Earthing Calculation

North Chennai Thermal Power Project

Stage II(2x525 MW)
Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.

1 Parameters for design purposes:

Average soil resistivity at 0.5 m level ROW1 Ohm meter 39.29
1.1 Soil resistivity(taken for calculation) ROW Ohm meter 50.0
1.2 Soil resistivity due to concrete ROWS Ohm meter 500
1.3 Fault current(for conductor size design) I KA 50.00
1.4 Fault duration for sizing TF1 sec 1.00
1.5 Fault duration for step and touch potentials TF2 sec 0.70
1.6 Depth of burial of grid conductors h metres 0.80
1.7 Thickness of concrete hs metres 0.20
1.8 Number of ground rod/pipe electrodes,3m long N nos 150
1.9 Area of the earth mat AG sq.metres 640,000
1.10 Effective earth fault current Ig kA 22.245
(Refer enclosed annexure for this calculation)
2 Evaluation of conductor sizing

2.1 Factor K0 (1/ALPHAR)-TR

216.41
2.2 TCAP is defined by
TCAP = 4.184*SW*SH
3.75
2.3 Minimum area of cross section A = I*(SQRT(X1/X2))
where
2.4 X1 = (TF1*ALPHAR*ROWE*10000)/TCAP
169.24
2.5 X2 = LN(1+(TM-TA)/(K0-TA))
1.31
2.6 Minimum area of cross section A sq.mm 568.43
2.7 Diameter of conductor mm 26.91

2.8 Temperature co-efficient of material ALPHAR 0.00423

2.9 Resistivity of earthing material ROWE micro-ohm/ 15.00
2.10 Specific heat of material SH cal/gram/C 0.114
2.11 Density of material SW gram/cc 7.86
2.12 Reference temperature of material constant TR C 20
2.13 Max.allowable temperature for welded joints TM C 500
2.14 Ambient temperature TA C 50

2.15 Corrosion allowance

Average rate of corrosion is 0.12 mm per annum is considered for a period of 40 years.

Total Corrosion expected =0.12*40 4.8 mm

2.16 Diameter of the conductor after corrosion= 31.71 mm.

2.17 Diameter of the conductor chosen d 0.04 M

3 Permissible step and touch voltages

3.1 E step = (1000+(6*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.2 E touch = (1000+(1.5*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.3 CS is a reduction factor depending upon the depth of gravel /concrete and reflection factor K.
CS is obtained from Figure 8 of IEEE. = 0.82
3.4 K = (ROW-ROWS)/(ROW+ROWS)
-0.818
CS =1 for no gravel/ concrete.

60213601.xls Revision:1
The Ig value was taken 50 kA instead of calculated value.The same is changed. Dated:2000-08-31
Earthing Calculation

North Chennai Thermal Power Project

Stage II(2x525 MW)
Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.
ALTERNATIVELY,
CS = 1-a*((1-s)/u) where
a=0.106 metre;s=(ROW/ROWS);U=(2hs+a)
s = 0.1000
u = 0.506
a = 0.11
CS = 0.811
Choose a lower value of CS from the above.Hence CS=0.82
3.5 Permissible Estep volts 479.72
3.6 Permissible Etouch volts 223.91

4 Preliminary layout
4.1 Length of the earth mat L metres 800.00
4.2 Breadth of the earth mat B metres 800.00
4.3 Assumed spacing for the conductors D metres 50.00
4.4 Total no of conductors parallel to length N1 nos (B/D)+1
17
4.5 Total no of conductors parallel to breadth N2 nos (L/D)+1
17
4.6 Total quantity of conductors laid LC metres (N1*L)+(N2*B)
27,200
Interconnections to the grid(30% of calculated
4.7 quantity) LINT metres 8,160
4.7 Total ground rods length LR metres 450
4.8 Effective grid conductor length L metres 35,878

5 Estimation of actual mesh and step voltages

5.1 Emesh = (ROW*KM*KI*Ig*1000)/L
5.2 E step = (ROW*KS*KI*Ig*1000)/L

5.3 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))

5.4 where A = D^2/(16*h*d)

4,882.813
5.5 B = (D+2*h)^2/(8*D*d)
166.4100
5.6 C = (h/4*d)
5.000
5.7 D = (Kii/Kh)
0.745
5.8 E = 8/(3.14*(2n-1))
= 0.077
5.9 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))
= 1.054
5.10 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods at the grid corners
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter and throughout the grid area
5.11 Kh = SQRT(1+h/ha) where ha=1 metre.
= 1.342

5.12 Number of parallel conductors n = SQRT(N1*N2)

17
5.13 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
3.580
5.14 Hence E mesh = KM*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
116.939 volts R1
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 223.91 volts

60213601.xls Revision:1
The Ig value was taken 50 kA instead of calculated value.The same is changed. Dated:2000-08-31
Earthing Calculation

North Chennai Thermal Power Project

Stage II(2x525 MW)
Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.
5.15 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
3.580
5.16 KS = (1/3.14)*(A+B+C(1-E))
WHERE
5.17 A = 1/(2*h)
0.625
5.18 B = (1/(D+h))
0.020
5.19 C = 1/D
0.020
5.20 E = 0.5^(n-2)
0.0000305
5.21 KS = 0.2117
5.22 Hence E step KS*KI*ROW*Ig*1000/L
23.494 Volts
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 479.72 Volts
6 Minimum conductor length requirement
To achieve the above conditions,the following condition has to be satisfied.

6.1 L = (KM*KI*ROW*Ig*1000)/Permissible Emesh

18,737 metres

7 Evaluation of grid resistance

7.1 RG ohm ROW*(F+G*(1+(1/J)))
where
7.2 F = (1/L)
0.00003
7.3 G = 1/(SQRT (20*A))
0.00028
7.4 J = 1+(h*(SQRT (20/A)))
1.004
7.5 Hence RG = 0.029 ohm

8 Grid potential rise

Total grid potential rise IR Volts I*RG
651.38 volts R1

Hence from the above calculation the conductors

provided meet the Step and touch potential criteria
and also the other requirement.
The mat will be made to suit the above requirement.
As shown in the enclosed diagram.

The mesh width will be varied or close mat will be

made where Electrical equipments are more and
other areas the same will be adjusted.

60213601.xls Revision:1
The Ig value was taken 50 kA instead of calculated value.The same is changed. Dated:2000-08-31
 Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.

1 Parameters for design purposes:

1.1 Soil resistivity ROW Ohm meter 45.0
1.2 Soil resistivity due to concrete ROWS Ohm meter 500
1.3 Fault current I KA 50.00
1.4 Fault duration for sizing TF1 sec 1.00
1.5 Fault duration for step and touch potentials TF2 sec 0.70
1.6 Depth of burial of grid conductors h metres 0.80
1.7 Thickness of concrete hs metres 0.20
1.8 Number of ground rod/pipe electrodes,3m long N nos 10
1.9 Area of the earth mat AG sq.metres 10,000
1.10 Effective earth fault current Ia kA 23.40
2 Evaluation of conductor sizing

2.1 Factor K0 (1/ALPHAR)-TR

216.41
2.2 TCAP is defined by
TCAP = 4.184*SW*SH
3.75
2.3 Minimum area of cross section A = I*(SQRT(X1/X2))
where
2.4 X1 = (TF1*ALPHAR*ROWE*10000)/TCAP
169.24
2.5 X2 = LN(1+(TM-TA)/(K0-TA))
1.31
2.6 Minimum area of cross section A sq.mm 568.43
2.7 Diameter of conductor mm 26.91

2.8 Temperature co-efficient of material ALPHAR 0.00423

2.9 Resistivity of earthing material ROWE micro-ohm/ 15.00
2.10 Specific heat of material SH cal/gram/C 0.114
2.11 Density of material SW gram/cc 7.86
2.12 Reference temperature of material constant TR C 20
2.13 Max.allowable temperature for welded joints TM C 500
2.14 Ambient temperature TA C 50

2.15 Corrosion allowance

Average rate of corrosion of steel is 61 mils for the first 12 years and 50% of that value
30.5 mils for the next 12 years.After this period,it is assumed that no corrosion takes place.
(Reference IEEE Transactions of PAS-Volume 98.

Total corrosion=(61+30.5)2 =183 mils ie 4.64mm.

2.16 Diameter of the conductor after corrosion= 31.55 mm.
2.17 Diameter of the conductor chosen d 0.04 M

3 Permissible step and touch voltages

3.1 E step = (1000+(6*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.2 E touch = (1000+(1.5*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.3 CS is a reduction factor depending upon the depth of gravel /concrete and reflection factor K.
 CS is obtained from Figure 8 of IEEE. = 0.82
3.4 K = (ROW-ROWS)/(ROW+ROWS)
-0.835
CS =1 for no gravel/ concrete.

ALTERNATIVELY,
CS = 1-a*((1-s)/u) where
a=0.106 metre;s=(ROW/ROWS);U=(2hs+a)
s = 0.0900
u = 0.506
a = 0.11
CS = 0.809
Choose a lower value of CS from the above.Hence CS=0.82
3.5 Permissible Estep volts 479.72
3.6 Permissible Etouch volts 223.91

4 Preliminary layout
4.1 Length of the earth mat L metres 100.00
4.2 Breadth of the earth mat B metres 100.00
4.3 Assumed spacing for the conductors D metres 10.00
4.4 Total no of conductors parallel to length N1 nos (B/D)+1
11
4.5 Total no of conductors parallel to breadth N2 nos (L/D)+1
11
4.6 Total quantity of conductors laid LC metres (N1*L)+(N2*B)
2,200
4.7 Interconnections to the grid LINT metres 660
4.7 Total ground rods length LR metres 30.00
4.8 Effective grid conductor length L metres 2,895

5 Estimation of actual mesh and step voltages

5.1 Emesh = (ROW*KM*KI*I*1000)/L
5.2 E step = (ROW*KS*KI*I*1000)/L

5.3 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))

5.4 where A = D^2/(16*h*d)

195.313
5.5 B = (D+2*h)^2/(8*D*d)
42.0500
5.6 C = (h/4*d)
5.000
5.7 D = (Kii/Kh)
0.745
5.8 E = 8/(3.14*(2n-1))
= 0.121
5.9 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))
= 0.617
5.10 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods at the grid corners
 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter and throughout the grid area
5.11 Kh = SQRT(1+h/ha) where ha=1 metre.
= 1.342

5.12 Number of parallel conductors n = SQRT(N1*N2)

11
5.13 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
2.548
5.14 Hence E mesh = KM*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
1,222.491 volts
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 223.91
5.15 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
2.548
5.16 KS = (1/3.14)*(A+B+C(1-E))
WHERE
5.17 A = 1/(2*h)
0.625
5.18 B = (1/(D+h))
0.093
5.19 C = 1/D
0.100
5.20 E = 0.5^(n-2)
0.0019531
5.21 KS = 0.2603
5.22 Hence E step KS*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
515.599
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 479.72
6 Minimum conductor length requirement
To achieve the above conditions,the following condition has to be satisfied.

6.1 L = (KM*KI*ROW*I*1000)/Permissible Emesh

7,395.77 metres

7 Evaluation of grid resistance

7.1 RG ohm ROW*(F+G*(1+(1/J)))
where
7.2 F = (1/L)
0.00035
7.3 G = 1/(SQRT (20*A))
0.00224
7.4 J = 1+(h*(SQRT (20/A)))
1.036
7.5 Hence RG = 0.213 ohm

8 Grid potential rise

Total grid potential rise IR Volts I*RG
10,665.86 volts
*10000)/TCAP

WS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
OWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
/Permissible Emesh
 Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.

1 Parameters for design purposes:

1.1 Soil resistivity ROW Ohm meter 73.0
1.2 Soil resistivity due to concrete ROWS Ohm meter 500
1.3 Fault current I KA 50.00
1.4 Fault duration for sizing TF1 sec 1.00
1.5 Fault duration for step and touch potentials TF2 sec 0.70
1.6 Depth of burial of grid conductors h metres 0.80
1.7 Thickness of concrete hs metres 0.20
1.8 Number of ground rod/pipe electrodes,3m long N nos 10
1.9 Area of the earth mat AG sq.metres 200,000
1.10 Effective earth fault current Ia kA 23.40
2 Evaluation of conductor sizing

2.1 Factor K0 (1/ALPHAR)-TR

216.41
2.2 TCAP is defined by
TCAP = 4.184*SW*SH
3.75
2.3 Minimum area of cross section A = I*(SQRT(X1/X2))
where
2.4 X1 = (TF1*ALPHAR*ROWE*10000)/TCAP
169.24
2.5 X2 = LN(1+(TM-TA)/(K0-TA))
1.31
2.6 Minimum area of cross section A sq.mm 568.43
2.7 Diameter of conductor mm 26.91

2.8 Temperature co-efficient of material ALPHAR 0.00423

2.9 Resistivity of earthing material ROWE micro-ohm/ 15.00
2.10 Specific heat of material SH cal/gram/C 0.114
2.11 Density of material SW gram/cc 7.86
2.12 Reference temperature of material constant TR C 20
2.13 Max.allowable temperature for welded joints TM C 500
2.14 Ambient temperature TA C 50

2.15 Corrosion allowance

Average rate of corrosion of steel is 61 mils for the first 12 years and 50% of that value
30.5 mils for the next 12 years.After this period,it is assumed that no corrosion takes place.
(Reference IEEE Transactions of PAS-Volume 98.

Total corrosion=(61+30.5)2 =183 mils ie 4.64mm.

2.16 Diameter of the conductor after corrosion= 31.55 mm.
2.17 Diameter of the conductor chosen d 0.04 M

3 Permissible step and touch voltages

3.1 E step = (1000+(6*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.2 E touch = (1000+(1.5*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.3 CS is a reduction factor depending upon the depth of gravel /concrete and reflection factor K.
 CS is obtained from Figure 8 of IEEE. = 0.82
3.4 K = (ROW-ROWS)/(ROW+ROWS)
-0.745
CS =1 for no gravel/ concrete.

ALTERNATIVELY,
CS = 1-a*((1-s)/u) where
a=0.106 metre;s=(ROW/ROWS);U=(2hs+a)
s = 0.1460
u = 0.506
a = 0.11
CS = 0.821
Choose a lower value of CS from the above.Hence CS=0.82
3.5 Permissible Estep volts 479.72
3.6 Permissible Etouch volts 223.91

4 Preliminary layout
4.1 Length of the earth mat L metres 500.00
4.2 Breadth of the earth mat B metres 400.00
4.3 Assumed spacing for the conductors D metres 21.00
4.4 Total no of conductors parallel to length N1 nos (B/D)+1
20
4.5 Total no of conductors parallel to breadth N2 nos (L/D)+1
25
4.6 Total quantity of conductors laid LC metres (N1*L)+(N2*B)
19,948
4.7 Interconnections to the grid LINT metres 5,984
4.7 Total ground rods length LR metres 30.00
4.8 Effective grid conductor length L metres 25,966

5 Estimation of actual mesh and step voltages

5.1 Emesh = (ROW*KM*KI*I*1000)/L
5.2 E step = (ROW*KS*KI*I*1000)/L

5.3 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))

5.4 where A = D^2/(16*h*d)

861.328
5.5 B = (D+2*h)^2/(8*D*d)
76.0060
5.6 C = (h/4*d)
5.000
5.7 D = (Kii/Kh)
0.745
5.8 E = 8/(3.14*(2n-1))
= 0.058
5.9 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))
= 0.752
5.10 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods at the grid corners
 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter and throughout the grid area
5.11 Kh = SQRT(1+h/ha) where ha=1 metre.
= 1.342

5.12 Number of parallel conductors n = SQRT(N1*N2)

22
5.13 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
4.492
5.14 Hence E mesh = KM*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
474.659 volts
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 223.91
5.15 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
4.492
5.16 KS = (1/3.14)*(A+B+C(1-E))
WHERE
5.17 A = 1/(2*h)
0.625
5.18 B = (1/(D+h))
0.046
5.19 C = 1/D
0.048
5.20 E = 0.5^(n-2)
0.0000008
5.21 KS = 0.2288
5.22 Hence E step KS*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
144.479
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 479.72
6 Minimum conductor length requirement
To achieve the above conditions,the following condition has to be satisfied.

6.1 L = (KM*KI*ROW*I*1000)/Permissible Emesh

25,760.69 metres

7 Evaluation of grid resistance

7.1 RG ohm ROW*(F+G*(1+(1/J)))
where
7.2 F = (1/L)
0.00004
7.3 G = 1/(SQRT (20*A))
0.00050
7.4 J = 1+(h*(SQRT (20/A)))
1.008
7.5 Hence RG = 0.076 ohm

8 Grid potential rise

Total grid potential rise IR Volts I*RG
3,776.08 volts
*10000)/TCAP

WS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
OWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
/Permissible Emesh
 EARTHING DESIGN FOR NEYVELI IN POWER BLOCK AREA
ABB-PE 60213601.xls

Calculations are based on IEEE Vol 80,1986 version.

1 Parameters for design purposes:

1.1 Soil resistivity ROW Ohm meter 73
1.2 Soil resistivity due to concrete ROWS Ohm meter 500
1.3 Fault current I KA 50.00
1.4 Fault duration for sizing TF1 sec 1.00
1.5 Fault duration for step and touch potentials TF2 sec 0.70
1.6 Depth of burial of grid conductors h metres 0.80
1.7 Thickness of concrete hs metres 0.20
1.8 Number of ground rod/pipe electrodes,3m long N nos 50
1.9 Area of the earth mat AG sq.metres 120,000
1.10 Effective earth fault current Ia kA 23.40
2 Evaluation of conductor sizing

2.1 Factor K0 (1/ALPHAR)-TR

216.41
2.2 TCAP is defined by
TCAP = 4.184*SW*SH
3.75
2.3 Minimum area of cross section A = I*(SQRT(X1/X2))
where
2.4 X1 = (TF1*ALPHAR*ROWE*10000)/TCAP
169.24
2.5 X2 = LN(1+(TM-TA)/(K0-TA))
1.31
2.6 Minimum area of cross section A sq.mm 568.43
2.7 Diameter of conductor mm 26.91

2.8 Temperature co-efficient of material ALPHAR 0.00423

2.9 Resistivity of earthing material ROWE micro-ohm/ 15.00
2.10 Specific heat of material SH cal/gram/C 0.114
2.11 Density of material SW gram/cc 7.86
2.12 Reference temperature of material constant TR C 20
2.13 Max.allowable temperature for welded joints TM C 500

Page 16
 EARTHING DESIGN FOR NEYVELI IN POWER BLOCK AREA
ABB-PE 60213601.xls

2.14 Ambient temperature TA C 50

2.15 Corrosion allowance

Average rate of corrosion of steel is 61 mils for the first 12 years and 50% of that value
30.5 mils for the next 12 years.After this period,it is assumed that no corrosion takes place.
(Reference IEEE Transactions of PAS-Volume 98.

Total corrosion=(61+30.5)2 =183 mils ie 4.64mm.

2.16 Diameter of the conductor after corrosion= 31.55 mm.
2.17 Diameter of the conductor chosen d 0.04 M

3 Permissible step and touch voltages

3.1 E step = (1000+(6*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.2 E touch = (1000+(1.5*CS(hs,K)*ROWS))*0.116/(SQRT TF2)
3.3 CS is a reduction factor depending upon the depth of gravel /concrete and reflection factor K.
CS is obtained from Figure 8 of IEEE. = 0.82
3.4 K = (ROW-ROWS)/(ROW+ROWS)
-0.745
CS =1 for no gravel/ concrete.

ALTERNATIVELY,
CS = 1-a*((1-s)/u) where
a=0.106 metre;s=(ROW/ROWS);U=(2hs+a)
s = 0.1460
u = 0.506
a = 0.11
CS = 0.821
Choose a lower value of CS from the above.Hence CS=0.82
3.5 Permissible Estep volts 479.72
3.6 Permissible Etouch volts 223.91

Page 17
 EARTHING DESIGN FOR NEYVELI IN POWER BLOCK AREA
ABB-PE 60213601.xls

4 Preliminary layout
4.1 Length of the earth mat L metres 400.00
4.2 Breadth of the earth mat B metres 300.00
4.3 Assumed spacing for the conductors D metres 13.00
4.4 Total no of conductors parallel to length N1 nos (B/D)+1
24
4.5 Total no of conductors parallel to breadth N2 nos (L/D)+1
32
4.6 Total quantity of conductors laid LC metres (N1*L)+(N2*B)
19,162
4.7 Interconnections to the grid LINT metres 5,748
4.7 Total ground rods length LR metres 150.00
4.8 Effective grid conductor length L metres 25,083

5 Estimation of actual mesh and step voltages

5.1 Emesh = (ROW*KM*KI*I*1000)/L
5.2 E step = (ROW*KS*KI*I*1000)/L

5.3 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))

5.4 where A = D^2/(16*h*d)

330.078
5.5 B = (D+2*h)^2/(8*D*d)
51.2404
5.6 C = (h/4*d)
5.000
5.7 D = (Kii/Kh)
0.745
5.8 E = 8/(3.14*(2n-1))
= 0.047
5.9 KM = (1/(2*3.14))*(LN(A+B-C)+D*LN(E))

Page 18
 EARTHING DESIGN FOR NEYVELI IN POWER BLOCK AREA
ABB-PE 60213601.xls

= 0.581
5.10 Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods at the grid corners
Kii=1 for grids with ground rods along the perimeter and throughout the grid area
5.11 Kh = SQRT(1+h/ha) where ha=1 metre.
= 1.342

5.12 Number of parallel conductors n = SQRT(N1*N2)

28
5.13 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
5.413
5.14 Hence E mesh = KM*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
457.814 volts
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 223.91
5.15 KI,the irregularity factor = 0.656+0.172*n
5.413
5.16 KS = (1/3.14)*(A+B+C(1-E))
WHERE
5.17 A = 1/(2*h)
0.625
5.18 B = (1/(D+h))
0.072
5.19 C = 1/D
0.077
5.20 E = 0.5^(n-2)
0.0000000
5.21 KS = 0.2466
5.22 Hence E step KS*KI*ROW*I*1000/L
194.262
PERMISSIBLE VALUE 479.72

Page 19
 EARTHING DESIGN FOR NEYVELI IN POWER BLOCK AREA
ABB-PE 60213601.xls

6 Minimum conductor length requirement

To achieve the above conditions,the following condition has to be satisfied.

6.1 L = (KM*KI*ROW*Ia*1000)/Permissible Emesh

24,000.74 metres

7 Evaluation of grid resistance

7.1 RG ohm ROW*(F+G*(1+(1/J)))
where
7.2 F = (1/L)
0.00004
7.3 G = 1/(SQRT (20*A))
0.00065
7.4 J = 1+(h*(SQRT (20/A)))
1.010
7.5 Hence RG = 0.097 ohm

8 Grid potential rise

Total grid potential rise IR Volts I*RG
4,833.56 volts

Page 20