son sujeto el verbo va en 3 persona pues son palabras singulares Everybody is here Aunque son palabras singulares y por tanto el verbo va en singular a menudo usamos: they, them, their despues de everybody, everything Everybody said they enjoyed themselves Diferencia entre ALL y EVERY EVERY + sust sing Every day Every country has a national flag ALL + sust plural All the countries have a national flag ALL + sust. Sing I watch TV every day I watch TV all day Cada dia Cada pais tiene su bandera nacional Todos los paises tienen su bandera

(significa todo, completo) (veo la TV todos los dias) (veo la TV todo el dia, es decir el dia completo)

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ALL (todo)

MOST( la mayoria de ) SOME ( algo de )

NO, NONE, ANY( ninguno )

ALL MOST SOME NO ANY

(sin OF)

Cities People Music Buses

Si llevan el sustantivo detrs no llevan la preposicion OF All big cities have the same problem Most people like Jack There are no buses on Sundays There arent any buses on Sundays MOST SOME NO ANY The This/that These/those My/your Etc.

OF

Si delante del sustantivo tienes un determinante entonces si que hay que poner OF aunque con ALL se tiende a que vaya sin OF vaya o no con determinane Most of my friends live in London Some of this money is yours Have you read any of these books? Para ver mejor la diferencia veamos un ejemplo: Most children like playing La mayoria de los nios (en general) Most of the children at this school are under 11 years ALL MOST SOME NO ANY It Them Us You

OF

Si van seguidos de un pronombre tambien llevan OF You can have some of this cake but not all of it Hes got a lot of books but he hasnt read any of them

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BOTH (ambos)

EITHER (el uno o el otro)

NEITHER ( ni el uno ni el otro)

Pueden ir solos o seguidos de un sustantivo pero siempre Both + sust. plural Either, neither + sust. sing Rosemary has two children. Both are married A: Do you like classical music or pop music B: Both Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either A: Do you want to go to the cinema or the theatre? B: Neither. I want to stay at home Ann has got two sisters and a brother. Both sisters are married I read two books but neither was very interesting. There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way Si delante del sustantivo tienes un determinante o un pronombre entonces que hay que poner OF. Con both solo es necesario ponerlo con pronombre ya que con determinante da igual ponerlo o no. I like both (of ) those pictures I havent read either of these books Neither of my parents is English . porque Neither debe ir en singular Podemos decir: Both. and.. Both Ann and Tom were late I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home Neithernor Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned Either..or Im not sure where hes from. Hes either Spanish or Italian Either you apologise or Ill never speak to you again

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A LOT

MUCH + + +

MANY

(mucho, muchos)

MUCH MANY A LOT (OF)

sust. incontable (recordar que si el sujeto es incontable el verbo va en singular) sust. plural sust. incontable o sust. plural

Much money, much time, much food, much coffee Many books, many people, many shops, many questions A lot of.. money, time, food, coffee, people, shops, etc. Much y many son mas usadas en oraciones interrogativas y negativas, pero too much, too many, so much, so many se pueden utilizar en frases afirmativas. Do you drink much coffee? How much money have you got? Do you know many people? How many photographs did you take? She hasnt got much money He hasnt got many friends A lot (of) es mas usual en frases positivas I drink a lot of coffee but I drink a lot There is a lot of (food, money,etc) (verbo en singular) There are a lot of (trees, people, etc.) (verbo en plural) Plenty of = muchos plenty = abundancia Theres no need to hurry. Weve got plenty of time

(A) LITLE

(A) FEW (un poco, poco)

(A) LITTLE va con sust. incontables (a) little (water, soup, money) (A) FEW va con sust. contables (a) few (books, days) She didnt eat anything but she drank a little water Last night I wrote a few letters No llevan a cuando significan casi no, casi nada There was little food in the frigde. It was nearly empty There was little people in the park. It was nearly empty a little y a few expresan una idea positiva little y few expresan una idea negativa They have a little money so theyre not poor (=some but not much) They have little money so theyre very poor (=nearly no money)

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GET

(conseguir) Get es un verbo comodin que adquiere muchos significados segn el contexto o la palabra que le siga GET something / somebody = receive, buy, fetch, find
Recibir, comprar, ir a buscar, encontrar

Did you get my letter last week? (=receive) I like your pullover. Where did you get it? (=buy) A: Hello, can I speak to Ann please? B: one moment Ill get her (=fetch) Is it difficult to get a job in your country? (=find) GET + adjetivo =become (convertirse)

Drink your coffee. Its getting cold Im sorry hes ill. I hope he gets better soon. Linda and Bob are getting married next week I went for a walk and got lost GET TO a place =arrive (llegar a)

Can you tell me how to get to the city centre? GET HOME (llegar a casa)

What time did you get home last night GET IN GET OUT (a car) GET ON GET OFF (a bus, a train, a plane) subir bajar subir bajar

GET UP levantarse What time do you usually get up during the week? GET READY prepararse How long does it take you to get ready to leave in the morning? GET LOSE perderse When was the last time you get lose? GET ON .. WITH (best / worst) llevarse .. con (mejor / peor)

Who do you get on best with in your family? GET MARRIED casarse Why do you think people usually get married? TO BE GETTING (better / worse) mejorar / empeorar Which problems in your country are getting better?

36

GO GO TO.(go to London, go to work, go to a concert, go to sleep) Im going to France next week I went to the dentist on Friday GO HOME GO ON.(holiday, a trip, an excursion, a cruise) We go on holiday to Scotland every year Schoolchildren often go away on scholl trips GO FOR .(a walk, a run, a swim, a drink, a meal, a holliday) The sea looks nice. Lets go for a swim Last night we went for a meal. The restaurant was very good GO -ING (go swimming, go shopping, go skiing, etc) Se utiliza para deportes y actividades Are you going shopping this afternoon? George went fishing last Sunday. He caught a lot of fish

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GO HOME / GO TO WORK / GO TO THE CINEMA WITHOUT THE Go to work / get to work / be at work / start work / finish work / etc . aqu work es sustantivo Go to school* / be at school / start school / leave school / etc Go to university* / be at university / etc Go to church* / be at (or in) church / etc Go to bed* / be in bed / etc Go to hospital* / be in hospital / etc Go to prision* / be in prision / etc Go / get / arrive / come / walk / leave / etc.HOME Go home, get home,

WITH THE Go to the cinema go to the theatre go to the bank go to the post office go to the doctor go to the dentist go to the toilet go to the station go to the airport go to the city centre GO TO SCHOOL OR GO TO THE SCHOOL Lo mismo que le ocurre a todos los que llevan *, si vas a estos sitios para lo que estan no llevan the. Pero si vas a otra cosa entonces si que llevan.. Veamos algunos ejemplos: Alison is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. Shes at school now. School start at 9 and finish at 3 But Today Alisons mother wants to speak to her daughters teacher. So she has gone to the school to see her. Shes at the school now. Jack had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. Hes still in hospital now. But Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack. Shes at the hospital now.

GO TO THE SEA OR GO TO SEA Si lleva the entonces significa que vas al mar Id like to live near the sea Si no lleva the significa estar o ir de travesia Keith is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea

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39

COMPARATIVES Las palabras de una sola silaba aaden -er Long Longer Big Small Smaller Short Biger Shorter

Las palabras que tienen dos silabas y acaban en y aaden er y cambian y por -i Happy Happier Angry Angrier Dirty Dirtier Sunny Sunnier Pero los adverbios de dos silabas que acaban en y no siguen la regla anterior sino que ponen delante more: More slowly / more quietly / more seriously / more carefully Las palabras de dos o mas silabas ponen delante more More handsome More polite Excepciones: Bad / badly Good / well Far Worse Better Further / farther

Algunos adjetivos de dos silabas pueden poner er o more: quiet / clever / narrow / shallow / simple Its too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / or / more quiet Ejemplos Bob is rich but Peter is richer Peter is richer than Bob Bob es rico pero Peter es mas rico Peter es mas rico que Bob

A bit / a little / shightly + older / more expensive etc. un poco mas. Much / a lot / far + older / more expensive etc mucho mas.. Jill is a bit older than Gary Could you speak a bit more slowly? = Could you speak a little more slowly? This bag is shightly heavier than the other one Canada is much bigger than France Her illness was much more serious than we thought at first = Her illness was a lot more serious than we thought at first = Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first Harder and harder / more and more + adj cada vez mas pesada , mas y mas pesada Its becoming harder and harder to find a job Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job Your English is improving. Its getting better and better These days more and more people are learning English The + comparativo + the + better What time shall we leave? The sooner the better What sort of box do you want? The bigger the better Cuanto mas.mejor Cuanto mas pronto mejor Cuanto mas grande mejor

The + comparativo + the + comparativo para decir que una cosa depende de otra The warmer the weather, the better I feel Si el tiempo es caluroso, me encuentreo mejor The more expensive the hotel, the better the service Cuanto mas caro es el hotel el servicio es mejor The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be Si usas mas electricidad la factura sera mas alta

40

41

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD AS + ADJ. + AS NOT AS + ADJ. + AS Peter is as tall as Bob Peter is not as tall as Bob tan alto como no tan alto como

TAN COMO NO TAN COMO = (not so as) . solo en frases negativas

Not as muchas/ not as many as I havent got as much money as you I dont know as many people as you The same as. I arrived at the same time as Tom

no tanto como

El mismo. que

Twice asas / three times asas Dos veces mas. Que Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago Their house is about three times as big as ours Despues de than o as usamos pronombre personal objeto si no hay verbo You are taller than I am but You are taller than me I cant run as fat as he can but I cant run as fast as him

SUPERLATIVO Las palabras de una sola silaba aaden -est Long Longest Big Small Smallest Short Bigest Shortest

Las palabras que tienen dos silabas y acaban en y aaden est y cambian y por -i Happy Happiest Angry Angriest Dirty Dirtiest Sunny Sunniest Las palabras de dos o mas silabas ponen delante the most The most handsome The most polite Excepciones: Bad Good Far Worst Best Furthest / farthest de la ciudad del mundo

Despues de un superlativo usamos in con lugares That church is the oldest building in the town What is the longest river in the world?

Tambien usamos in con organizaciones, grupos de gente etc. Who is the best student in the class ? de la clase Usamos of para un periodo de tiempo Yesterday was the hottest day of the year Se suele utilizar un present perfect despues de un superlativo Whats the best film youve ever seen? That was the most delicious meal Ive had for a long time

42

43

WORD / VERB + PREPOSITION To wait for To look at To look for To work at To work as To work for To ask for To be interested in To be married to To be similar to To be afraid of To be good at To agree with To laugh at To listen to To look after At the age of To die of To dream about sb./sth. To be on holiday To be at home To sell sth. for To speak to sb. About sth. To spend money on To steal sth. from sb. To write ( a letter ) to sb. To throw sth. at To be in love with To worry about sb. / sth. To be tired of To get in touch with sb. To be bored with sb. / sth. To believe in To belong to To argue with sb. about sth. To depend on To deal with To get on (well) with sb. To be fed up with sb. / sth. To look forward to To operate on sb. To be in a mess To relay on sb. / sth. By chance, by accident An advertisement for According to Out of order Similar to Different from In time At the age of A story about sb. / sth. On the way (to school) esperar a mirar a buscar trabajar en trabajar como trabajar para pedir estar interesado en estar casado con ser similar a tener miedo de ser bueno en una cosa estar de acuerdo con reirse de escuchar a cuidar a la edad de morir de soar con estar de vacaciones estar en casa vender algo por hablar con alguien de algo gastar dinero en robar algo de alguien escribir una carta a alguien lanzar algo a alguien estar enamorado de alguien preocuparse por algo estar cansado de ponerse en contacto con alguien estar aburrido de creer en pertenecer a discutir con alguien de algo depender de tratar con llevarse bien con alguien estar harto de desear operar a estar hecho un lio confiar en por casualidad un anuncio de o para segn el fuera de servicio, roto parecido a diferente a a tiempo a la edad de una historia de de camino a

44

ANOTHER (otro, otra) OTHER (otros, otras) OTHERS (otros) ANOTHER (sing.) acompaa a un nombre Another car Anothe day OTHER (plur.) acompaa a un nombre Other problems Other activities OTHERS se utiliza cuando actua como pronombre (no acompaa a ningun nombre) The others los otros

ENOUGH (Not) enough + noun no suficiente We wanted to play football but we didnt enough players (Not) enough without noun Ive got some money but not enough No thanks. Ive got enough Adjetivo / adverbio + enough (good enough, warm enough) He isnt tall enough Enough for sb. / sth. This pullover isnt big enough for me Enough to do sth. I havent got enough money to buy a car OJO! ENOUGH + NOUN ADJ. + ENOUGH bastante + adj.

TOO Too much (incontables) / Too many (contables) I dont like the weather here. There is too much rain Lets go another restaurant. There are too many people here. Too + adj. Too big (demasiado grande) I cant work. Im too tired Diferencia entre too (demasiado) y Not enough (no suficiente) Theres too much sugar in my coffee hay demasiada azucar en mi caf. Theres not enough sugar in my coffee. No hay suficiente azucar en. The radio is too loud. Can you turn it down, please? The radio isnt loud enough. Can you turn it up, please? Too..for sb. / sth. These shoes are too big for me Too..to do sth. Its too cold to go out 45 demasiado

46

ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS Los adjetivos de opinion (nice, interesting, delicious, beautiful) van antes que los de hecho o reales (long, hot etc.) A nice long summer holiday An interesting young man Si utilizamos dos o mas adjetivos los ponemos en el siguiente orden: 1- Tamao 2- Edad 3- Color 4- Procedencia 5- De lo que estan hechos a tall young man (1, 2) big blue eyes (1, 3) A small black plastic bag (1, 3, 5) A large wooden table (1, 5) An old Russian song (2, 4) An old white cotton shirt (2, 3, 5) Los adjetivos de talla y peso van antes que los de forma A large round table A tall thin girl A long narrow street Si son dos colores los separamos por and A black and white dress

ADJETIVOS Los adjetivos no tienen ni genero ni numero y se colocan siempre delante del nombre Its a nice day today Ann has got blue eyes Look / feel / smell / taste / sound + adjetivo You look tired Dont cook that meat. It doent smell good PREGUNTAS CON HOW How long? cuanto tiempo How long are you going to stay in London? How long ago? hace cuanto tiempo How long ago did you live in London? How often? Cada cuanto tiempo, con que frecuencia How often do you go to the cinema? La respuesta a esta pregunta es: I go to the cinema Every day once a month twice a year (three, four, five) times a month How far? A que distancia How far is the station from the theatre? todos los dias una vez al mes dos veces al ao 3,4,5 veces al mes

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48

THERE.. and

IT..

Usamos there para hablar de algo por 1 vez Theres a new restaurant in Keen Street The journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic It= un particular hecho, cosa, lugar, situacion etc. We went to the new restaurant. Its very good Compara I dont like this town. Theres nothing to do here. Its a boring place There significa tambien: to / in / at + ese lugar The new restaurant is very good. I went there (to the restaurant) last night Utilizamos IT para hablar de distancias, la hora y el tiempo atmosferico Its a long way from here to the airport What day is it today? It was windy ALL EVERY WHOLE

all and eveybody / everyone: No usamos all para decir todo el mundo Everybody enjoyed the party (not all) but All of us enjoyed the party all and everything: Podemos utilizar uno u otro Ill do all I can to help

or

Ill do everything I can to help

Pero normalmente no utilizamos all solo He thinks he knows eveything (not he knows all) Utilizamos all en la expresion all abouttodo sobre They told us all about their holidays Tambien utilizamos all para expresar: la(s) unica(s) cosa(s) All Ive eaten today is a sandwich all and whole: Whole significa entero y se utiliza la mayor parte de las veces con un sustantivo singular Did you read the whole book She has lived her whole life in Scotland Whole lleva el articulo o determinante delante mientres que all lo lleva despues The whole book all the book Her whole life all her life Podemos utlizar a delante de whole. No utilizamos whole con incontables A whole packet of biscuits every / all / whole con palabras de tiempo Evey se utiliza para expresar que algo ocurre a menudo (cada.) The bus service is very good. Theres a bus every ten minutes / every days /etc. All y whole expresan el periodo completo desde el principio al final We spent all day / the whole day on the beach 49

EACH AND EVERY Significan lo mismo cada y a menudo es posible usar uno u otro Pero no son exactamente lo mismo, hay algunas diferencias: 1. Usamos each cuando pensamos en las cosas una a una, mientras que every las piensa como un grupo Each time (or every time) I see you , you look different 2. each se utiliza para un numero pequeo de cosas, mientras que every se utiliza para un gran numero Study each sentence carefully (una a una) Every sentence must have a verb (todas en general) 3. Para dos cosas utlizamos each (not every) In a football, each team has 11 players 4. Usamos every (not each) para decir como de a manudo suceden las cosas Theres a bus every ten minutes(not each ten minutes) Podemos utilizar each + noun every + noun Each book every book Podemos utilizar each solo, every no puede ir solo (hay que poner every one) None of the rooms was the same. Each was different (=each room) Or: each one was different Have you read all these books? Yes every one Everyone and every one Everyone se utiliza solo para personas Everyone enjoyed the party Every one se utiliza para cosas o personas y es similar a each one He is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, ever, rarely/ seldom Van situados delante del verbo excepto con el verbo to be que van detrs I always go to work by car Ann often plays tennis I am never ill I was always late for school Van situados entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal I will always remember you It doesnt often rain here Also, just, still alredy, both, all siguen las mismas reglas

50

HAVE AND HAVE GOT Podemos usar have or have got indistintamente para expresar posesion, pertenencia. Weve got a new car or We have a new car Tambien podemos utilizar uno u otro indistintamente para expresar dolor o enfermedad I have / Ive got a headache En estos dos casos no podemos utilizar la forma continua (Im having, are having) En frases interrogativas y negativas hay tres posibilidades Have you got any money? Do you have any money? Have you any money? (menos usual) I havent got any money I dont have any money I havent any money (menos usual) Para el pasado solo utilizamos had or did, didnt (interrogativas o negativas) sin GOT Ann had a long fair hair when she was a child I didnt have a watch, so I didnt know the time Did you have a car, Didnt you?

No utilizamos la forma have got para acciones y experiencias como: Breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / a cigarette etc. A bath / a shower / a swim / a rest / a party / a holiday / a nice time HAVE An accident / an experience / a dream A look (at sth.) / a chat (with sb.) Difficulty / trouble / fun A baby (dar nacimiento a un nio) Recuerda que no puedes utilizar have got en estas expresiones en las que have tiene otro significado: I usually have a sandwich for my lunch (have= eat) (nunca have got) Ive got some sandwiches. Would you like one? (aqu si que tiene significado de posesion) En estas expresiones podemos utilizar la forma continua Fred is on holiday. He says hes having a wonderful time

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WHEN.

/ IF

When I went out, it was raining. En esta frase hay dos partes: 1: When I went out y 2: it was raining Se puede empezar por una u otra, pero si empezamos por when entonces hay que separarlas por coma. Si when va en medio entonces no lleva coma. Ocurre lo mismo con if When youre tired, dont drive but Dont drive when yuore tired If we dont hurry, well be late but Well be late if we dont hurry but

Lo mismo ocurre en frases con: before, while, after Always look both ways before you cross the road Before you cross the road, always look both ways While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain It began to rain while I was waiting for the bus When I am, When I go / If I am, If I go para el futuro I will be in London next week: When I am in London, Im going to visit the cathedral If Im late this evening, dont wait for me.

Hacemos lo mismo con: before / while / after / until Please close the window before you go out (not before you will go) Ill wait here until you come back Diferencia entre if y when If indica posibilidad, pero no seguridad mientras que when indica seguridad If I go out = es posible que salga pero no estoy seguro When I go out = voy a salir fuera, es seguro NOUN + NOUN A menudo juntamos dos palabras para significar una cosa, idea o persona, como por ejemplo: a tennis ball, a bank manager, a road accident pelota de tenis, jefe de banco, accidente de carretera. Tennis ball pelota de tenis es decir la primera palabra es como el adjetivo, luego cuando tengamos la palabra en espaol pelota de tenis colocamos primero en ingles la que le precede el de y luego la otra Tennis ball Si hay mas de tres palabras se sigue la misma regla: 1 hotel 2 recepcion 3 mesa the hotel reception desk la mesa de la recepcion del hotel

Notar la diferencia entre: A wine glass un vaso de vino (es decir que sirve para vimo pero que puede que este vacio) A glass of wine un vaso de vino (es decir un vaso que tiene vino) Cuando usamos noun + noun el primer nombre es como un adjetivo. Muchas veces el significado es plural pero el nombre va en singular Bookshop tienda de libros Suele ocurrir lo mismo con la segunda palabra: A four-week English course (not weeks) A three-page letter (not pages)

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53

TO (PARA)

FOR (PARA)

SO THAT (PARA QUE + Sub.)

Usamos to para expresar el proposito de una accion: el porque alguien hace, tiene o necesita algo, o porque algo existe. A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party This wall is to keep people out the garden I need a bottle opener to open this bottle Usamos TO + VERB. y FOR + NOUN Im going to Spain for a holiday Im going to Spain to learn Spanish Ojo! Podemos decir: for (sb.) to (do sth.) There werent any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor Podemos utilizar: FOR + -ING para expresar el proposito general de una cosa, aunque Tambien podemos utilizar to This knife is only for cutting bread (or to cut bread) SO THAT para que + subj. Y lo utilizamos en vez de to para:

Cuando el proposito es negativo I hurried so that I wouldnt be late Con can y could Shes learning English so that she can study in Canada

Cuando una persona hace algo para que otra persona haga algo mas I gave her my address so that she could contact me

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HE SAID THAT (el dijo que)

HE TOLD ME THAT (el me dijo que)

Cuando digo lo que dijo alguien lo puedo decir de dos formas: Estilo directo: John said Im feeling ill en la que reproduzco literalmente lo que el dijo Estilo indirecto reported speech en la que se dice lo que dijo pero en pasado: John said that he was ill Generalmente despues de said/told that el verbo va en pasado: Am / is Are Have/has Can Will Do/does Like

was were had could would * did liked

(She said) Im working She said that she was working (I said) The shops are open I said that the shops were open (I said to him) Ive finished my work I told him that I had finished my work (Tom said) I cant come to the party He said that he couldnt come to the party (My friends said to me) The exam will be easy They told me that the exam would be easy (I said) It doesnt matter I said that it didnt matter (Mary said) I like tomatoes She said that she liked tomatoes

That no es necesario ponerlo en estas frases He said that he was tired or He said he was tired Si el estilo directo va en pasado, el indirecto puede ir en past simple o cambiarlo a past perfect Directo: Tom said: I woke up feelling, so I didnt go to work Indirecto: Tom said that he woke up feelling, so he didnt go to work or Tom said that he had woken up feelling ill, so he hadnt gone to work No siempre el estilo indirecto cambia del presente al pasado. Cuando lo que alguien dijo se mantiene todavia o aun es verdadero podemos mantener el presente en el estilo indirecto. Directo: Sonia said: I wants to go to Madrid next year Indirecto: Sonia said that she wants to go to Madrid next year Cuando el estilo directo es un imperativo el estilo indirecto se construye con el infinitivo, precedido de not si el imperativo es negativo pero con los verbos tell and ask, aunque said es tambien posible. Directo: Stay in bed for a few days The doctor said to me Indirecto: The doctor told me to me to stay in bed for a few days Directo: Please, dont tell anybody what happened Ann said to me Indirecto: Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened Cuando el estilo directo es una interrogacion el indirecto no es interrogacion. Directo: The police officer said to us: Where are you going? Indirecto: The police officer asked us where we were going Directo: Clare said What time do the banks close? Indirecto: Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed

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PREFER (Preferir)

WOULD RATHER (Preferiria)

Prefer lo podemos utilizar co to o con -ing I prefer to live in the country or I prefer living in the country Hay varias estructuras con prefer: Prefer sth. to sth. I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday Prefer doing sth. to doing sth. I prefer driving to travelling by train Prefer to do sth. rather than * do sth *Sin to I prefer to drive rather than travel by train Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city

Would prefer (Id prefer) (preferiria) va seguido siempre de to Id prefer to go by car preferiria ir en coche Would rather va seguido siempre de infinitivo sin to. Si es negativo con not Id rather go by car Im tired. Id rather not go out this evening Would rather + do sth. + than + do sth. Id rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema Es como un comparativo

Preferiria que tu hicieras algo = Id rather you did sth. verbo en pasado pero en espaol no tiene significado de pasado sino de subjuntivo Id rather you came with us preferiria que vinieras con nosotros Hay una estructura que puede confundirse con Id rather que es: I HAD BETTER + inf. sin to (Id better) que significa: seria mejor You had better go to the doctor Seria mejor que fueras al medico

I THINK SO / I HOPE SO Algunos verbos pueden llevar so cuando no queremos repetir otra vea la frase Are those people English? I think so (= I think they are English) creo que si Will you be at home tomorrow evening? I expect so espero que si Do you think Kate has been invited to the party? I suposse so supongo que si

Tambien podemos utilizar: I hope so / I guess so / Im afraid so I dont think so / expect so I hope not / I guess not / Im afraid not I suposse not or I dont suposse so

La forma negativa de estas estructuras es: I think so / I expect so I hope so / I guess so / Im afraid so I suposse so

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EXPRESIONES + -ING Cuando las siguientes expresiones van seguidas de un verbo, este tiene que acabar en ing: Its no use.. No sirve de nada Theres nothing you can do about the situation, so its no use worring about it Its no goodNo es bueno Its no good trying to persuade me. You wont succeed Theres no point in.. No sirve de nada Theres no point in having a car if you never use it Its (not) worth. (no) merece la pena I live only a short walk from here, so its not worth taking a taxi Have difficulty -ing Tener dificultad para. I had difficulty finding a place to live A waste of money. Una perdida de dinero Its a waste of money buying things you dont need. A waste of time Una perdida de tiempo It was a waste of time reading this book. It was rubbish Spend / wast (time) He spents hours trying to repair the clock I waste a lot of time daydreaming To be busy Estar ocupado She said she couldnt see me. She was too busy doing other things

PREPOSICION + -ING Si una preposicion va seguida de un verbo este acaba en ING Are you interested in working for us? Im not very good at learning laguages She must be fed up with studying What are the advantages of having a car? I bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday Carol went to work in spite of feeling ill I prefer driving to travelling by train (porque aqu to es una preposicion) I ran ten kilometres without stopping Before going out, I phoned Sarah What did you do after leaving school? By + -ing para decir como ocurre algo The burglars got into the house by breaking a winbow and climbing in You can improve your English by reading more

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ADJETIVOS ACABADOS EN -ING Y -ED

(BORING / BORED)

Hay muchos adjetivos acabados en -ing y en ed por ejemplo: boring and bored Boring califica a una cosa mientras que bored califica a una persona Janes job is boring El trabajo de Jane es aburrido Jane is bored with her job Janes esta aburrida con su trabajo Jane is bored because her job is boring A person is boring significa que hace a otra persona aburrida George always talks about the same things. Hes really boring

Otros ejemplos: My job is interesting Im not interested in my job My job is satisfying Im not satisfied wiyh my job The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better decepcionante I was disappointed with the film. . I expected it to be much better decepcionado

ADJETIVOS Y ADVERBIOS

(QUICK / QUICKLY) heavy heavily bad badly

Muchos adverbios se forman aadiendo ly al adjetivo Adj: Quick serious careful quiet Adv: Quickly seriously carefully quietly

No todas las palabras acabadas en ly son adverbios, algunos adjetivos acaban tambien en ly: Friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely Los adjetivos califican a un nombre mientras que los adverbios califican a un verbo. Tom is careful driver Tom drove carefully along the norrow road Please be quite Please speak quietly

El adjetivo va delante del nombre, aunque con los verbos copulativos va detrs del verbo She speaks perfect English
Adj noun

Los adverbios van: verb + obj + adv. She speaks English perfectly
Verb Obj. Adv.

Tambien podemos poner un adverbio delante de un adjetivo o delante de otro adverbio: (adv + adj)Its a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good (adv + adj)Oh! Im terribly sorry. I didnt mean to push you (adv + adv) Maria learns languages incredibly quickly (adv + adv) The examination was surprisingly easy

Podemos utilizar un adverbio delante de un participio pasado (injured, organised, written, etc.) The meeting was very badly organised Two people were seriously injured in the accident Good / well Good es el adjetivo y well es el adverbio Your English is good You speak English well Usamos well con los participios pasados Well-dressed well-educated well-paid 61

Well es adjetivo cuando significa con buena salud A:How are you today? B: Im very well, thanks

(not very good)

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 Fast / hard / late Estas palabras son adjetivo y adverbio a la vez Jack is a very fast runner (adj.) Jack can run very fast (adv.) Ann is a hard worker (adj.) Ann works hard (adv.) Hardly apenas They hardly know each other apenas se conocen el uno al otro

A menudo usamos Hardly + any / anyone / anybody / anything / anywhere Ill have to go shopping. Weve got hardly any food The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed She ate hardly anything. She wasnt feeling hungry La posicion de hardly puede ser: She ate hardly anything or Weve got hardly any food or She hardly ate anything Weve hardly got any food

A menudo usamos can / could + hardly para expresar que algo es casi imposible de hacer Your writting is terrible. I can hardly read it My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk Hardly ever casi nunca Im nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

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ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH

IN SPITE OF / DESPITE

Despues de although (aunque, si bien) ponemos sujeto + verbo We went out although it was raining

Despues de in spite of o despite (significan ambas a pesar de, pese a) ponemos: nombre, pronombre (this, that, what) o ing In spite of (or despite) the rain, we enjoyed our holiday I didnt get the job in spite of (or despite) having all the necesary qualifications She wasnt well, but in spite of (or despite) this she went to work In spite of (or despite) what I said yesterday, I still love you Compara although con because We went out although it was raining We didnt go out because it was raining Compara in spite of con because of (a causa de) We went out in spite of the rain We didnt go out because of the rain Algunas veces usamos though (aunque, sin embargo, aun asi) en vez de although I didnt get the job though I had all the necesary qualifications En ingles hablado usamos though al final de la frase The house isnt very nice. I like the garden though (=but I like the garden) Even though aunque Even though I was really tired, I couldnt sleep

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