Part 1 of 2 During the 16th century, Galileo Galelei did a series of experiments along with some good, sound

reasoning. He concluded that all objects, no matter what their weight, would fall at the same rate if friction with the air could be eliminated. His reasoning was this: Two identical spheres are dropped simultaneously. Everyone will agree they must fall at the same rate. We bring the spheres closer together on successive drops until they are touching as they fall. Again, everyone will agree they still fall at the same rate. Finally, we weld the two together and they will fall at the same rate they did before they were joined. Thus the welded object, with twice the weight of a single sphere will fall no faster. Although Galileo had crude timing devices and could not accurately measure the acceleration of a free-falling object, he could measure the rate at which spheres rolled down inclined planes. Mathematically extrapolating to a 90 incline, he calculated the free fall acceleration without actually measuring it directly. Although we take this approach to science as routine, in Galileo's time it was a leap toward abstract generalization that was truly revolutionary. The acceleration of a free falling object at sea level on Earth is 9.8 m/sec2. 1. How far will a rock fall in 6 seconds if it is released from rest?
s = (1/2)at2 s = 1/2 (9.8 m/sec2) (6 sec)2 s = 176 m

2. A ball is thrown down at an initial velocity of 18 m/sec. How far will it fall in the first 4 seconds?
s = (1/2)at2 + v0t s = 1/2 (9.8 m/sec2) (4 sec)2 + (18 m/sec) (4 sec) s = 150 m

3. A ball is thrown up at 22 m/sec. How far will it be above the ground in 2 seconds? ...in 4 seconds?
a) s = (1/2)at2 + v0t s = 1/2 (-9.8 m/sec2) (2 sec)2 + (22 m/sec) (2 sec) s = 24.4 m b) s = (1/2)at2 + v0t s = 1/2 (-9.8 m/sec2) (4 sec)2 + (22 m/sec) (4 sec) s = 9.60 m

Notice that there are two terms working in opposition to each other. The v0t term increases steadily while the 1/2 at2 term gets increasingly larger in a negative direction. Thus the ball rises at first, then falls back. 4. Freddy Frog takes a swan dive from a bridge which is 53 meters above the water. Freddy is an expert and can streamline himself to eliminate wind resistance. How long will it take him to reach his aquatic homeland?
s t t t = = = = (1/2)at2 (2s/a)1/2 ((2 * 53m) / 9.8 m/s2)1/2 3.29 sec

5. Often it is necessary to work in units of centimeters or feet, so you need to know gravity in these units. a) Convert 9.8 m/s2 to cm/s2. b) Convert 9.8 m/s2 to ft/s2.
a) (9.8 m/s2)(100 cm/ 1 m) 980 cm/sec2 b) (9.8 m/s2)(100 cm/ 1 m) (1 in / 2.54 cm) (1 ft / 12 in) 32.2 ft/sec2 We will round off to 32 ft/sec2

6. Expressed in feet, how far will a rock fall if it drops for 8.2 seconds?
s = (1/2)at2 s = 1/2 (32 ft/sec2) (8.2 sec)2 s = 1.08 * 103 ft

7. How long does it take a needle to drop 2.6 cm?

s t t t

= = = =

(1/2)at2 (2s/a)1/2 ((2 * 2.6 cm)/980 cm/sec2)1/2 .0728 sec

8**. An inquisitive spelunker comes upon a deep cavern with a vertical drop. It is too deep to see below, so the spelunker drops a rock into the void. 3.8 seconds later the splash is heard. If the speed of the returning sound is 330 m/sec, how deep is the cavern?
t1 = (2s/a)1/2: The time of fall where a = 9.8 m/sec2 t2 = s/v = s/330: the time for the sound to return (330 m/sec = Speed of Sound) ttotal = t1 + t2 ttotal = (2s/9.8)1/2 + s/330 3.80 sec = (2s/9.8)1/2 + s/330 Thus (2s/9.8)1/2 = 3.8 - s/330 2s/9.8 = 3.82 - ((2 * 3.8) / 330)s + s2/3302 Solve using the quadratic formula s = 63.8 m

As we saw in the previous chapter, when two dimensions are involved we may treat each dimension individually and independently. Thus a falling object will accelerate at 9.8 m/s2whether it is released from rest or thrown horizontally. In both cases the initial vertical velocity is zero, so at each moment after release they will have fallen an identical vertical distance.

9. A rock is thrown horizontally at 18 m/sec. Where is it 1.5 seconds later?

H) There is no horizontal acceleration, so sx = vxt s = (18 m/sec) (1.5 sec) s = 27.0 m V) sy = (1/2)ayt2 s = 1/2 (9.8 m/sec2) (1.5 sec)2 s = 11.0 m

10. A rock is thrown horizontally at 5.7 m/sec. Find its speed and the direction of its motion 3.6 seconds after release.
H) ax = 0 so vx = 5.7 m/sec For the entire flight. V) Vy = ay Vy = (9.8 m/sec2) (3.6 sec) Vy = 35.3 m/sec v = (5.72 + 35.32)1/2 v = 35.8 m/sec tan = 35.3/5.7 = 80.8

11. Rhonda Mulberry Bush kicks a can of Cheese Whiz horizontally at 4.6 m/sec off a cliff 12.4 m high. a) How long will it take to land? b) How far from the cliff will it land?
a) Only gravity will help bring it down. Since there is no vertical component to the initial velocity, the 4.6 m/sec can be ignored in part a. t = (2sy / ay)1/2 t = ((2 * 12.4) / 9.8)1/2 t = 1.59 sec b) sx = vxt s = (4.6 m/sec) (1.59 sec) s = 7.32 m

12. A man fires a bullet horizontally from 1.8 m above the ground. If the bullet's speed is 415 m/sec, how far away will it land?
V) t = (2sy / ay)1/2 t = ((2 * 1.8 m) / 9.8 m/s2)1/2 t =.606 sec H) sx = vxt sx = (415 m/sec) (.606 sec) sx = 251 m

13. A marble, rolling off the edge of a table is observed to hit the floor 0.77 m from the table. If the table top is 0.86 m high, how fast was the marble traveling when it left the table?
V) s = (1/2)at2 .86 = (1/2) 9.8t2 t = .419 sec H) sx vx vx vx

= = = =

vxt so sx / t .77 m /.42 sec 1.84 m/sec

14. A colony of troglodytes has been in a lengthy feud with its neighbors on the adjacent cliff. Colony A finally develops an important military breakthrough: it rolls bombs off its cliff at known rates of speed, thus gaining pinpoint accuracy in its attacks. If the cliffs are separated by 42 m and a bomb is rolled at 6.0 m/sec, how far down the cliff will it land?
H) s = t = t = t = vt sx / vx 42 m / 6 m/s 7.00 sec

V) y = (1/2)ayt2 y = 1/2 (9.8) (72) y = 240 m

15. The troglodyte war continues, and a particularly offensive member of colony B is located 110 m below the top. At what speed must a bomb be rolled to get him?
V) sy = (1/2)ayt2 or 110 = (1/2) 9.8t2 so t = 4.74 sec H) sx = vxt or 42 = vx(4.74) vx = 8.86 m/sec

16. Freddy Frog returns for another diving competition. This time, from the 13 m board he takes off at 6.5 m/sec. If his initial velocity is horizontal, at what angle and at what total speed does Freddy hit the water?

H) vx = 6.5 m/sec All the way. V) vy = ayt vy = 9.8t But t = (2s/a)1/2 t = ((2 * 13)/9.8)1/2 t = 1.63 sec So vy = (9.8) (1.63) vy = 16.0 m/sec v = (6.52 + 16.02)1/2 v = 17.2 m/sec = tan-1(16.0/6.5) = 67.8

17. Ford tests a new safety system by driving a car off a high cliff. If the vehicle leaves the edge with a speed of 68 ft/sec, what will be its speed and direction in 1.5 seconds?
H) vx = 68 ft/sec V) vy = ayt vy = (32 ft/sec2) (1.5 sec) vy = 48.0 ft/sec So tan = 48/68 = 35.2 v = (vx2 + vy2)1/2 v = (682 + 482)1/2 v = 83.2 ft/sec

18*. A family of trolls communicates with another family at the bottom of a twotiered cliff as shown. The trolls tie messages to rocks and roll them off the top cliff at the minimum speed necessary to just miss the 2nd cliff and land below. a) What is the velocity chosen? b) How far from the bottom cliff will the projectile land?
a) To drop the first 6 m: t = (2sy/ay)1/2 t = (2 * 6 / 9.8)1/2 t = 1.11 sec So vx = sx/t vx = 7 / 1.11

vx = 6.33 m/sec b) To reach the bottom: t = (2sy/ay)1/2 t = ((2 * 14) / 9.8)1/2 t = 1.69 sec So horizontal distance (sx) = vxt sx = (6.33) (1.69) sx = 10.7 m or 3.7 m From base.

19*. This time the gregarious troll family wishes to fire off a message to neighbors who live under the overhang of a cliff. With what velocity must they roll the rock, and how far under the overhang will it hit?
To drop the first 8 m: s = (1/2)at2 t = (2s/a)1/2 t = ((2 * 8) / 9.8 m/sec2)1/2 t = 1.277 sec The horizontal velocity to move 11 m s = vt v = s/t v = (11 m / 1.277 sec) vx = 8.61 m/sec Find how long it takes to go 17 m s = vt (11 + 6) = (8.61)t t = 1.9747 Find the vertical distance that rock falls s = (1/2)at2 s = (1/2)(9.8 m/sec2)(1.9747)2 s = 19.1 m

20**. Find the general equation for problem 18, using the parameters shown at right.
Time to corner: t1 = (2s/a)1/2 t<sub<1< sub=""> = (2a/g)1/2 Horizontal velocity: vx = sx/t1 vx = b/(2a/g)1/2 vx = b(g/2a)1/2 Total time:

t = (2s/a)1/2 t = (2(a + c)/g)1/2 Horizontal distance: sx = vxt s = b(g/2a)1/2 * (2(a + c)/g)1/2 s = b((a + c)/a)1/2 </sub<1<> Finally: x = sx - b x = b((a + c)/a)1/2 - b x = b(((a + c)/a) - 1)1/2

So far we have considered projectile problems where the initial velocity has always been horizontal. This has been to simplify the mathematics while instilling the concept that two independent motions are taking place simultaneously. This same concept will apply to motion which begins at some angle other than horizontal. Before studying general projectile motion, however, we must review some of our previous work. 21. Rex Things drops a rock from a 42 foot high cliff. How long does it take to reach the ground?
V) s = t = t = t = (1/2)at2 (2s/a)1/2 ((2 * 42) / 32)1/2 1.62 sec

22. A bolt drops out of a bridge. How fast is it traveling (in m/sec) 2.6 seconds after its release?
V) v = at v = (9.8 m/sec2) (2.6 sec) v = 25.5 m/sec

23. A soccer ball is kicked vertically up at 22 m/sec. How long will it take to reach the peak of its flight?
V) v = at + v0 But at the peak of flight, vy = 0. Thus 0 = (-9.8 m/s2) (t) + 22 m/s t = (22 m/s) / (9.8 m/s2) t = 2.24 sec

24. Foster Pride grabs his Smith and Wessen and fires a bullet vertically up at 1330 ft/sec. How long will it take to reach its highest point? (Neglect friction, of course.)
v 0 t t = = = = at + (-32 1330 41.6 v0 ft/s2)t + 1330 ft/s / 32 sec

25. If Priam Raite throws a package of Cheeze-Whiz directly up at 8.6 m/sec, how long will it take to return to ground?
Method 1: v = at + v0 -8.6 m/sec = (-9.8 m/sec2) (t) + 8.6 m/sec (Since the Whiz strikes ground at same speed.) t = -17.2 m/sec / -9.8 m/sec2 t = 1.76 Method 2: s = (1/2)at2 + v0t But final location is s = 0. 0 = 1/2 (-9.8)t2 + 8.6t So t = 0 sec and 1.76 sec

26. A baseball thrown vertically up is aloft 4.8 seconds before returning to Earth. What was its initial velocity in ft/sec?
Method 1: s = (1/2)at2 + v0t 0 = 1/2 (-32) (4.8)2 + v0 (4.8) v0 = 76.8 ft/sec Method 2: Considering only the upward trip of 2.4 sec v = at + v0 0 = (-32) (2.4) + v0 v0 = 76.8 ft/sec

27. A raindrop, mysteriously falling on the moon, hits at 57.4 m/sec. The moon's gravity is 1.6 m/s2, so how long was the drop falling?
v v 0 t t t = at + v0 = at Since raindrop starts at v0 = = v/a = (57.4 m/sec) / (1.6 m/sec2) = 35.9 sec

28. Struggling with a fire hose, Jean Zon aims a stream of water vertically up at 17.3 m/sec. How long will it take before the stream is falling at 8.8 m/sec?
v = at + v0 -8.8 m/sec = (-9.8 m/sec2) (t) + (17.3 m/sec) t = 2.67 sec

29. A Brazilian aborigine fires a dart from his blowgun at 41 m/sec aimed 32 above the horizontal. a) What is its initial vertical velocity? b) How long does it take to return to Earth?
a) vy = (41 m/sec) sin32 vy = 21.7 m/sec b) Time in air depends only on vertical component of velocity: sy = (1/2)ayt2 + v0yt 0 = 1/2 (-9.8)t2 + 21.7t t = 0 sec and 4.43 sec

30. A baseball leaves the bat at 76 m/sec, 57 above the horizontal. How long is it in the air?
sy = (1/2)ayt2 + vyt 0 = 1/2 (-9.8 m/sec2)t2 + (76 m/sec) (sin57)t t = 13.0 sec (Ignore t = 0 solution)

31. A rock is thrown at 15.2 ft/sec, 41 above the horizon. How long will it be in the air?
sy = (1/2)ayt2 + vyt 0 = 1/2 (-32)t2 + (15.2sin41)t t = 0.623 sec

32. A Roman centurion fires off a vat of burning pitch from his catapult at 18.2 m/sec, 37 above the horizontal. a) How long is it in the air? b) What is the horizontal component of velocity? c) How far does it get before landing?
a)

sy = (1/2)ayt2 + vyt 0 = 1/2 (-9.8)t2 + (18.2sin37)t t = 2.24 sec b) vx = vcos v = (18.2 m/sec)cos37 v = 14.5 m/sec c) The horizontal component, vx, is a constant sx = vxt sx = (14.5 m/sec) (2.24 sec) sx = 32.5 m

33. A bullet is fired at 677 m/sec, 35 above the horizontal. How far does it get before landing? (We neglect air resistance, of course.)
V) sy = (1/2)ayt2 + v0t 0 = 1/2 (-9.8)t2 + (677sin35)t t = 79.2 sec H) sx = vxt sx = (677cos35) (79.2) sx = 4.39 * 104 m

34. A baseball, thrown at 21.7 m/sec 28 above the horizontal will travel how far before hitting the ground?
V) sy = (1/2)ayt2 + v0t 0 = 1/2 (-9.8)t2 + (21.7sin28)t t = 2.08 sec H) sx = vxt sx = (21.7sin28) (2.08) sx = 39.8 m