Hydrogen

3 Physical Properties
• A colourless, odourless, tasteless gas
• Virtually insoluble in water
• Less dense than air
3 Chemical properties
• Hydrogen burns in air or oxygen with a blue flame forming steam
• Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals to form hydrides
• Hydrogen is a reducing agent
3 Uses of Hydrogen
• In the manufacture of ammonia
• In the manufacture of margarine
• As a fuel for the future

Carbon
3 Physical properties
Carbon has 3 allotropes: diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Usually black in colour but it can be clear and colorless in diamond form
Carbon has a melting point of 3500.0 °C and a boiling point of 4827.0 °C
3 Chemical properties
Carbon burns in air or oxygen forming Carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide
Carbon is a reducing agent
Carbon has the ability to make virtually endless strings of atoms.

3 Uses of Carbon
The carbon allotrope diamond is used in jewelry
The carbon allotrope graphite is mixed with clay to form “lead” in lead pencils
Diamond is used in the tips of cutting tools

Nitrogen
3 Physical properties
A colourless, odourless, tasteless gas
Virtually insoluble in water
Slightly less dense than air
3 Chemical properties
Nitrogen reacts with oxygen when subjected to a spark, forming nitrogen monoxid
e
Nitrogen is chemically inert under ordinary conditions
Nitrogen reacts with reactive metals at high temperatures forming nitrides
3 Uses of Nitrogen
In the manufacture of ammonia
As a refrigerant
In food packaging to provide an inert atmosphere which prevents aerobic decay

Chlorine
3 Physical properties
A yellow-green, poisonous gas with a pungent, choking smell
Moderately soluble in water
Denser than air
3 Chemical properties
Chlorine reacts with some non-metals forming covalent chlorides
Chlorine reacts with metals forming anhydrous ionic chlorides
Chlorine is an acidic gas
3 Uses of Chlorine
In the manufacture of sodium chlorate(I), calcium chlorate (I) and many chlorin
ated organic compounds
Chlorine is used to sterilize drinking water and swimming pool water
Chlorine is also used as a bleach to whiten paper and cotton.
Oxygen
3 Physical properties
A colourless, odourless, tasteless gas
Slightly soluble in water
Slightly denser than air
3 Chemical properties
Oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent
Oxygen is a neutral gas
Oxygen supports combustion
3 Uses of Oxygen
Oxygen is used by animals for respiration
Oxygen is use when smelting iron ore to steel
Oxygen when mixed with certain gases allows respiration in submarines, high-fl
ying aircraft, and spacecraft.

Silicon
3 Physical properties
* Boiling point 3265 °C and melting point 1410 °C
* Silicon has a density of 2.33 gcm -3 at 20 °C
* Silicon is a semiconductor
3 Chemical properties
* In the molten (melted) state, for example, it combines with oxygen, nitr
ogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements.
* Silicon is a relatively inactive element at room temperature but it beco
mes more reactive when its temperature is incresed
* Water, steam, and most acids have very little affect on the element
3 Uses of Silicon
* In the manufacture of silicon chips for computers
* Hyperpure silicon is used in transistors and other components of electro
nic devices
* Used in the production of alloys usually with iron and steel, aluminum,
and copper.

Phosphorus
3 Physical properties
• Boiling point is 280 °C and melting point is 44,2 °C
• Density is 1.82 g/cm 3
• Phosphorus exists in at least three allotropic forms: white, red and black phosp
horus
3 Chemical properties
• Phosphorus also combines with metals to form compounds known as phosphides
• It combines with oxygen easily causing combustion.
• Phosphorus combines easily with the halogens.
3 Uses of Phosphorus
• In the manufacture of phosphoric acid
• Concentrated phosphoric acids are used in fertilizers for agriculture and farm
production
• Certain phosphorus compounds are use to tip the wood and paper safety matches

Sulphur
3 Physical properties
Sulphur has a melting point of 115 °C and a boiling point of 445 °C
Sulphur has a density of 1.96 gcm-3
Sulphur is yellow in colour
3 Chemical properties
Sulphur burns in air or oxygen with a blue flame forming Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur reacts with metals to form Sulphide
Sulphur’s heat of fusion is 50.55kJ/mol (heat of fusion is heat absorbed by a unit
mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liqui
d at the same temperature)
3 Uses of Sulphur
 In the manufacture of medicinal drugs and ointments for the treatment of fungal
infections
In the manufacture of fungicides for agricultural use
In the manufacture of gunpowder and matches