NSN SDH DWDM Ethernet Training

SDH Technology
Bhavik Joshi Senior Engineer Technical Support Email: bhavik.joshi@jdsu.com Mobile: +91-9821448943
PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) Plesio means = nearly Chronous means= Timing Plesiochronous Almost synchronous, because bits are stuffed into the frames as padding and the calls (signal) location varies slightly - jitters - from frame to frame"
2008 JDSU. All rights reserved.
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
PDH Systems Worldwide

Japan
5. 397200 kbit/s 397200 kbit/s
x4
USA
Europe
564992 kbit/s 564992 kbit/s
x4
4.
97728 kbit/s 97728 kbit/s

x3
274176 kbit/s 274176 kbit/s

x6
x3
139264 kbit/s 139264 kbit/s

x4
3.

x5

x7

x4
2. order

x4 x3

x4
primary rate
x 24
x 30/31
64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s
PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm) 64 kbit/s Data Signals
1 30
1
8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm) 34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

1
DSMX 64k/2
0.3 to 3.1 kHz AF signals
30
PCMX 30 15 kHz Sound Program Signals

1 5
4
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm) DSMX 34/140
PCMX 30
DSMX 8/34 Channel Capacity: 64 x 30 = 1920
64 30
DSMX 2/8
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

140 Mbit/s main
OLTU OLTU OLTU 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8 OLTU 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8
140 Mbit/s
stand-by
34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8 34 - 140 8 - 34 2-8
1,2 ................. 64
1,2 ................. 64
Line Terminating Unit
Drop & Insert Station
Line Terminating Unit
Disadvantages of PDH
Plesiochronous Hierarchy based on 2Mbps primary rates permits multiplexing up to 140Mbps respectively. Changing from one hierarchical level to anobher requires additional equipment. Transmitting a multiplexed signal (34/140 Mb, etc) requires specialized equipment. Redirection (cross-connection) of channels must be done by hand on DDFs. Administrative connections require separate equipment to support Supervision and protection switching. Compatibility of transmission and administrative signals between different vendor may give trouble.
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Needs of SDH
Need Extensive network management capability within the hierarchy. Standard interfaces between equipment. Need Inter-working between north American and European systems. Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed signal. Need Standardization of equipment management process.
Why SDH ?
Simple Drop & Insert of traffic channels (direct access to lower level systems without synchronization) Simpler multiplexing (low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level) Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems SDH is open for new applications (It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, Ethernet, MAN, IP...) SDH provides TMN (ECCs) (for centralized network control)
10
Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s STM-1
TM
ADM
STM-1, STM-4 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/-16/ -64
ADM
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer DXC : Digital Cross Connect TM : Terminal Multiplexer DSC: Digital Switching Center LAN: Local Area Network 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 STM-4 STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
DSC
11
Path Denominations
Lower Order Path Higher Order Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Sections SMX Reg SMX
VC-12
VC-3
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
VC-12
VC-2 VC-1
VC-4 VC-3
VC-4 VC-3
VC-2 VC-1
STM-n RSOH
STM-n RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH VC-1/2/3 POH
12
Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfaces in SDH
RSOH Pointer MSOH
P O H Payload
13
SDH and SONET are International Standards

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
xN STM-N STS-3N AUG x1 AU-4
STS-3C
VC-4
STS-3C SPE
C-4 x3 TUG-3 x7 C-3 x7 x1 TU-2 VT-6 TU-12 VT-2 TU-11 VT-1.5 VC-2
VT-SPE
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
x1
x3 STM-0 STS-1 x1 AU-3 STS-1 VC-3

STS-1 SPE
TU-3
VC-3
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s E3 : 34.368 kbit/s DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
TUG-2 VT group
C-2
SDH
ITU-T G.707 BELLCORE GR.253 ANSI T1.105
x3 x4
VC-12
VT-SPE
C-12
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
SONET
VC-11
VT-SPE
C-11
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
14
STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)
1 1 3 4 5 9 270
transmit row by row
RSOH
AU Pointer
Payload
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead MSOH: Multiplex section overhead Payload: Area for information transport Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s Frame repetition time: 125 s
15
SDH Frame Structure

1 3 4 1 RSOH POINTER
POH
10
270
PAYLOAD CONTAINER
MSOH 9 PAYLOAD CONTAINER: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76 Mbps POH: RSOH: MSOH: 9 (Rows) * 1 3 (Rows) * 9 5 (Rows) * 9 (Column ) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps
Frame Repetition Time is 125us

16 2008 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
C-4
17
VC-4 VC-4 POH

18 2008 JDSU. All rights reserved.
C-4
AU-4
AU Pointer
VC-4 VC-4 POH C-4
19
270 Columns (Bytes) 1 1 3 4 5 9 270
RSOH AU Pointer MSOH
AU-4 VC-4 VC-4 POH C-4
20
The way of integrating PDH signals into STM-1

Plesiochronous signal
140Mbit/s C4
Container Container
Path Overhead
Virtual Container Virtual Container

Pointer
VC-4
Administrative Unit Administrative Unit

Section Overhead
AU-4
Synchronous Transport Module Synchronous Transport Module
STM-1
21
Higher SDH Bitrates

11111 22222 33333 44444 B1 B2 SOH termination B1 B2 New SOH
STM-1 #1 STM-1 #2 STM-1 #3 STM-1 #4
STM-4 12341234123412 . . . .
The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate. Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the STM-n output signal.
22

STM-4 SOH
36 bytes
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
Payload
B1
E1
F1 X
D1
D2
D3 X
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4
D5
D5
D7
D8
D9
D 10 S1
D 11 M1
D 12 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculated Bytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
Basic Elements of SDH
24
Embedded Overhead Bytes

STM-1 SOH A1 B1 D1 H1 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 A1 Y B2 A1 A2 E1 D2 Y H2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 A2 1 A2 J0 F1 D3 1 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 M 1 E2 X X H3 X X H3 VC-3/4 POH J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
AU - PTR
VC-11/12/ 2 POH V5 J2 N2 K4
Media dependent bytes X Reserved for national use SOH: Section overhead POH: Path overhead
RSOH
Pointer
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and supervision of the SDH transmission network.
MSOH
P O H
Payload
25
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 E1 D2 AU - Pointer B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D5 D7 D8 D10 D11 S1 M1 A1 B1 D1 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2
Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)
Section Trace
(J0 Identfication of regenerator source)
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Data communication channels

(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
Voice communication channels

(E1 between regenerators)
26
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead

A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 E1 D2 AU - Pointer B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D5 D7 D8 D10 D11 S1 M1 A1 B1 D1 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2
Parity check (B2) Alarm information (K2) Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching

(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1) Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)
27
Functions of Path Overhead

VC-3/4 POH J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K4 N1
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
VC-11/12/2 POH V5 J2 N2 K4
Alarm and performance information

(V5, G1)
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4) User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source

(Path Trace J1, J2)
28
Higher-Order POH Functions (VC-3, VC-4)

Path error monitor Path status report
VC-3 / VC-4
(B3) (G1)
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
V C -3 / VC-4 pa yload
Path trace Signal label
(J1) (C2)
Path user channels APS signaling Position indicator Network operator byte
(F2, F 3) (K3) (H4) (N1)
BIP-8 REI (Remote E rror Indication) count of error (BIP-8 results) RDI (Remote Defect Indication) receiving path AIS, signal failure path trace mismatch verification of VC connection user programmable, 15 characters indication of V C composition unequipped, equipped-non-specific, TUG structure, locked TU, ATM, async. 34M or 45M, async. 140M, MAN (DQDB), F DDI 64 kb/s clear channels automatic protection switching at the higher order path level multiframe position for the VC-1, VC-2 for tandem connection maintenance
REI; formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error), RD I; formerly FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
29
Functions of Lower Order POH (VC-1x, VC-2)

V5
Path error monitor Path status report
(V5) (V5)
J2
125s
BIP-2 REI (Remote Error Indication) count of error (BIP-2 results) RFI (Remote Failure Indication) RDI (Remote Defect Indication) receiving path AIS, signal failure indication of VC composition unequipped, equipped-non-specific, asynchronous, bit synchronous, byte synchronous, equipped-unused verification of VC connection user programmable, 15 characters for tandem connection maintenance automatic protection switching at the lower order path level
former FEBE (Far End Block Error) former FERF (Far End Receive Failure) formerly this bit was assigned to Path Trace
Signal label
(V5)
VC-1x / VC-2
N2
Path access point identifier
(J2)
Network operator byte APS signaling

K4
(N2) (K4)
BIP-2
1 2 3
REI
RFI
4 5
Signal Label
6 7
RDI
8
500s
V5 byte
REI ; RDI ; RFI ;
30
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission quality of a life STM-N signal !
RSOH Payload MSOH B1: - Supervision of the whole STM-1 frame - Covers the regenerator sections of a transmission system B2: - Covers the multiplex sections (from network node to network node)
RSOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
RSOH Payload Payload MSOH
B3: - Covers the transmission paths from beginning to the end (tributary to tributary)
31
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH networks. The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
STM-1
AU-Pointer 1
TUPTR
VC-4
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12 POH
32
Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
NDF, mapping struc, pointer inc/dec
Pointer inc/dec IDIDIDID J1
Opportunity for negative stuffing (more capacity)
Opportunity for positive stuffing (less capacity)
C4 payload Pointer interpretation : H1 byte N New data flag (NDF) disabled New data flag enabled AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 AU-4 pointer 0...782 TU-3 pointer 0...764 :Null pointer indication (NPI) : : : : : 0 1 N N 1 0 1 0 N 0 1 S S I D H2 byte I D I D I D I D
1 0
0 1
S S
X X X X 1 1
X X X X 1 1
X X 1
X X 0
X X 0
X X 0
X X 0
X X 0
33
Negative Justification
RSOH
Actual pointer
H1
H2 MSOH
H3
Start of VC-4
125s
Pointer with inverted D bits
RSOH H1 H2 MSOH H3
250s
RSOH H1 H2 MSOH
negative justification byte (data)
New pointer
H1
375s
RSOH H2 MSOH H3
500s
34
Pointer justification
frame n-1
frame n
AU-Pointer
frame n+1
AU-Pointer
35
SDH Network Elements
SDH Layer Model
General view of Path Section designations

PDH ATM IP
SDH multiplexer
SDH
SDH Regenerator
SDH
# Crossconnect
SDH
SDH multiplexer
PDH ATM IP
Regenerator Section Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Multiplex Section
Path
37
Elements of SDH Network

Regenerator (Reg.) Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
38
SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer
PDH & STM-M Tributaries M<N
STM-N
Applications:Point-to-Point, Transmission Systems (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64)
SDH Regenerator
STM-N STM-N Applications: Line Signal Regeneration in Point-to-Point and Ring Networks
Regenerator, Amplifies the optical signal after converting back to electrical and generates a new optical signal of the same format Reshaping & timing of data stream
Add Drop Multiplexer

WEST
ADM
EAST
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
......
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) STM-n through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop or add any (low rate) tributary. The ADM used in all topologies
Synchronous Cross Connect

2.4 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
155
34 Mbit/s
16x 4x
SDH Multiplexer
2.4 Gbit/s
16x
4x
155 Mbit/s VC4 VC12
622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s

34 2 2 140 140 Mbit/s
34 2 140
2 VC12 2 2 140 VC4

34
2 2
VC12 VC12
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
VC3 VC12
VC 4 VC 3 VC 12
VC4 140 VC3

VC11 VC12 2
140 Mbit/s 34 (45)Mbit/s 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
41
Digital Cross Connect (DXC) Digital Cross Connect: A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the capability of interconnecting tributaries An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in case of a Digital Cross Connect
42
SDH Network Topologies Point-to-Point Network

Tributaries
Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Regenerator Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Chain Network
Tributaries
Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
43
Tributaries
Tributaries
Ring Network
Tributaries Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Tributaries Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Tributaries Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Tributaries Tributaries Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Tributaries
44
Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

140Mbit/s 2Mbit/s STM-1
TM
ADM
STM-1, STM-4 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s
ATM Switch
ADM
STM-1
STM-4/-16
ADM
140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s
DXC
LAN ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer DXC : Digital Cross Connect TM : Terminal Multiplexer 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s STM-1 STM-4 STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
2Mbit/s
SDH
45
EVENTS SDH
Phys./ Reg. Phys ./Reg . Sect. Sect .
LOS TSE LSS LTI OOF LOF B1 B2 MS-AIS MS-RDI MS-REI AU-LOP AU-NDF AU-AIS AU-PJE B3 HP-UNEQ HP-RDI HP-REI HP-TIM HP-PLM TU-LOP TU-NDF TU-AIS TU-LOM BIP-2/B3 LP-RDI LP-REI LP-RFI LP-TIM LP-PLM LCD HCOR HUNC VP-AIS VP-RDI VC-AIS VC-RDI Vx-AIS Vx-RDI LOC Loss Of Signal Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) Loss of Sequence Synchron. Loss of incoming Timing Ref. Out Of Frame Loss Of Frame Regenerator Section BIP Err. Multiplex Section BIP Err. Multiplex Section AIS Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. Loss Of AU Pointer New Data Flag AU Pointer AU Alarm Ind. Signal AU Pointer Just. Event HO Path BIP Errors HO Path Unequipped HO Path Remote Defect Ind. HO Path Remote Error Ind. HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch HO Path Payload Label Mism. Loss Of TU Pointer New Data Flag TU Pointer TU AIS Loss Of Multiframe LO Path BIP Errors LO Path Remote Defect Ind. LO Path Remote Error Ind. LO Path Remote Failure Ind. LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch LO Path Payload Label Mism. Loss of Cell Delineation Correctable Header Errors Uncorrectable Header Errors Virtual Path AIS Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication Virtual Channel AIS Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. Loss Of Continuity
EVENTS SONET
Phys./ Section Line (L) Phys ./Section
LOS TSE LSS LTI OOF LOF B1 B2 AIS-L RDI-L REI-L LOP-P NDF-P AIS-P B3 UNEQ-P RDI-P REI-P PDI-P TIM-P PLM-P LOP-V NDF-V AIS-V LOM UNEQ-V RDI-V REI-V RFI-V PDI-V TIM-V PLM-V Loss Of Signal Test Sequence Error Loss of Sequence Synchr. Loss of inc. TimingRef Out Of Frame Loss Of Frame Section BIP Errors Line BIP Errors Line AIS Line remote Defect Ind. Line Remote Error Ind. SP Loss Of Pointer SP New Data Flag SP AIS SP BIP Errors SP Unequipped SP Remote Deect. Ind. SP Remote ERrro Ind. SP Payload Defect Ind. SP Trace Ident. Mismatch SP Payload Label Mismatch VP Loss Of Pointer VP New Data Flag VP AIS Loss Of Multiframe VP Unequipped VP Remote Defect Ind. VP Remote Error Ind. VP Remote Failure Ind. VP Payload Defect Ind. VP Trace Ident. Mismatch VP Payload Label Mism. I.610 I.610 I.610 I.610 I.610 (O.191) (O.191) I.610
Higher Order Path Mux Sect . Sect.
Lower Order Path
46
ATM Path
VT Path (VP)
STS Path (SP)
SDH Maintenance Interactions

Regenerator Section LOS/LOF RS-TIM BIP Err. "1" Multiplex Section AIS Higher Order Path Lower Order Path
(J0) (B1) (K2) (B2) (M1) (K2)
MS-AIS MS-BIP Err. MS-REI MS-RDI AU-AIS AU-LOP
"1"
AIS
"1" HP-UNEQ HP-TIM HP-BIP Err. HP-REI HP-RDI TU-AIS TU-LOP LOM HP-PLM LP-UNEQ LP-TIM LP-BIP Err. LP-REI LP-RDI LP-PLM "1" AIS "1" "1" AIS
(C2) (J1) (B3) (G1) (G1)
(H4) (C2) (V5) (J2) (V5) (V5) (V5) (V5)
"1" AIS
47
DWDM Evolution
A simple analogy for the history of optical networks:
It started like this. One lane, slow traffic (STM-1, STM-4)
More recent systems give you this. Faster traffic (STM-16, STM-64, 10GE), but still only one lane
With DWDM you get this Up to 32 lanes, each running at any speed from 100Mbps to 10 Gbps
48
DWDM Evolution
Early WDM (late 80s)
Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)
Second generation WDM (early 90s)

Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window 400+ GHz spacing
DWDM systems (mid 90s)

16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window 100 to 200 GHz spacing
Next generation DWDM systems

64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window 50 and 25 GHz spacing
49
DWDM Fundamentals
Principal F.O. Transmission
Electrical Transmission
electrical signal processing
E/OConversion
Optical Transmission
O/EConversion
Electrical Transmission
electrical signal processing
Fiber as transmission medium
the electrical signal processing is according to international standards the convertion into the "optical freuqency band" enables to use the advantages coming up with F.O. transmission
Principles of Transmission
52
Increasing Network Capacity Options

Same bit rate, more fibers Slow Time to Market Expensive Engineering Limited Rights of Way Duct Exhaust Same fiber & bit rate, more s Fiber Compatibility Fiber Capacity Release Fast Time to Market Lower Cost of Ownership Utilizes existing TDM Equipment
More Fibers (SDM)
W D M
Faster Electronics (TDM)

Higher bit rate, same fiber Electronics more expensive
WDM Basics - Introduction WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing The ability to use different wavelengths in a single fiber, to split and to combine them.
54
Why DWDM ?
a) Overcome fiber exhaust / lack of fiber availability problems (Better utilization of available fiber) b) Space & Power savings at intermediate stations c) Easier capacity expansion d) Cost effective transmission e) No O-E-O conversion delays f) Wave length leasing instead of Bandwidth leasing
55
Future Broadband Network Layers

Broadband Applications IP
ATM ATM SDH // SONET SDH SONET Photonic layer: WDM Photonic layer: WDM
The mainstream view New proposals
56
Point-to-point TDM
1310 nm/1550 nm TDM point-to-point connections with opto-electrical regenerators
57
Point-to-point WDM
Classic WDM point-to-point connection with opto-electrical regenerators
58
Optical Networking
WDM
16 TM 16 TM 16
TM 16 TM
STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16
4 * STM-16 = 10 Gb/s
TM 16 TM
WDM
16 TM 16 TM 16
8
8 2 1
WDM
TM 16 TM 16 TM 16
STM-16
8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/s
STM-16 STM-16
ILA
8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/s
TM 16 WDM TM 16 TM 16
2 1
32 2 1
59
WDM
TM 16 TM 16 TM 16
STM-16
32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s
32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s
TM 16 TM 16 TM 16
32 2 1
WDM
STM-16 STM-16
OAD
Optical Fiber Amplifiers

TDM point-to-point connections with optical fiber amplifiers (OFAs)
OFA basics
60
DWDM basics
Transmission of multiple channels using WDM systems with 8, 16 or 32 channels (multiplexing of 2.5 Gbit/s signals)
S ta rt S to p Ma in Set ?
F W W
A N W
b D G E
A e
a a
V T n
r O n
N A
F d d
TO
e O
T e
C l
X - R l
E &
K0
0
&
lt
E e
R r
61
Why DWDMThe Business Case
Conventional TDM Transmission10 Gbps

1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 TERM TERM 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM TERM 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM TERM 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM TERM RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR
40km 40km 40km
40km 40km
40km 40km 40km
40km
OC-48 OC-48 OC-48 OC-48
DWDM Transmission10 Gbps

OA 120 km OA 120 km OA 120 km OA
OC-48 OC-48 OC-48 OC-48
4 Fibers Pairs 32 Regenerators

1 Fiber Pair 4 Optical Amplifiers
WDM Classification
WDM Classification is based on the Channel spacing between 2 Wave lengths
Channel spacing > 200GHz is called CWDM Channel spacing > 100 GHz is called WDM Channel spacing < 100GHz is called DWDM Channel spacing < 25GHz is called UDWDM
100 GHz is equal to 0.8 nm
63
Infrared Spectrum
O-Band 1260-1360nm CWDM
E-Band
1360-1460nm
S-Band 1460-1530nm Future DWDM
C-Band 1530-1565nm
L-Band
1565-1625nm
CWDM
DWDM
DWDM
64
Wavelength allocation for DWDM (ITU-T G.692) C-Band (1530 1562nm): Also called conventional band or 1550 band L-Band (1574 1608nm): Also called Long wavelength band or 1580nm band The channel central frequencies are allocated in equal frequency spacing of 100 GHz or 0.1 THz. All the channel central frequencies are anchored to the 193.1 THz reference. The channel central wavelength corresponding to the reference frequency is 1552.52 nm.
66
Carrier frequency
Channel number
Carrier wavelength
3. C13 is the Centre Wavelength

C40 C39 C38 C37 C36 C35 C34 C33 C32 C31 C30 C29 C28 C27 C26 C25 C24 C23 C22 C21 Tone ch. C20 C19 C18 C17 C16 C15 C14 C13 C12 C11 C10 C09 C08 C07 C06 C05 C04 C03 C02 C01 196.0 195.9 195.8 195.7 195.6 195.5 195.4 195.3 195.2 195.1 195.0 194.9 194.8 194.7 194.6 194.5 194.3 194.2 194.1 194.0 193.9 193.8 193.7 193.6 193.5 193.4 193.3 193.2 193.1 193.0 192.9 192.8 192.7 192.6 192.5 192.4 192.3 192.2 192.1 192.0 191.9 1530.33 1531.12 1531.90 1532.68 1533.47 1534.25 1535.04 1535.82 1536.61 1537.40 1538.19 1538.98 1539.77 1540.56 1541.35 1542.14 1542.94 1543.73 1544.53 1545.32 1546.12 1546.92 1547.72 1548.52 1549.32 1550.12 1550.92 1551.72 1552.52 1553.33 1554.13 1554.94 1555.75 1556.56 1557.36 1558.17 1558.98 1559.79 1560.61 1561.42 1562.23 (nm) (THz)
Wavelength allocation in C-Band
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
67
Carrier frequency
Channel number
Carrier wavelength
Wavelength allocation in L-Band
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
L01 L02 L03 L04 L05 L06 L07 L08 L09 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16 L17 L18 L19 L20 Tone ch. L21 L22 L23 L24 L25 L26 L27 L28 L29 L30 L31 L32 L33 L34 L35 L36 L37 L38 L39 L40 190.4 190.3 190.2 190.1 190.0 189.9 189.8 189.7 189.6 189.5 189.4 189.3 189.2 189.1 189.0 188.9 188.8 188.7 188.6 188.5 188.4 188.3 188.2 188.1 188.0 187.9 187.8 187.7 187.6 187.5 187.4 187.3 187.2 187.1 187.0 186.9 186.8 186.7 186.6 186.5 186.4 (nm) (THz) 1574.54 1575.37 1576.20 1577.03 1577.86 1578.69 1579.52 1580.35 1581.18 1582.02 1582.85 1583.69 1584.53 1585.36 1586.20 1587.04 1587.88 1588.73 1589.57 1590.41 1591.26 1592.10 1592.95 1593.79 1594.64 1595.49 1596.34 1597.19 1598.04 1598.89 1599.75 1600.60 1601.46 1602.31 1603.17 1604.03 1604.88 1605.74 1606.60 1607.47 1608.33
Comparison of CWDM and DWDM Technologies
68
CWDM Channel Grid ITU-T G.694.2
15 50 15 70
14 10 14 30 14 50
15 10 15 30
14 70
12 70
13 10
13 30 13 50
13 70
13 90
DWDM: driven by longhaul networks, expensive, high transparency, superior scalability CWDM: limited to Max 16/18 channels, 40-100Gbps fiber capacity remote storage, intra-enterprise, high speed data transfer owned/leased fibers, local carriers
12 90
14 90
15 90
16 10
DWDM Vs CWDM
70
DWDM Components
Main Components in DWDM
1) Transponder 2) Omux/Odmux 3) Optical Amplifier 4) OADM 5) Regenerator
72
DWDM Components
1 850/1310 15xx 2 3 1...n
Transponder Optical Multiplexer
1 2 3 1...n
1 2 3
Optical De-multiplexer Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

More DWDM Components
Optical Amplifier (EDFA)
Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator
Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)
74
Multiplexer / Demultiplexer
DWDM Mux
DWDM Demux
Wavelength Multiplexed Signals Wavelengths Converted via Transponders
Wavelength Multiplexed Signals Wavelengths separated into individual ITU Specific lambdas
Loss of power for each Lambda

Typical DWDM Network Architecture
DWDM SYSTEM VOA EDFA DCM
DWDM SYSTEM
DCM
EDFA
VOA
Service Mux (Muxponder)
Service Mux (Muxponder)
76
Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)
OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels

Drop Channel
Drop & Insert
Add Channel
Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss

Transponder
A device that takes an optical signal, performs electrical 3R regeneration & re-transmits the signal in optical form In to Wavelength grid as per G.192 It allows any Wavelength as input to DWDM For every input Wavelength, one transponder is required Its very useful for Wavelength leasing, as customer can Send any wavelength
78
2R/3R TX Transponders
2 modes: 2R/3R operation: 2R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling) PDH 140 Mbit/s, 565 Mb/s SDH STM-16, STM-4, STM-1 SONET,ATM,IP,Digital CATV) Output signal quality depends on input quality 3R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling, Re-timing) SDH STM-16 Eliminating timing jitter (Output is a standard SDH signal)
79
Transponder
OADM
Transponders in Terminal
Transponders in OADM
80
Mux/Transponders in DWDM
TRP TRP
SAN PDH ATM GbE

SDH / SONET Digital Video
Fibre
2.5 Gb/s 10Gb/s Full transparency Colored SDH I/Fs

M U X
TRP TRP TRP
TRP
SDH
Ethernet at Data Link Layer Layer 2
82
Ethernet Frame Format

Preamble (7) SFD (1) DA (6) SA (6) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
Same frame regardless of rate (10/100/Gigabit/10GigE LAN) Variable Frame Size must have integer number of bytes 64 - 1518 bytes excluding Preamble and SFD Note: Undersized frames : less than 64 bytes are considered as a errored frames. Oversized frames Jumbos (larger than 1518 bytes or 1522 with VLAN) are considered valid
83
Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC)
Preamble (7) SFD (1)
DA (6)
SA (6) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
Preamble Allows physical layer to detect carrier and acquire sync (7 bytes of alternating 1s and 0s) SFD - Start of Frame Delimiter Identifies the beginning of a frame (1 byte - 10101011)
84
Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) Ethernet Frame Fields

Preamble (7) SFD (1) DA (6) SA (6) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
Addresses DA - Destination Address SA - Source Address Addresses have the following format - 00-80-C7-11-2D-29 Each source address is unique First 3 bytes are OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier), and Last 3 bytes are vendor specific. Length/Type Field use depends on frame type 802.3 frame - indicates length of data field (<=1500) Ethernet Type II (DIX) frame - indicates type of frame data (>=1536)
85
The Ethernet Frame
Preamble (7) SFD (1)
DA (6)
SA (6) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
Fields used for FCS calc
Data The payload FCS - Frame Check Sequence A 32 bit cyclic redundancy check performed on the frame for error detection. Frames with CRC errors are discarded at receiving station
Frame Types
Unicast Frame Frame which is destined to a single destination Broadcast Frame Frame which is destined to all the destination on the network Destination MAC Address: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF Broadcast traffic can be very polluting because all the stations on the network receive it and process it Multicast Frame Frame which is destined to a group of destinations Destination MAC address: 01-00-5E-xx-xx-xx More efficient than broadcast traffic Pause Flow control frame is a multicast frame
87
Unicast Unicast: Frames are sent from one device to only one other device. The destination address contains the MAC address of the destination
88
Multicast
Multicast: Frames are sent from one device to many other devices which are part of the multicast group The destination address contains a multicast group address
89
Broadcast
Broadcast: Frames are sent from one device to all other devices in the broadcast domain. The destination address is the Ethernet broadcast address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
90
Ethernet layers 2 and 1 with IPG and IFS
91
IPG and IFS

The Physical Layer rate 125 Mbps incase of 100M Ethernet Port and 1250Mbps incase of 1 GigE port. IPG = Idle time between the transmission of 2 consecutive frames. IPG is at least 12bytes. Minimum allowed IPG is 96 bit time: 96 nanoseconds at Gigabit Ethernet rate (1000BX) 0.96 microseconds at Fast Ethernet rate (100BT) 9.6 microseconds at Ethernet (10BT) If frames are transmitted with minimum IPG the traffic is transmitted at maximum rate IFS : InterFrame Spacing is at least 20 bytes which includes IPG, Preamble and SFD
92
Frame Rate
Ethernet Frame Data size = 64 to 1518 bytes = 512 to 12144 bits Overhead = 7 bytes (Preamble) + 1 byte (SFD) + 96 bits (IPG) = 160 bits Frame rate = Max data rate / (Data size + Overhead)
If max data rate is 1 Gbps (1000B-X) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 1,488,095 Fps If max data rate is 100 Mbps (100B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 148,809 Fps If max data rate is 10 Mbps (10B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 14,880 Fps
93
Frame Rate and Efficiency If we take the example of Gigabit Ethernet we see that efficiency increases with the frame length It also applies to 10BaseT and 100BaseTX
Data size Overhead per frame
160 bits 160 bits 160 bits 160 bits 160 bits
Frames per second

1,488,095 844,594 234,962 119,731 81,274
Total bits lost (overhead)
Percentage of bandwidth lost
64 Bytes (512 bits) 128 Bytes (1024 bits) 512 Bytes (4096 bits) 1024 Bytes (8192 bits) 1518 Bytes (12144 bits)
238,095,238 23 % 135,135,135 13 % 37,593,984 3.7 % 19,157,088 1.9 % 13,003,901 1.3 %
Jumbo & Oversized Frames

Data field beyond 1518 bytes up to 65535 bytes (vendor dependent) 1518 bytes frame
98.7 % Efficiency
9018 data bytes

99.97% Efficiency
Why Jumbo then?

Increase efficiency Decrease CPU time
FCS becomes less efficient for frames above 12000 bytes
95
Jumbo Frames MAC Frame Structure

Frame: 64 - 9018 Bytes 4 FCS 0-9000 2 Typ 6 6 1 SDL 7 Preamble
Source Destination Ethernet Variante II Frame Data Address Address Length 46-9000
0x0600 - FFFF 0x0800 = IP
96
Runts and Undersized Frames

RUNT: A frame that is greater than 2 bytes and less than 64 bytes, it has an SFD and a bad FCS (CRC error). Generally fragments are caused by collisions, but may be caused by faulty network equipment (e.g. network adapters, hubs, etc.) Fragments are everyday occurrences on moderately to heavily utilized networks. Undersize frame: The frame which frame size is less than 64 bytes but there is no FCS Error. Similarly Jabber and Oversized frame
97

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SDH Technology

PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

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PDH Systems Worldwide

97728 kbit/s 97728 kbit/s

274176 kbit/s 274176 kbit/s

139264 kbit/s 139264 kbit/s

32064 kbit/s 32064 kbit/s

44736 kbit/s 44736 kbit/s

34368 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s

6312 kbit/s 6312 kbit/s

8448 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s

1544 kbit/s 1544 kbit/s

2048 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s

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PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm) 34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

0.3 to 3.1 kHz AF signals

PCMX 30 15 kHz Sound Program Signals

139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm) DSMX 34/140

DSMX 8/34 Channel Capacity: 64 x 30 = 1920

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Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

Line Terminating Unit

Drop & Insert Station

Line Terminating Unit

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SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s 2Mbit/s

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VC-4/3 POH VC-1/2/3 POH

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Bit Rates, Frame Structure and Interfaces in SDH

RSOH Pointer MSOH

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SDH and SONET are International Standards

E4: 139.264 kbit/s

x3 STM-0 STS-1 x1 AU-3 STS-1 VC-3

ATM: 48,384 kbit/s

DS3: 44.736 kbit/s E3 : 34.368 kbit/s DS2: 6.312 kbit/s

ITU-T G.707 BELLCORE GR.253 ANSI T1.105

E1: 2.048 kbit/s

DS1: 1.544 kbit/s

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STM-1 Frame Structure

transmit row by row

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