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humidity & relative humidity with the help of dew point hygrometer.
heat
apparatus.
DILATOMETER
coefficients.
Experiment # 6: To determine the thermal expansion of
Discuss the results in terms of the real and ideal behavior of vapors.
Discuss the results in terms of the real and ideal behavior of gases
CALORIMETERY
pure liquid
humidity & relative humidity with the help of dew point hygrometer.
heat
apparatus.
coefficients.
Discuss the results in terms of the real and ideal behavior of vapors.
Discuss the results in terms of the real and ideal behavior of gases
APPARATUS:
angled glass tube, three stopper and Rubber bulb for pumping air.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Assembly:
Dew point fills the metal tube to about two third with n-pentane and
fit on the stopper. Thermometer and Right angled glass tube should
just above the bottom of the tube. While obtuse angled glass tube
which acts as outlet for vapor evolved, ends just below the bottom
of Rubber stopper.
PROCEDURE:
using the rubber bulb. Observe the outer surface of tube and the
temperature as T2.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
1. Dew Point
2. Absolute Humidity
=__________ kg/m3
3. Relative Humidity
=__________kg/m3
Where;
= Relative humidity
ASSIGNMENT:
What are different types of hygrometers used in industry
and for what applications? State at least five types along
with their working principles.
EXPERIMENT # 2
BOYLE’S LAW
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS:
length.
PROCEDURE:
which is closed at the top. To remove all the air from supply tube,
This law can also be observed by increasing the volume of air step
RESULT:-
PRECAUTIONS:-
the air.
experiment.
ASSIGNMENT:
EXPERIMENT #3
MECHANICAL EQUAVALENT OF HEAT
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
• Wrap the band 2.5 times around the cylinder so that the load
experiment (T1)
________________ K
Cthermometer=____________ J/K
S N Fo Cyl Wo Th
r. u rce ind rk er
N m on er du ma
o b Sp Te e l
e rin mp to En
r g er fri er
o Bal at cti gy
f an ur on Q
r ce e W =
o F2 at = Ctot
t (N) en 2π al
a d rn( (T2
ti T2 F2 –
o (K) −F T1)
n 1) (J
s (N )
n )
1
2
3
4
5
From literature thermal heat capacity for;
RESULT
“Discus your Result”
EXPERIMENT # 4
MECHANICAL EQUAVALENT OF HEAT
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
• Wrap the band 2.5 times around the cylinder so that the load
experiment (T1)
(k (c ( ( (K ( (K (J/K) (J/g-K)
g) m N N ) N )
) ) ) )
Z
n
-
C
u
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
B
r
a
s
s
RESULT
ASSEMBLY:
PROCEDURE:
Clamp the first tube over its whole length (600 mm) in the
via rubber tubing. Keep the tubing as far as possible away from the
temperature controlled bath and set the temperature only with the
(approximately 20°C) has been reached, set the meter to ‘0’, and
temperatures.
materials.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
RESULT
value”
EXPERIMENT # 6
THERMAL EXPANSION
OBJECTIVE:
PROCEDURE:
is read from the scale on the tube built into its stopper.
S Ini Ini Fi Fi Ch Ch
r tia tia na na an an
l l l l ge ge
# vo Te Te Vo in in
lu m m lu vo Te
m pe pe m lu m
e ra ra e m pe
of tu tu of e ra
w re re w ΔV tu
at of of at = re
er w w er V- ΔT
Vo at at V Vo =
er er T-
T0 T To
(ml) (°C) (°C) (ml) (ml) (K) (K-1)
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
5 60
6 70
RESULT
Procedure:
that the water is brought to gentle boiling. When the water has
with a paper towel and determine the total weight of the syringe
exact volume of air contained in the gas syringe. Now rapidly inject
the substance through the rubber cap. Ensure that the whole test
substance has been injected into the cylinder of the gas syringe and
nothing has remained in the capillary tube. Let the injection syringe
stuck in the rubber cap until the vapour volume no longer changes.
syringe slightly, then read off the volume of the vaporized liquid.
S T V M V
r e o a o
m l s l
# p u s u
e m o m
r e f e
a li o
t f q f
u i u v
r l i a
e l d p
e i o
d n r
s i
i y z
n r e
i d
s n l
y g i
r e q
i m u
n i
g d
e V
° ( (g) (m (g/gmol) (g/gmol)
C m l)
l)
Where;
Results
Discus your Result and compare them with each other and literature
value
EXPERIMENT # 8
MOLAR MASS OF GAS
OBJECTIVE:
PROCEDURE:
Thoroughly clean and dry the syringe and the glass bulb and lightly
grease the three-way stopcock (do not grease the syringe plunger!).
removed from the syringe barrel whilst still allowing the syringe to
To determine the mass of the glass bulb, close S2, open S3 and
disconnect the bulb from the vacuum line and weigh it. Following
this, reconnect the bulb to the vacuum line and open S2 and S3.
Turn S1 to connect both the syringe and the bulb to the gas bottle
and evacuate the entire vacuum line for a further 5-10 minutes.
the gas bottle to fill the syringe with gas. Record the volume of gas
introduced into the syringe (between 95 and 100 ml) to the nearest
0.5 ml. Fill the bulb with gas by turning S1 through 180° and slowly
open S2. After closing S2, remove the bulb from the vacuum line
and re-weigh it. Calculate the mass of the gas in the bulb and record
bulb and repeat the procedure twice before measuring the next gas.
Sr # Volume Mass of
of gas gas
V m
(ml) (g) (g/gmol)
1
2
3
4
5
EXPERIMENT # 9
CRITICAL POINT OF A SUBSTANCE
OBJECTIVE:
PROCEDURE:
point apparatus must be secured with hose clips. The flow of water
manner that just as much water can enter the device as can flow
PROCEDURE:
and fill it through the straight inlet tube with 15 ml of the liquid to
the air control valve. Only then, close off the right-angled air outlet
support for the evaporation vessel. Fill the calorimeter with 900 g of
0.1 g). Put the oval magnetic stirrer bar into the calorimeter and
the heating unit!). Insert the heating coil, the temperature probe
and the evaporation vessel into the lid of the calorimeter and fix
them in position. Take off the rubber cap and connect the
constant or shows only a slight drift, then turn on the water jet
pump and start the vaporization process by carefully opening the air
control valve on the air inlet. Avoid vigorous sputtering and delayed
approx. 1°C, close the air control valve and shut off the water jet
pump (let air into the safety bottle!). Immediately remove the
vacuum tubing from the air outlet tube of the evaporation vessel
and close this outlet tube with the rubber cap. Continue to measure
and power meter for the electric heating. Put the free ends of the
heating coil connection cables into the output jacks. The system is
4000 Ws, switch off the heating and read off the exact quantity of
From the two weighings, i.e. before and after vaporization, the
a new measurement.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE:
For the first measurement, fill 432 g water into the calorimeter.
Insert the oval magnetic stirrer bar in the calorimeter and switch the
mistake!). Insert the heating coil and the temperature probe into the
hole lengthwise, put the second temperature probe through the hole
the temperature of the water in the calorimeter and wait until the
calorimeter does not exceed 0.02 K. Wait a few minutes, then pour
for the electric heating. Put the free ends of the heating coil
temperature change resulting from mixing the two liquids, switch off