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The Reply Message

The SSR down link format consists of a number of pulses, nominally 0.45 µs (±0.1 µs). F1 and F2 are always
present and separated by 20.3 µs (±0.1 µs) – they are often referred to as a bracket or framing pair. Other
pulse positions within this framing pair are spaced by 1.45 µs and are used to convey the required reply
information in answer to the specific interrogation (e.g Mode A identity or Mode C flight level values). The pulses
are identified to give the bits of an octal code (ABC D). The X pulse at the centre of the reply is not used. The
three blank positions may not be occupied by pulses, otherwise some decoders may reject the entire answer as
interference.
Note that the re ply inform ation itse lf doe s not contain any inform ation to indicate which m ode it is a re ply to. The
inte rrogator will assum e that the re plie s re ce ive d are in answe r to it late st m ode of inte rrogation.

In the case of Mode A, the octal code (ABCD) is set by a

control panel in the cockpit. In the case of mode C , the flight
level is encoded in a special way (by a special form of Gray
code known as Gillham code - this has the characteristic of only
one bit changing for each change in flight level).
The SPI (Special Purpose Identification) pulse is used by air
traffic controllers to confirm the identity of certain aircraft. The
controller will ask the pilot to squawk ident – the pilot pressing Figure 1: SSR down link format
a button on the control panel which adds the SPI pulse to SSR
replies for a certain period (18±1 s). The display system will
then highlight aircraft with SPI. (The SPI pulse may have been appropriate to distinguish aircraft on older display
systems before fully plot extracted displays became available). The out of frame position of the SPI pulse is
somewhat strange and, as will be seen later, the SPI pulse position chosen introduces rather unfortunate
complications for automatic decoding purposes. According to IC AO the SPI-pulse will be added to Mode A reply
only.
By international standards it is possible to assign defined questions and answers to certain standard situations:
Each answer receives its meaning only in
Code Modus Meaning connection with the respective question.
For example:
7700 3/A, B General air emergency
7600 3/A, B Loss of radio 7700 in Mode 3/A: general air
emergency
4· frame 1, 2, 3/A, B Military emergency call 7700 in Mode C : 20,000 ft height
7500 3/A Hijacking
Table 1: examples of different Codes