a 3-inch refractor
Here is a fine portable and easily
Completed reiractor la displayed here by Optical Expert Jack Wegener, who conitructed it ior photographer.
W HILE there are certain predominant
qualities of both of the basic telescope
types—reflector and refractor—that give
one an advantage over the other in each
of several special kinds of work, it remains
an obvious fact that for the person who has
limited storage space, who travels fre-
quently or who cannot give as much time
as he would like to astronomical observa-
tions, the refractor is the telescope.
It is much more portable and requires
less care. Enclosed in a sealed metal tube,
the refractor practically eliminates for its
owner those irksome problems inspired by
dust and moisture. This does not mean,
of course, that its owner can be careless
140
stored telescope that can be built
for half of its commercial cost.
about the outer surfaces of lenses. A dis-
advantage of the refractor is that—size-
for-size, comparatively—it is much more
expensive than a reflector.
The refractor described on these pages
normally sells for $125 and higher—de-
pending on the quality of the objective
lenses. Its useful objective diameter of
almost three inches brings within its range
the polar "ice" caps of Mars, the bands and
spots of Jupiter as well as that planet's
moons, the rings of Saturn and at least
five of her nine moons, Uranus and N e p -
tune and a big variety of nebulae—as well
as that old standby: the craters and moun-
tains of the Moon. •
MATERIALS-COST LIST ASTRONOMY
 ASTRONOMY

Here, stop Is being set In place. Stops are used

at both ends of first tube, one or both end* of a
second (study diagram across bottom of this page).

Lens-stops are cemented onto ends of cardboard

tube, but first tube Is deadened inside with black
felt paper, which also Is cemented and smoothed.

First lens-stop tube is slid into metal tube of tele- Measure distance to approximate center of inner
scope: cardboard tubes must be Just the right di- stop-tube with long rule: hold scope-tube toward
ameter to fit snugly, can be bought for few cents. light, then peer inside and mark point on outside.

Diagram here shows position of stops and way cone of light Is focused by lenses. Stops are required so that
light is not dissipated away from cone and doesn't scatter before entering eyepiece, thus dimming the
image. Most important stop is No. 2 at scope-tube middle: hole-diameter must be 2 in. Stop in front of it
(No. 1) is 2V« in. diameter and stop No. 3 is 1% in. diameter. Cut these stop-holes carefully with a razor.

-FOCAL LENGTH-
STOPS NO. I 8 NO. 3 EQUALLY
SPACEO FROM MAIN STOP EYEPIECE
LENS

-USABLE DIAMETER STOP STOP STOP FIELD LENS

OF OBJECTIVE NO. I NO.2 NO. 3
LENSES PLACED CONCAVE (MAIN STOP)
TO CONCAVE SURFACES DIAMETER
OF LIGHT CONE

142
 T HE 6-inch f/8 Newtonian reflecting
telescope is probably the most popular
star gazing instrument in use by amateur
astronomers. This is easily understood
when we examine the instrument in more
detail.
The "6-inch" refers to the diameter of
the objective or main mirror of the tele-
scope and thus affects the diameter of the
main telescope tube. The figure "f/8" is an
optical expression derived from the ratio
between the focal length and the diameter
of the telescope mirror. In this case, the
focal length is 48 inches or 8 times the
mirror diameter of 6 inches.
The name "Newtonian" refers to the
over-all design of this type of reflecting
telescope in which rays from the objective
or main mirror are focused onto a smaller
mirror known as the "diagonal." The diag-
onal is set further up in the telescope tube
at a 45° angle to the main mirror and the
eyepiece. Its function is to reflect the fo-
cused rays from the objective into the e y e -
piece where they are refocused and
128
magnified for close viewing of the image.
It is enough to say that the Newtonian
design is simply the most practical and
least expensive for nonprofessional instru-
ments. The word "reflecting," of course,
distinguishes this scope from a refractor in
which the light rays are "bent" through
and focused behind a lens instead of being
"bounced" away from and focused in front
of a mirror.
Since the above description pretty well
fixes the size of. our reflector we can see
one reason for its popularity. It's about
the largest telescope you can comfortably
carry. Larger reflecting instruments—up
to 8 inches in diameter—are almost always
semiportable, with usually a permanent
mount and perhaps a transportable main
tube. Much larger reflectors—those over
8 inches in mirror diameter—require the
construction of a permanent observatory.
Another obvious reason for the popu-
larity of Newtonian reflectors this size or
smaller is price. To buy a completely
finished and assembled 6-inch reflector of

this type would cost you about $200. Prices
of larger instruments soar drastically for
the finished product. You can, however,
own a high quality instrument for a frac-
tion of the price if you build or assemble
your own telescope. The object of this
chapter is to help you do just that.
REFLECTOR TELESCOPE KITS—You
will note that there are two lists of parts
printed on these pages. There is an
economy kit of parts for around $27 and
another kit, illustrated here, for $150. Why
the large difference? Primarily, it is the
difference between buying a finished p a r a -
bolic mirror and grinding your own.
Grinding astronomical mirrors is a fasci-
nating hobby in itself. It does, however, r e -
quire a healthy degree of skill and patience.
We have chosen, therefore, to illustrate the
assembly of scope parts that requires only
the use of simple hand tools and a mini-
mum of time. If you elect to grind your
own mirror, the telescope assembly in-
structions shown here will still apply.
 Another price factor is the inclusion of
a good equatorial mount. You can build
your own simple mount or purchase a less
expensive altazimuth mount. But we
highly recommend an equatorial mount for
the serious star gazer. As you become
more and more advanced in the science of
astronomy, you will need an equatorial
mount and you can save a considerable
amount of money if you purchase one at
the start.
With an equatorial mount you can
use setting circles—accessories that allow
you to "dial" the exact sky object you want
to see by checking its location in a star
atlas. A clock drive—essential for any
type of asti'ophotography more compli-
cated than snapping a picture of the moon
—also requires an equatorial mount.
Having acquired your telescope parts,
you are ready to go to work. First, let's
Mousetail hack s a w blade with pistol grip can
be used to cut hole. Aluminum is e a s y to work.
Circle is notched for rack on e y e p i e c e tube and
holes are drilled ior bolts holding the mount.
examine our assemblage of optical equip-
ment.
Basically, we have a big mirror and its
mount that will occupy the lower end of a
large aluminum tube and a small mirror
and eyepiece holder that will occupy the
upper end. The correct placement of these
parts in the tube is our only major assem-
bly problem and the key to this problem is
the focal length of the main mirror.
Our large mirror, being concave, will
converge light rays from the sky to a point
in front of it—the focal point. A small,
concentrated image will form at this point,
which your eyepiece, in turn, will enlarge
to the view you see when you actually ob-
serve the heavens. The small diagonal
Alter rough cutting, smooth to perfect circle with
semiiound file. Check with the e y e p i e c e rube.
Finished cutout for e y e p i e c e mount. The hole at
middle left is for the diagonal mirror holder.
ASTRONOMY
mirror catches the image at this point and
reflects it into the eyepiece tube. To do
this, the focal point must be placed just
outside the eyepiece tube of the eyepiece
mount when this tube is at its furthest "in"
position. The reason for this location is
that eyepieces, having their own focal
points of varying lengths, must have room
to focus on the image or focal point formed
by the big mirror. A short focal length
(high power) eyepiece will focus close to
this "in" position, but longer focal length
(low power) eyepieces will need more
"out" travel and will focus when the eye-
piece tube is extended to nearly its full
length or furthest "out" position.
Now we know where we want the focal
point of the main mirror but have to figure
out how to get it there. Before proceeding,
it should be mentioned that manufactured
mirrors may vary slightly in focal length
from the given figure. A tolerance of about
Although the location oi the finder scope is not
critical, it miut be parallel to the main tube.
Line up mount and tube holes. Mount must be on
side of tube opposite eyepiece for best viewing.
an inch and a half is generally allowed. A
48-inch focal length mirror may actually
be of 49%-inch f.L, therefore. A small
sticker on the back of the mirror usually
gives the exact figure, which you should
check carefully. The main tube should be
slightly longer than this focal length. We
used a 5-foot tube, but this could have been
cut to 50 inches.
BEFORE DRILLING into your tube, place
the main mirror in its mount. Now measure
the distance from any one mounting hole
on the mirror-mount to the front edge of
the mirror. Jot this figure down for future
reference. You may now put your mirror
away in a safe place as you will not need it
Locate and drill holes for finder bracket at point
out oi the way oi the main scope eyepiece.
Main tube is tightly attached to the head oi
equatorial mount using %" dia.. 2" stove bolts.
 Finder telescope is simply slipped into mount-
ing bracket and adjusted for the best operation.

Equatorial mount (parts shown below) Is better A sturdy tripod is absolutely essential lor ob-
ior observing than an altazimuth or other type. serving; vibration makes any viewing impossible.

Adjusting knob on legs of tripod makes it pos-

sible to level the head on a variety oi terrain.
 I.VHil'i;i'hiM

The equatorial mount is bolted to tripod. It per- Completed equatorial mount looks like this. The
mits scope to be set parallel to the earth's axis. scope carriage must be parallel to polar axis.

Polar axis must be set for latitude of observer. Set a protractor at your local angle of latitude
Check the mount head to see that it is level first. and clamp it to an ordinary carpenter's level-

135
 ASTRONOMY

Completed equatorial mount on tripod with scope

attached g i v e s sturdy platform for best viewing.

136
Secure the telescope mirror in its mount before
bolting it into position at lower end oi tube.
again until ready for the final assembly.
Next, drill the holes in the big tube that
will hold your m i r r o r - m o u n t T h e exact
distance from the lower end of the tube
is not critical; one of two inches is suffi-
cient. It is essential, however, that the
mirror sits squarely in the tube. Now, from
any one of these mounting holes, measure
along the tube the distance you have jotted
down. Mark this point with great care.
It shows you the position the front surface
of your main mirror will occupy within the
tube and it is the point from which you
will measure to locate the position of your
eyepiece mount.
Now for some simple, but vital, arith-
metic. Measure the outside diameter of
your main tube (in this case, 7 inches)
and divide by 2. Let's call this figure "A."
Next, place the rack-and-pinion eyepiece
mount on the exterior of the main tube
and measure the distance from the surface
of the main tube to a point about a quarter
of an inch above the end of the eyepiece
tube at its fullest "in" position. Let's call
this measured number figure "B." Add
figure "A" and figure " B . " Then subtract
the sum of these two figures from the focal
length of your main mirror. That's the
end of your arithmetic. Take the final
figure and measure along your main tube
from the point you jotted down and marked
with such great care as described in the
preceding paragraph. This point is the
exact center of a circular hole you will cut
out of the main tube to receive the moving
tube of your eyepiece rack-and-pinion
mount.
Attach the e y e p i e c e holder to the tube. From in-
side the tube, next insert the diagonal mirror.
Read all of the above paragraph over
before doing any of the work on your tel-
escope tube. It is the most critical step
in the whole assembly of your instrument.
Further assembly is relatively simple
and can be done by closely following the
step-by-step photographs. Here a r e a few
pointers:
Remember that when drilling holes to
attach the main tube to the equatorial
mount that these holes should be on just
the opposite side of the main tube from the
eyepiece rack-and-pinion mount holes.
This will give you the most comfortable
position when observing with your e y e -
pieces for most sections of the sky. You
may center the main tube on the carriage
of your equatorial mount or find a more
delicate balance by assembling all optical
parts and locating a fulcrum where the e n -
tire assembly balances.
Remember to level the head of the e q u a -
torial mount before setting the polar axis
to an angle equal to your own latitude.
Paint the exterior of your scope any
color but the interior color must be the
flattest optical black possible. Exterior is
perhaps most often a clear white, which is
easiest to see on a dark night.
Collimation of your optical system when
completely assembled can be done in a v a -
riety of ways. Sketches in this chapter
show a simple, effective method.
Weights on the declination axis of the
equatorial mount m a y be adjusted to b a l -
ance the main tube assembly so that it
swings freely on the polar axis. •
Photo s h o w s one possible
location for finder where
it won't i n t e r f e r e 'with
operation of regular eye-
piece. Finder bracket is
left, the e y e p i e c e at right.
Finder scope is inserted in
place parallel to main scope
tube as s h o w n here. Finder
is centered with the main
scope optics by means of
the three setscrews shown.
Final step in adjusting the
telescope finder is to focus
it on an object at infinity.
The finder is indispensable
in aiming the main scope
for observation purposes.
 EHS

Final steps include insertion oi eyepiece (aborej

and adiiutment oi counterbalance weights (right)
to offset weight of main tube and optics. Entire
assembly should swing freely on the polar cads.
 the center of the floor. There the yoke
is mounted in a ball bearing, causing it
to rotate. with the dome when it is
turned.
The dome section has an iron band
around the bottom to which are bolted
eight 1%-inch pulleys, evenly spaced.
On one pulley bolt a 10-inch wheel is
fastened. Turning this wheel by hand
rotates the dome. The pulleys roll on
a quarter-inch gas pipe that is bent in
a circle and nailed to the top of the

wmwSHEET METAl kln IRON SIR,

(26 GAUIPE)
WOOD TR!ACKS FOR \ %
!.!

'9THICK
,
WORK 4 CEMENT
COAT

ALL
IOME ROLLER: 1"
[DETAIL 'A') PIPE
HAMn WHE

IARIN6
ICESSED
I FLOOR

7'I
a6
NOTE
BI

2"~4"~17'/5"
J
SILL PLATES (15) ren BOARD
ATFORM IS
TIONAL BASE

-
ESL
NAILED MID!HAY ALON6 P'LATE
lUTER RIM 1IN WET CLlMl9TES) (SEE 'I
3'
LAY ROOF'IWC AS SHOY
PAR'MALLY COMPLETED obaervcrtory show- DOME is finished with a half-inch thick
ing 2x4 framework and skeleton for dome. coal of cement. Telescope is a Newtonian.

framework which holds the dome.

The platform or floor was constructed
by nailing 2x4's, spaced about one foot
apart, on the reinforced garage roof. On
this foundation were nailed one-inch
a-x3* a o L r (7) {floor boards, laid across the 2x4's, to
make an eight-foot floor space.
With a piece of white chalk tied to
the end of a piece of string, 42 inches
4-DET61LS OF long, an 84-inch circle was drawn., This
PULLEY ROLLERS circle was used as a sort of template,
marking where the 2x4 uprights were
placed and nailed.
The quarter-inch gas pipe was then
nailed to the center of the framework,
as shown in the drawing. This track
should be centered on the 2x4's so that
\.. ..I..-
,.m,\-
------ the dome will rotate easily on its eight
-------
----- pulleys.
Dome Construction
Two-inch steel or iron strips, %-inch
thick and shaped to a circle, were bolted
together about 12 inches apart, bent to
a quarter-circle and in turn fastened to
the top plate.
After the dome framework w a s fin-
ished, NO. 18 wire was wound around
v.**\V.-.70"
WOOD GUIDES (4) each strip, all the way around the dome,
spaced about ten inches apart. This
strengthened the framework and also
helped make the paper under the metal
lath lie flat.
Small pieces [Continuedon page 191)

E-SLIDINC DOOR TRACK . M e c h a n i x ZlJustrated

 JUNCTIC Rh l l DIAGONI
OVER FI CRADLE TOP AND low (SEE 01 ZY4" I.B.XW4 * LON6
BLOCKS (2) TUBE'
1 ... P X 7 t k n MAR-LEM! ! ! ! !
-l'h"r3l -- '"'"' '
"a"m
.,....
J ~nunn]
1 / H" WALL ALIIM. TUBE
BL(ICK. WITH FELT Pam
I
I#15HR
LE BLOCK .INALUMINUM
TUBE
3'hn011. JU LL
LATITUDE BOX COVER
/
II
l+ TUBING

W'x3%" woo
/

k4" BOLT -
W'AIll"
PLE BLOCK

X COVER

D MAPLE I 'A* R OMlR ZnX4'X4"xll"

' 7 h w HOLE
WlTH
R USE MOUN
H TIP)/ -- . -
S W JUMl
...... % I
BOX COVE
DIA. m i n ~ ' BOLT SCREWS
IL SOAKED TWO NUTS 0 2x4
APHITE TRE
A
.YWOOO
RING (X)

'A' RlNG MOU

E TAPE

Li
SECTION THROU6H MlRlROR
RROR
IUNT (0)
OR

(),' .ALTER
FAUN!
('sPalCs-lo, lDED
ADJUSTING SCREW
-
-
MOUNT AND EYEPIECE 0
v
:KIN6 CASE !ETRAPS

value or about 59-inch focal length. A

A RICH-FIELD _telescope is an in-
strument that covers a fair1 large
segment of the sky and has goo8 light-
fairly long eyepiece of at least one inch
or more in focal length should be used.
gathering ability. For viewing nebulae, Inasmuch as Pyrex telescope blanks'
the Milky Way and the moon, it can't be do not come in seven-inch diameters,
surpassed. The best RFT (richest-field the eight-inch diameter was sekcted:
telescope) of the reflecting type is one To reduce diffraction effects a bit, f-5
having a 7-inch diameter mirror of f-4 was selected [Continued on puge 1901

A p r i l , 1957
 Richest-Field Telescoae
An Astonishing W a r Surplus Bargain [Continued from page 1531
M-70 3 POWER TELESCOPE as the focal ratio. This permits use
of t h e s e Easily C o n v e r t e d into 20 Power T e r r e s t r i a l T e l e s c o p e
W o r t h 1 7 5 . 0 0 e a c h - You Buv Low as $4.00
of a 13/4-inch diagonal in conjunction with
Edmund's %-inch Erfle eyepiece. The
resultant field of view is about 2" (four
moon-diameters) and coma is not objec-
tionable. No vignetting of the field was
observed.
The North Polar regions are easily
S e e the Stars, Moon, ~ l a a e t s ~ l o sUp! e viewed by placing the telescope so that the
""PALOMAR, Jr." REFL'ECTINBTELESCOPE north pier is at the south. This may seem
60 & 120 Power-An Unusual Buy!
;,o;al,l ly~;,~~;a;~;;3~;;;l;;;;~h~t~m~~;;;~;9c &%
l n; like blasphemy for an equatorial mount
of .JuplLI.r in 8lrlsll. Galaxies! Alunlinlred u<d over-
c:vlated 3" dinlnefer hiph-xpecd f 1 1 0 ventilnt*lrl mlrror.
such as this, but in this case it is practical
T e l e ( ~ 1 e comes ~ql8lr)lrd wltll a B O X eY~i)ieCE and a
8nountOIl BI)rIou. Lena. pivlnp you 80 & 120 power. An because of the relatively low magnification
Opllenl Finder Telescoir. always so rrncntlol, is n1.w In-
CIUrled. Slur~lr harclwoOd pnl'tnble tripod.
storm: V ~ I I ~e'~ &TAR I ) C I I A ~ Tand 130 nab'e book. is-
Frce wlth (32x).
corer tlle Stars."
Smck N o 85 050-B ---------- --- --------S29.50 f.0.b.
There are four beaTlngs in this mounting
( ~ h i p p l n dwt: 1 0 Ibs.) Barringion, N. J. and each presents approxiniately 8% sq. in.
"FUN W I T H O P T I C S " of movable surface to approximately the
Tells How t o Build Your Own Optical Instrument
J U S ~ o18t1 32 exciting pnxesl Easily undcrahcd. dla-
same area of non-moving surface. These
mamMI instmctionr for l , u l l r l l a ~ telephoto lenacr.
telewpex. rniwnscnp*, artist drawins lx-oJectr,r.s bearings are very sturdy, easy-moving,
slide vicwera, close-up eamcra lenses, binoculars:
h:f; .;:;:: ,CilW,e,~"RI"~'*,"o;h;rFey;;"y~;; easily adjusted, inexpensive and easy LO
Of "FUN WITH OPTICS."
Stock No. 9050-11 ----.------------- 505 p ~ s t p a l d
build. The bearings keep the telescope
"put" and there is absolutely no vibration
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG "Bw - ~ - !
. or loose play.
Comnlcte Lone c,r Abtmnontlerl I'rlesml,c P r r l r and Abwcr,blerl T e l e
*roper. %rlortIon $ 4 Ivnsru. nrle#u*. SLI~I.IUS o p t l c ~ l
.\I*" I,,Ic~ U:~P
ln.vtrtrme,,ls. rxr0:lr an81 Jcrrssol.wx. Tslrxrolbr\, n , l c ~ . o r o y e r .hbln#wulnrs.
eLe. Itw1t8esl (alelox "H"!
The center of balance of the telescope
. ..-.. -
250 POWER.. ..
VEW! DISCOVERY! Complete
Teloscone L e n s K l t --.--
;A VES PLUMBING BILLS
7,
Conquer Sr,ace. F:xl~lorc tllc Lltrivcrso. Planets. M m n C r r r e n . New
S t a r s , ew. Corn,lcte Lens Kit r n n s ~ s t sof 80 Inch Ioeal len$rth pmund
ann p o ~ i s ~ ~<A,jective
ed lens. eyepiece lenses for 50 POWER
.CT
a. 7 CLEANS INSTANTLY I'OBWR. 1 5 0 POWER 3 0 0 PO!VRR. 250 POWER. and all ne,&sd,G
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y- CHICAG+-3Ian'h .]st--Home Ows-
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1 with e l o ~ ~ e d - uplpes
p which pmver ex-
penalre In Coatb PIumblnK Rllls-

I
Z.

5'\
B u t now-using Water Impact and
A l r Fms11re, here Is a new unlt called
the Plumber's Flushing Gun, whlch
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open any number or benda In pipen.
Yet anyone can operale this new Run,
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TOILETS. URINALS. SINKS. and 1
The 3%" d i a . r e f l e c t o r , a s t r o n o m i c a l t e l e -

$29.75. D e s c r i p t i v e l i t e r a t u r e o n r e q u e s t .
T H E S K Y S C O P E CO..
47.5-Y F I f H Are.. 1 7 . N. 1.
Inc.

FLOOR DRAIXR e l o p ~ e dwlth paper.

prease, n g s , sand, t ~ n d other dehrla
can be cleared with one or more shols
fmm. the pun. saving the owner tho
Gun's orlce the first tlme It Is used.
Thla new F l a s h l n ~Gun mas he used
on any 1,4 lo 6 Inch wasto DlPe lnclud-
-'- In# Sink Dtalnr. F l w r Dralns. Hot
\Vat01 PIDes. Drlnklng Founlnlns,
Septle Tanks, and L'rlnals. Oh8tructlons
melt awns I S S T A K T L Y when struck
by tho hammer like blow of thia new
unit.
ESCO PRODUCTS
O a k r l d r e . N. J. I
-

AMAZINGLY CPPECTIVE rn h- atUChment m m t h e r n u a t (not

~ h o w nhere) leads w a h r t h m t h e G u n m d plpc while mt the mama

I I
time nlr Is rclcewd causing n Powetful ChaLn rrnetlon. ~ a t e r kit
l has materials lor grinding and polishing mirron. or you
ran easily assemble 6 2 telescope kit which contains comnletaly
Rnished parabolic or rpharical mirror and all accesrorics. Also
Thla Xrw Flunhlng Glin Is oflercd on 30 Days Free Trial. U C T 3 1 0 8 T nvailahle. ready-lo-use. assembled talsseo~es.
IMPORTAXT 18 THIS-\+'hat i s thls Tool worth In Costly Plumbing
Bills Habed in your Home or hlllidlnp? F o r your o\rr aood-Tear thls Mirrorsdluminlzed-with extra hard a u a N matlnm.
.id our no\\ and rrrlte sour nanie and address heside Ad tor F R E E INSTRUCTIONS 10c
BOOKLET. S o nannt will ~ n l l - - O h a s that urae. laall now or wrlte GARTH OPTICAL CO. G.P.O. BOX 991 Sprlnallald. Mass.
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OEPT. MI-3, 4642 N. CENTRAL AVE.. CHICAGO 30. ILLINOIS.

A p r i l , 195
tube is found by balancing the tube (com-
plete with mirror and eyepiece) on the
edge of a 2x4. Mark the point of balance
and exactly on the opposite side of the tel-
escope tube mark a second point. These
points locate the declination axes. Set up
the different parts for each declination
bearing as shown in the declination bearing
detail and balance the telescope tube in the
cradle. (The cradle and piers should be
built first.) Balancing the telescope tube
at this time will prevent it from leaning
to one side or the other while it is loosely
mounted on the two piers. Press wood
dough or plastic wood all around in the
space on one side of the telescope tube SHOP bas been worth $15 to me.
between the plywood disk and the tele- Making i t yourself is fun.
IL!'
scope tube. Repeat the operation in.the
space on the other side. Allow two or
SUPERSHOP i s a complete,
precision-built workshop. 100% ' --: <-$- .
three days for the wood dough to harden. ball bearing. Rugged tubular I -,+.st' 8
The cradle can be adjusted so the parts steel frame. Big capacity. 8 kGa a
are on the same plane by pressing the inch saw. Factory to you 'only
cradle against a flat surface before the nuts $79.95. Free trial. Easy pay
get a final tightening. The diagonal holder plan. FREE catalog.
is the four-vane type. Half-inch metal write-for FREE C a f a l o g
strap, as used in shipping cartons, is used om Money Saving SUPERSHOP
for the vanes. This strap is discarded by
694 YATES AVE.
hardware stores and may be. had for the
BELOIT, WfSCONSlN
asking.
Place plastic bowl covers over the top
of the telescope tube, eyepiece extension
holder and-the maple disk when the tele-
scope is not in use.
75 POWER TELESCOPE
. 53.98
VARIABLE EYEPIECE 25X-45X-75X--BRAS.S BOUN
I N D U S T R I A L Q U A L I T Y TOOLS
I n - l x l g h t lrnnpen with 4 5 and
lor extra long ranxt. Guaran
to brlnx dlatant obl
Ple, spa* events. s
n m h e r s near
t. ong. Contslna 4
llrhen lenses. Also ".sea
ollncl mlrroreom. Dime-
I FOR EVERY WORKSHOP

CRITERION Co.. 331 Church st.. Hartford I. conn.. Dept. BnL-4e

EVERYTHING FOR THE AMATEUR - - - -

BUILD YOUR OWN TELESCOPE-EXPLORE SPACE

Thourands of our'cuatorners with no special trnining have built powar-
ful precision telsrmpsr with our Quality WDplics. instructions. &
puidancs. So ran you. M I R R O R M A K I N G K I T S , Eyepieess. ete.
COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS l O C 4 R E E CATALOG
PRECISION OPTICAL SUPPLY CO.
1 0 0 1 - K E A S T 163rd S T . . NEW YORK 59. N E W YORK
? , --
-\

WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG

Shmin. I cump1c.c llnc of C l m m p Ior mII p u r p o s e s , 08 pen-
ings f r o m 5'' to 12' m d depths from 11/16" to 16". aIso
Chisels, Punches, Masonry Drills for hand and power 1lam-
mers. Carbide Rotary Drills. Gasket Cuners, File Cleaners,, e*.
See Your Local Hardware Dealer
T H E CINCINNATI T O O L CO.
I. 1. STONE, oapt. T - V - 4 , tat6 oar, st. .
santa Menlc*, calif.
2012 WAVERLY AVE. CINCINNATI 12. 0

When Ans3vehng Adverliscntents. Plecrse Mention MECHANIX I L L U S T R A T E D