Vijai Electricals LTD.: Units and Measurements

VIJAI ELECTRICALS Ltd.
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
The S. I. system has 7 base units and 2 supplementary units of angle.
For each physical quantity a symbol and a unit is assigned to indicate its
S.I unit of measure.
]
The definitions given below are definitions for Units in S.I. System.
LENGTH:
One Metre is the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wave lengths in vacuum of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2P10 and 5d5 of
Krypton 86 atom.
Symbol / Dimension : “ L ”
Unit : S.I. System : Metre m

C.G.S. System : Centimeter Cm
F.P.S. System : Foot F
Example:
The length of a Roller Hearth Furnace is = 10.8 m = 1080 Cm = 35.433 Feet
The length of enamel annealing furnace is = 6 m = 19.68 feet
( 1 cm = 0.0328 feet, 1 m = 3.28 feet)
In 3 Dimensional space length is interpreted as Length, Width,

height(Thickness) depending on the reference axis.
Page No. 1
Example :
Dimensions of CRGO lamination are
Length x Width x Height = 700 mm x 100 mm x 0.27 mm
The length of a CRGO cut lamination is given in millimeters. L= 280 mm
The width of amorphous ribbon is given in inches.

Available widths are:
1) 5.6” = 142.24 mm ( 1” = 25.4 mm )
2) 6.7” = 17.018 cm ( 1” = 2.54 cm )
3) 8.4” = 0.2134 m ( 1” = 0.0254 m)
The thickness of insulation like Kraft Paper, Enamel Dotted paper is given in
mils. Insulation thickness is 2 layers of 2 mil thick.
2 mil = 2 x 0.025 = 0.05 mm
= 2 x 0.0025 = 0.005 cm
= (2 x 0.025)/ 0.001 = 50 Micron
MASS:
The Mass of the international proto type Kilogram, is a block of Platinum

preserved at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres,
France.
Symbol: “ M ”
Unit :
S.I. System : Kilogram
C.G.S. System : Gram
F.P.S. System : Pound
Page No. 2
Example:
The mass of a Transformer is given in Kilogram.
Mass of transformer = 2200 Kg = 2.205 x 2200 = 4851 Pounds
The mass of a carrier is given in Tons.
The net weight of the carrier = 200 Tons
TIME:
One Second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation

corresponding to the transition between two hyper fine levels of ground state
of the Caesium 133 atom.
Symbol : “ T ”
Unit: Seconds
Example :
In Induced Over Voltage Withstand test 3 KV voltage is applied for 30

Seconds
The time taken for the cutting of a CRGO lamination is 3 Seconds
The time taken for the assembly of core is 45 minutes
The time taken for preheating of coils is 8 hours.
Page No. 3
ELECTRIC CURRENT :
One Ampere is the current which is maintained in two straight parallel

conductors of infinite length of negligible circular cross section and one
meter apart in vacuum produces a force equal to 2 x 10 – 7 Newton .
Symbol: “ I ”
Unit: Ampere A
Example :
The D.C. Current rating in the Continuous Annealing Furnace in AMT

plant is = 2000 Amps
The Current rating of Butt Welding in Conductor Plant is 44 Amps.
TEMPERATURE :
One Kelvin is the fraction of 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic (absolute)

temperature of the triple point of water
Symbol : “ T ”
Unit :
0
Kelvin K
Centigrade 0C
0
Fahrenheit F
C = F-32 = K – 273
100 180 100
Page No. 4
Example :
Vaccum drying oven temperature is 950 C = 2030F = 3680 K
Flash Point of transformer oil is = 1400C
Pour Point of transformer oil is = -60C
The temperature of Pot Annealing furncace for 4.5 mm x 1.5 mm

conductor is 2000 C
LUMINOUS INTENSITY:
The luminous intensity in the perpendicular directuion of a surface of

1/600000 sq.mtr of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum
under a pressure of 101325 newtons per sq.mtr is termed as Candela.
Symbol: “ I ”
Unit : Candela Cd
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE:
One Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. The
elementary entities must be specified and may be an atom ,a molecule , an
ion etc.
Symbol: “ m ”
Unit : Mole
Page No. 5
PLANE ANGLE :
Radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose

length is equal to radius
Symbol : “ θ ”
Unit : Radian
2 л radian = 3600
1 radian = 360/ 2 л = 570 17’ 44”
SOLID ANGLE :
Steredian is the angle subtended at the center of sphere of radius one metre
by its surface of area of one square meter.
Symbol : “ Sr ”
Unit : Steradian.
Page No. 6
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
To measure the fundamental quantities length, mass and time, there are three
standardized systems of units. They are:
1) F. P.S. SYSTEM
2) C.G.S. SYSTEM
3) M.K.S. SYSTEM
BASIC UNITS OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES IN DIFFERENT

SYSTEMS:
SYSTEM LENGTH MASS TIME
F.P.S. FOOT POUND SECOND

C.G.S CENTIMETER GRAM SECOND
M.K.S METER KILOGRAM SECOND
CONVERSION OF UNITS:
1 FOOT = 30.48 CENTIMETER = 0. 3048 METER
1 POUND = 453.6 GRAM = 0.4536 KILOGRAM
AREA :
Page No. 7
Rectangle:
b Area = l x b
l
Example:
Determine the area of a rectangular CRCA sheet of length 100 mm
and width 35 mm
Solution :
Area = l x b = 100 x 35 = 3500 mm2
Square:
S Area = S x S
Example :
Determine the area of square piece of HRCA sheet of side 70 mm
Solution :
Area = s x s = 70 mm x 70 mm = 4900 mm2
Trapezium :
b
450 h Area = ½ h ( a + b)
a
Page No. 8
Example:
Determine the area of a “ P ” blade used in the PQRS core assembly
having a length of 626 mm and width or height of 110 mm.
Solution :
Length of the “ P ” blade , b = 626 mm
Width of the “ P ” blade, h = 110 mm
. a = b – 2 x h = 626 – 2 x 110 = 406 mm
Area of the “ P ” blade = ½ h ( a + b)
= ½ x 110 x ( 626 + 406) = 56760 mm2
Triangle:
a Height of the Triangle = ‘ a ’
Base of the Triangle = ‘ b ’
b Area = ½ a b
Example:
Calculate area of the “V” – notch scrap during the cutting of “ R ” blade
having the following dimensions:
429 mm
110 mm 450
110 mm
649 mm
Solution :
55 mm
900
Area of “ V ”- notch = ½ x 110 x 55 = 3025 sq mm
Page No. 9
Parallelogram:
h Area = b x h
b
Example:
Area of B – lamination of C.R.G.O. having a length of 700 mm
and width of 100 mm is = 700 x 100 = 70000 sqmm.
Circle:
r Area =  r 2
Example:
Find the area of bottom cover of single phase cylindrical tank
having a radius of 250 mm at the rotary shearing operation.
Solution :
Radius of the bottom cover = 250 mm
Area =  x (250)2 = 196349.5409 sqmm
Cylinder:
r Area = 2  r l
Example:
Page No. 10
Determine the surface area of conservator tank having a length of 1250 mm

And radius of 305 mm.
Solution :
Length of the tank is = 1250 mm
Radius of the tank is = 305 mm
Lateral surface area of the tank is = 2  r l
= 2 x  x (305/1000) x (1250 /1000)
= 2.395 sqm
Bottom surface area of the tank is =  r2
=  x ( 305/1000 )2 = 0.292sqm
Total surface are of the tank with out Top Cover is = 2  r l +  r2
= 2.688 sqm
RING : ( PERMA WOOD RING)
R2
Area of the perma wood ring =  (R22 - R 12)
R1
Example :
A perma wood ring has an inner radius of 50 mm

And an outer radius of 75 mm then what is the area
The area of the perma wood ring.
Solution :
Area of the perma wood ring =  (R22 - R 12)

=  [ ( 75) 2 – ( 50 ) 2]
= 9817.5 sq mm
VOLUME :
Page No. 11
Cube:
Volume of a cube of side “ a ” cm is = a3 cu.cm
Example: A Perma wood block of side ‘ 4 ’ cm has a volume of 64 cu.cm
Cuboid :
Volume of cuboid = l x b x h
h
l b
Cylinder :
Volume of a cylinder is =  r2 l
Example :
Determine the capacity of the conservator tank having
Length of 1250 mm and radius of 305 mm .
Solution :
Length of the conservator = 1250 mm
Radiu of the conservator = 305 mm
Volume of the conservator =  r2 l
=  x (305/1000)2 x 1250/1000 = 0.365 m3
= 365 litres ( 1 litre = 1000 c.c)
Page No. 12
DENSITY:
Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
Symbol : “ ρ ”
Unit :
C.G.S. System : Gram / cubic centimeter
S. I. System : Kilogram / Cubic metre
Example:
The C.R.G.O sheet of Mass 153 grams has a volume of 20 c.c., its
Density is 7.65 gm / c.c
FORCE :
Force acting on a body is the product of Mass of the body and its
acceleration.
Symbol : F
Unit :
S.I. System : Newton
M.K.S. System : Newton
C.G.S. System : Dynes
Dimension : M1L1T-2
Page No. 13
SHEARING FORCE / CUTTING FORCE:
The forces necessary to bring about rupture of the material
depends primarily upon the shearing strength τmax and stressed section or
the stressed area and secondly upon the shape, condition and position of the
blades.
It is that force which has to action the stock material in-order to cut
out the blank or slug.
The capacity of the press to be used for a particular tool depends
upon this force.
Conversion:
1 Newton = 105 Dyne
Example:
Page No. 14
Determine the Shearing Force or Press Force required to shear a

60 mm x 60 mm, 2 mm thick CRCA sheet into the following
dimension.
15 mm 15 mm
10 mm 30 mm
150 mm 45 60 mm
mm
45 mm
Ø = 2 mm
Force Calculations:
Press Force = L x S x Tmax
L = Cut Length = 15 + 10 + 30 + 10 + 15 + 60 + 15 + 10 + 30 + 10 + 15 + 60
+ (2 * π * 1)* 2 + (45 + 150) * 2 = 682.566 mm
S = Thickness = 2 mm
Tmax = 360 N/sqmm
Press Force = 682.566 * 2 * 360 = 491447.77 Newton = 491.45 KN
Page No. 15
PRESSURE :
Pressure is defined as the average force applied per unit area at the
particular region of a liquid or a gas
Symbol : “ P ”
Unit :
S. I. System : Kg / m sec2, Nmeter-2, Bar, Pascal
C. G. S. System : Pounds / inch2
Example :
The air pressure in leak test of three phase transformer tank is
0.8 Kgf / cm2
If a force F is applied on a surface of area A sqcm , then the

Pressure is = Force / Area
A force of 2 Newton is acting on a surface of area
10 Sq m, then the pressure = 0 .2 Nm-2
Page No. 16
WORK :
When an external force acts on a system or body and causes a displacement,
Work is said to be done by the force. This is called external work.
Work = Force x Displacement = F x S

Symbol : “ W ”
Unit :
S.I. System : N-m
M.K.S. System : Kg-m2 / Sec2
C.G.S. System : gm-cm2 / Sec2
Example :
What is the work done when a CRCA sheet is sheared by a shearing
force of 40T press whose shut height is 275mm?
Solution :
W=FxS
= 40 x 275 x 10-3 = 11 N-m
ENERGY:
The capacity to perform work is Energy.
Symbol : “ E ”
Unit :
S.I. System : Joules
C.G.S. System : Ergs.
KINETIC ENERGY :
Page No. 17
Energy possessed by virtue of its motion is called Kinetic Energy.
K.E. = 1 / 2 MV2
Example :
A CRCA sheet of dimensions 12500 mm x 200 mm x 2 mm is moving on

a corrugation line with a velocity of 30 m/sec. What is the kinetic
energy?
Solution :
K.E = 1/2 x m x v2
= 1/2 x 12500 x 200 x 2 x 10-3 x 7.85 x 10-3 x 900
= 17662.5
POTENTIAL ENERGY :
Energy possessed by virtue of its position is called Potential Energy.
P.E. = m g h
Example :
A transformer tank of 250 Kg is lifted by a crane to a height of 10 m

What is the Potential energy ?
Solution :
Potential energy = m g h
= 250 x 9.8 x 10 = 24500
INTERNAL ENERGY :
Page No. 18
Energy possessed by a system, which is not apparent, but has the capacity
to do the work, is called Internal Energy.
(If one part of the system exerts force on the other part of it, then that
work done is called Internal Work)
HEAT ENERGY :
The energy that exchanges between the system and its surroundings due to
difference in temperature is called Heat Energy.
When work is done on a system, its internal energy increases so one

method of increasing the internal energy is to perform mechanical work.
The energy which is transferred by a non mechanical way is called heat

during this process there should be temp difference between system.
Symbol : “ H ”
Unit :
S. I. System – Joule (J)
C.G.S system - Calorie (Cal)
1 Calorie = 4.186 Joule
HEAT CAPACITY OR THERMAL CAPACITY:
Page No. 19
The Heat Capacity of a system is the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of the system through 1o c at 1o K
When heat dQ is added to a system , if the rise in its temperature is dT,

its heat capacity = dQ/dT
Heat Capacity = Heat energy / Temperature difference
Unit :
S. I. System – Calorie 0C-1
C.G.S system - Joules 0K-1
Example :
A roller hearth furnace requires 170 KW of power for 6 hours to raise its
temperature from 300C to 5300C.What is the heat capacity of the furnace ?
Heat capacity = Heat Energy / Temperature Difference

= 170 x 6 x 860.5 / 500 KCalorie 0C-1
= 1755.42 KCalorie 0C-1 (1 Kilowatt-hr = 860.5 Kcalories)
= 170 x 6 x 3.6 x 106 / 773 Joules 0K-1
= 4845.32 x 106Joules 0K-1 (1Kilowatt-hr = 3.6 x 106 joules)
Page No. 20
SPECIFIC HEAT OR SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY :

Heat capacity per unit mass is called Specific Heat.
OR
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of unit mass of the substance through 1o C at 1o k
Specific heat C = 1/m x dQ/dT
Unit :
S.I. System : J Kg-1 0K-1
C.G.S. System : Cal gm-1 0C-1
Example :
A batch annealing furnace requires 210 KW of power. Determine the

Specific heat, when a load of 4 Tonn is kept in the furnace for 5 hours
increase in the temperature is 8100C
Solution :
Mass/ Load , m = 4 tonn

Power supply = 210 KW
Increase in the temperature is dT = 8100C
Specific heat, C = 1/m x dQ/dT
= [1/ 4 x 103] x [210 x 3.6 x 106 x 5]/ (810 + 273)
= 872.576 J Kg-1 0K-1
= [1/ 4 x 103] x [210 x 860.5 x 5]/ 810
= 278.86 Cal gm-1 0C-1
SPECIFIC HEAT OF A GAS AT CONSTANT PRESSURE CP:
Page No. 21
The specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the gas through1 oC at 1o
k at constant pressure .
Cp = 1/m x dQ/dT
Unit : Joule / Kelvin
SPECIFIC HEAT OF A GAS AT CONSTANT VOLUME CV:-
The specific heat of a gas at constant volume is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the gas through 1 0 C or
10 K at constant volume.
CV = 1/m x dQ/dT
Unit:- Joule per kilogram per Kelvin
CP - C V = R where R is universal gas constant.

PV=RT
Work done by an ideal gas during isothermal expansion:-
W = 2.303 R T log 10(V2/V1)
Where T = constant temperature

V1, V2 = initial & final volume.
Page No. 22
WORK DONE BY AN IDEAL-GAS DURING CHANGE :-
W = R/(γ-1) x (T2 – T1)
Where T1,T2 = temperature of gas initial &final

V1,V2 = initial & final volumes
P1, P2 = initial & final pressures
R = Universal gas constant
PVγ = K
where γ = ratio of specific heats of gas
LATENT HEAT:-
Latent heat of a substance is the amount of heat taken in a given out by a

unit mass of the substance when it changes from one state to the other
without change in temperature.
Q=mL
where L = latent heat of a substance;
m = mass
Symbol : “ Q ”
Unit:
CGS system :- Calg – 1
S.I system :- JKg –1
Dimensional formula of Latent heat: L = Q / M
L = ML2 T – 2 / M = L2 T – 2
Page No. 23
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE:-
Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice is the amount of heat required to convert

unit mass of ice at 0O C into water at 0O C .
Symbol : “ L ”
Value of L:
C.G.S system : 80 Calg – 1
S.I system : 0.335 * 106 JKg – 1
LATENT HEAT OF STEAM / VAPOURISATION OF WATER :
It is the amount of heat required to convert unit mass of water at 100 O C

into steam at 100O c is called Latent Heat of Steam.
Symbol : “ L ”
Value:
C.G.S system : 540 Cal g –1
S.I system : 2.26 * 106 J Kg – 1
Page No. 24
Example :
A drying oven with 2 KW heating element has a heat capacity of 400 JK-1,
1 Kg of water at 200C is place in the oven. After 13 min mass of water in it
is 0.5 Kg. Ignoring heat losses calculate the specific latent heat of water.
Solution :
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 103 J Kg-1
Total heat supplied = 2 x 103 x 15 x 60 = 1.56 x 106 J
Heat used for the over = C θ
= 400 x (100 – 20) = 32000 = 0.032 x 106 J
Heat used to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water = m C θ
= 1 x 4200 x (100 – 20) = 0.336 x 106 J
So total heat to change water from 1000 C to steam at 1000 C =
= 1.56 x 106 – (0.032 x 106 + 0.336 x 106 ) J
= 1.192 x 106 J
Since mass of water changed to steam = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5 Kg
L = 1.192 x 106/ 0.5
= 2.38 x 106 J Kg-1
Example:
The specific heat of a gas at constant volume is 20 J mol-1 K-1 . One mole
of gas is heated through 100 C . What is the increase in internal energy.
Solution :
Mass of gas, m = 1 mole
C v = 20 J mole-1 k-1
Temperature difference , ΔT = 100 C = 100 K
Increase in internal energy = m Cv Δ T = 1 x 20 x 10 = 200 J
Page No. 25
Mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.186 J Cal -1
Specific heat of water = 4186 Jkg-1 K-1
Specific heat of copper = 385 Jkg-1 K-1
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 0.335 x 10 6 Jkg-1
Latent heat of steam = 2.26 x 10 6 Jkg-1
Specific heat of ice = 2100 Jkg-1 K-1
Gas constant R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1 = 1.979 cal/mol/0C
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION :( α )
Page No. 26
The Coefficient of Linear Expansion of the material of a solid is the ratio of

increase in the length per one degree centigrade rise of temperature to its
original length.
Example: A Steel tape is correct at 00 C. If a distance of 1 Km is measured by it

at 400 C, Determine the actual distance. α = 11 x 10-6 / 0C.
Solution: l2
l1
Initial length l1 = 1 Km = 1000 m
Initial Temperature t1 =0 0C
Final Temperature t2 = 40 0C
Final Length l2 = ?
l2-l1 = α l1 (t2-t1) = 11 x 10-6 x 1000 x 40 = 44 x10-2

l2 = 0.44 + 1000 = 1000.44 m
Example : A thermocouple has an initial length of 300 mm. The circuit breaker
trips if the length of the thermocouple becomes 300.25 mm. If the
initial temperature in the tank is 280 C, then what is the temperature
at which the circuit breaker trips? l1
Solution :
Initial length l1 = 300 mm BI METALLIC STRIP
Final length l2 = 300.25 mm l2
Initial temperature t1 = 280C
Final temperature t2 = ?
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, α = 17.5 x 10-6 / 0C
l2-l1 = α l1 (t2-t1)
t2 – t1 = (l2-l1) / α l1 = (300.25 – 300) / 17.5 x 10 -6 x 300
= 47.6190C
t2 = 47.619 + 28 = 75.619 0C
Example :
Page No. 27
A circular plate has an area 100 cm2 at 00 C At 500 C. What is the

increase in the area if the coefficient of linear expansion of the material
is 0.00008 / 0C
Solution :
Change in area ∆s = β s (t2-t1)
Where S is the initial area
But β = 2 α
∆s = 2 α x s (t2 - t1) = 2 x 0.00008 x 100 x 50
The increase in area = 0.8 cm2
COEFFICIENT OF AREAL OR SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION:
The Coefficient of Areal or Superficial Expansion of the material of a

solid is the ratio of increase in the area per one degree centigrade rise of
temperature to its original area .
Example:
A copper strip conductor has an area of 200 Sq mm at a
temperature of 270 C, What is the increase in area when the
temperature increases to 1000 C, considering the coefficient of linear
Expansion of copper , α = 17 x 10-6 / 0C
Solution :
Initial area of the conductor A1 = 200 Sq mm

Initial temperature t1 = 270 C
Final temperature t2 = 1000 C
Final area, A2 = A1 [ 1 + β ( t2 – t1) ]
= 200 [ 1 + 2 x 17 x 10-6 ( 100 – 27)]
= 200.4964 mm
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION:-
Page No. 28
The Coefficient of Volume or Cubical Expansion of the material of a

solid is the ratio of increase in the volume per one degree centigrade
rise of temperature to its original volume.
Example :
A cylindrical tank of radius 160 mm and height 800 mm, is filled
with oil up-to a height of 650 mm at a temperature of 28 0 C. If the
temperature inside the tank raises to 800 C, determine the volume of
oil inside the tank at this temperature. The coefficient of Linear
Expansion of transformer oil is 0.00078 / 0C.
Solution :
Radius of the tank = 160 mm
Height of the tank, H = 800 mm
Initial height of oil at 280C h1 = 650 mm
Initial temperature of the oil, t1 = 280 C h1 H
Final temperature of the oil, t2 = 800 C OIL
Initial temperature t1 = 280C
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, α = 0.00078 / 0C
V2-V1 = γV1 (t2-t1)
V2 = V1+ γV1 (t2-t1)
V1 = π x 16 x 16 x 65 = 52276.10 c.c.
Initial volume of oil = 52.276 Liters
V2 = 52.276 [ 1 + γ (t2- t1)]
V2 = 52.276 [1 + 0.00078 x 52 ] = 54.396 Litres
Increase in the volume of oil due to rise in the temperature is 2.12 Litres
Example :
Page No. 29
A cube has side " a " and coefficient of linear expansion " α ". If its
temperature is raised through 1000 C find the percentage increase in
volume.
Solution :
Initial length of the side = a
Initial volume V1 = a3
Increase in volume = V1 γ t = a3 (3 α ) 100
Fractional increase in volume = a3 (3 α ) 100/ a 3 = 300 α
Percentage increase in volume = 300 α x 100 = 3 x 104 x α
COEFFICIENT OF APPARENT EXPANSION OF A LIQUID:-
The Coefficient of Apparent Expansion of a liquid is the ratio of

apparent increase in the volume per one degree centigrade rise of
temperature to its original volume.
COEFFICIENT OF REAL EXPANSION OF A LIQUID :-
The Coefficient of Real Expansion of a liquid is the ratio of real

increase in the volume per one degree centigrade rise of temperature to
its original volume.
Coefficient of Real Expansion of a Liquid =
Coefficient of Apparent Coefficient of Volume expansion

expansion of a liquid of the Container
Page No. 30
VOLUME COEFFICIENT OF A GAS:
The Volume Coefficient of a gas is the ratio of the increase in its volume
under constant pressure per 10 C raise of temperature to its volume
at 00C.
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT OF A GAS :
The Pressure Coefficient of a gas is the ratio of the increase in pressure

under constant volume per 10 C raise of temperature to its pressure at 0 o
C.
VISCOSITY:
The property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers a resistance to the

relative motion between its different layers is called Viscosity.
COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY (DYNAMIC VISCOSITY):
The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is the tangential force per unit

area required to maintain unit velocity gradient normal to the direction
of flow.
Unit: Newton Sec / Sq m
Page No. 31
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:
The ratio of coefficient of viscosity (), density() is termed as
Kinematic Viscosity.
Symbol : “”
Unit : M2/sec.
C.G.S. System : Poise
S.I. System : NSm-2
Example:
A B3 cup is filled Poly Vinyl Acetal Enamel PV (1530), it takes 200
sec for it to empty, its viscosity is 200 second.
If an oil of density ρ = 900 Kgm-3 drops with a velocity of V
= 4.0 x 10-4 m/s through a radius of r = 1.9 x 10-6 then what is its
coefficient of viscosity.
 = (r2 ρ g )/ 9 V
= (1.9 x 10-6 ) 2 x 2 x 900 x 9.8 / (9 x 4.0 x 10 -4)
= 1.768 x 10-5 N S m-2
Example:
Page No. 32
A metal plate of area 0.001 m2 is placed on glycerin layer of thickness 1

mm. The
Coefficient of viscosity of glycerin is 20 Poise. Find the horizontal force
required to move the plate with a velocity of 10-2 ms-1
Solution :
Area of the plate A = 0.001 m2
Velocity dv = 10 -2 ms-1
Thickness of glycerin layer dx = 1 mm = 10-3
Coefficient of viscosity η= 20 x 10 -1 Pas
F = η A dv/dx
= 20 x 10-1 x 0.001 x 10 -2 / 10-3
F = 0.02 N
Example:
Water is allowed to flow through a capillary tube of 0.1 m. length and 2
mm diameter under a constant pressure difference of 6.5 cm of water
level. If 0.16 litre of water flows in 1 minute, find its coefficient of
viscosity.
Solution :
Pressure, P = h d g = 0.065 x 1000 x 9.8 Nm-2
Diameter = 2 mm
radius r = 2/2 = 1 mm = 10 -3 m
Length, l = 0.1 m
Volume of water v= 0.16 litre = 0.16 x 10-3 m3
Time t = 1 min = 60 sec.
N = π r4 P/ 8 r l = π h d g r4 t / 8 l v = [22/7 x 0.065 x 1000 x 9.8 x (10-
3)+4 x 60]/ (8 x 0.1 x 0.16 x 10-3)
= 0.009383 Pas.
Page No. 33

Vijai Electricals LTD.: Units and Measurements

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Vijai Electricals LTD.: Units and Measurements

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VIJAI ELECTRICALS Ltd.

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

The S. I. system has 7 base units and 2 supplementary units of angle.

Unit : S.I. System : Metre m

The length of a Roller Hearth Furnace is = 10.8 m = 1080 Cm = 35.433 Feet

The length of enamel annealing furnace is = 6 m = 19.68 feet

( 1 cm = 0.0328 feet, 1 m = 3.28 feet)

In 3 Dimensional space length is interpreted as Length, Width,

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Dimensions of CRGO lamination are

Length x Width x Height = 700 mm x 100 mm x 0.27 mm

The length of a CRGO cut lamination is given in millimeters. L= 280 mm

The width of amorphous ribbon is given in inches.

The Mass of the international proto type Kilogram, is a block of Platinum

C.G.S. System : Gram

F.P.S. System : Pound

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

The mass of a Transformer is given in Kilogram.

Mass of transformer = 2200 Kg = 2.205 x 2200 = 4851 Pounds

The mass of a carrier is given in Tons.

The net weight of the carrier = 200 Tons

One Second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation

In Induced Over Voltage Withstand test 3 KV voltage is applied for 30

The time taken for the cutting of a CRGO lamination is 3 Seconds

The time taken for the assembly of core is 45 minutes

The time taken for preheating of coils is 8 hours.

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

One Ampere is the current which is maintained in two straight parallel

The D.C. Current rating in the Continuous Annealing Furnace in AMT

The Current rating of Butt Welding in Conductor Plant is 44 Amps.

One Kelvin is the fraction of 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic (absolute)

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Pour Point of transformer oil is = -60C

The temperature of Pot Annealing furncace for 4.5 mm x 1.5 mm

The luminous intensity in the perpendicular directuion of a surface of

One Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose

1 radian = 360/ 2 л = 570 17’ 44”

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

BASIC UNITS OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES IN DIFFERENT

SYSTEM LENGTH MASS TIME

F.P.S. FOOT POUND SECOND

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Area of “ V ”- notch = ½ x 110 x 55 = 3025 sq mm

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Determine the surface area of conservator tank having a length of 1250 mm

RING : ( PERMA WOOD RING)

A perma wood ring has an inner radius of 50 mm

Area of the perma wood ring =  (R22 - R 12)

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Volume of a cube of side “ a ” cm is = a3 cu.cm

Example: A Perma wood block of side ‘ 4 ’ cm has a volume of 64 cu.cm

Determine the capacity of the conservator tank having

Length of 1250 mm and radius of 305 mm .

Length of the conservator = 1250 mm

Radiu of the conservator = 305 mm

Volume of the conservator =  r2 l

=  x (305/1000)2 x 1250/1000 = 0.365 m3

= 365 litres ( 1 litre = 1000 c.c)