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Ìàòåðèàëû III ñüåçäà ôèçèîëîãîâ ÑÍà «Ôèçèîëîãèÿ è çäîðîâüå ÷åëîâåêà»
(ßëòà, 1-6 îêòÿáðÿ 2011 ãîäà)
ÌÅÌÎÐÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ËÅÊÖÈÈ
Êðûøòàëü Î.À. Âêëàä Ï. Ã. Êîñòþêà â ïàðàäèãìó êàëüöèåâîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè . . . . . . . . 5
Ãðèãîðüåâ À.È. Ðîëü àêàäåìèêà Î.Ã. Ãàçåíêî â ñòàíîâëåíèè è ðàçâèòèè êîñìè÷åñêîé
ôèçèîëîãèè è ìåäèöèíû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Íàòî÷èí Þ.Â. Âîäíî-ñîëåâîé ãîìåîñòàç ðîëü ðåôëåêñîâ, ãîðìîíîâ, èíêðåòèíîâ,
àóòàêîèäîâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ñåïèàøâèëè Ð.È. Îò òåîðèè êëåòî÷íîé ïàòîëîãèè Ð. Âèðõîâà ê ôàãîöèòàðíîé òåîðèè
È.È. Ìå÷íèêîâà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ÏËÅÍÀÐÍÛÅ ÄÎÊËÀÄÛ È ËÅÊÖÈÈ
Àãàäæàíÿí Í.À. Àäàïòàöèîííàÿ ôèçèîëîãèÿ è ýêîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà:
êóëüòóðà, íðàâñòâåííîñòü, äóõîâíîñòü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Áåðåæíàÿ Í.Ì. , Ñåïèàøâèëè Ð.È. Ôèçèîëîãèÿ TOLL-ïîäîáíûõ ðåöåïòîðîâ
ðåãóëÿòîðîâ âðîæäåííîãî è ïðèîáðåòåííîãî èììóíèòåòà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Áðåæåñòîâñêèé Ï.Ä. Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû ìîëåêóëÿðíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ñèíàïñà . . 30
Âîéòåíêî Í.Â. Ìîëåêóëÿðíûå ìåõàíèçìû ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ
ãëóòàìàòíûõ ÀÌÐÀ-ðåöåïòîðîâ ïðè õðîíè÷åñêîé áîëè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Çåôèðîâ À.Ë. Ìåäèàòîðû, ýâîëþöèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Èâàíîâà Ë.Í. Âàçîïðåññèí: ìîëåêóëÿðíûå îñíîâû àíòèäèóðåòè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà . . . . 39
Êóëü÷èöêèé Â.À., Ñòðèæàê È.Â. Ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå ðåàêöèè êðûñ ïðè àïïëèêàöèè
ýíäîòîêñèíà íà ñëèçèñòóþ îáîëî÷êó íîñà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ëóêüÿíîâà Ë.Ä. , Êèðîâà Þ.È. , Ñóêîÿí Ã.Â. , Ãåðìàíîâà Ý.Ë. Ñèãíàëüíûå ìåõàíèçìû
àäàïòàöèè ê ãèïîêñèè, èõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèå è ðîëü â ñèñòåìíîé ðåãóëÿöèè . . . . . . . . 44
Âèöå-ïðåçèäåíòû
Þ.Â. Íàòî÷èí Ð.È. Ñåïèàøâèëè Ô.È. Ôóðäóé
Îðãàíèçàöèîííûé êîìèòåò
III ÑÚÅÇÄÀ ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÎÂ ÑÍÃ
Ïðåäñåäàòåëü ïðîãðàììíîãî êîìèòåòà Ïðåäñåäàòåëü îðãêîìèòåòà
À.È. Ã ÐÈÃÎÐÜÅÂ Ð.È. ÑÅÏÈÀØÂÈËÈ
Íàó÷íûé ñåêðåòàðèàò
WWW.PHYSIOLOGY-CIS.ORG
ÌÅÌÎÐÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ËÅÊÖÈÈ
Âêëàä Ï. Ã. Êîñòþêà
â ïàðàäèãìó êàëüöèåâîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè
Î.À. Êðûøòàëü
Èíñòèòóò ôèçèîëîãèè èì. À.À. Áîãîìîëüöà ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû, Êèåâ
Èäåè îá îñîáîé ðîëè êàëüöèÿ â áèîëîãèè ïîøóòèòü: «Êàëüöèé ýòî âñå!» Îäíàêî ÷òî-
áåðóò íà÷àëî ñ ÕIÕ âåêà, êîãäà ïî÷òè ñðàçó áû óñòàíîâèòü, íàñêîëüêî «âñå» ýòî âñå,
ïîñëå îòêðûòèÿ êàëüöèÿ êàê íåîðãàíè÷åñ- ïîòðåáîâàëàñü åùå ïàðà äåñÿòèëåòèé.
êîãî ýëåìåíòà (Äýâè, 1808) áûëà óñòàíîâ- Ñòàëè óìíîæàòüñÿ äàííûå î êëþ÷åâîé
ëåíà åãî ðîëü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè êî ñòåé ðîëè êà ëüöèÿ â ðåãóëÿöèè àêòèâíî ñòè
ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, à òàêæå äðóãèõ ìèíåðà- ìíîæåñòâà ôåðìåíòîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è
ëèçîâàííûõ òêàíåé, âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ â ìåõàíèçìîâ, óïðàâëÿþùèõ êëåòî÷íîé
áèîëîãè÷åñêîì ìíîãîîáðàçèè æèâîòíîãî ñìåðòüþ. Ïîÿâèëèñü ñâåäåíèÿ îá ýíåðãî-
ìèðà. Ñëåäóþùèì ýòàïîì ïîñëóæèëè çàâèñèìîì íàêîïëåíèè êàëüöèÿ â ñàðêîïëàç-
íàáëþäåíèÿ âûäàþùåãî ñÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ìàòè÷åñêîì ðåòèêóëóìå è ìèòîõîíäðèÿõ.
ôèçèîëîãà Ñèäíåÿ Ðèíãåðà (S. Ringer), Ïî÷òè ïàðàëëåëüíî âî âðåìåíè âîçíèêëà
ñäåëàííûå áëèæå ê êîíöó ÕIÕ âåêà. Ðèíãåð êîíöåïöèÿ êà ëüöèåâîé ïðîíèöàåìî ñòè
îáíàðóæèë, ÷òî èçîëèðîâàííîå ñåðäöå êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí, òî åñòü ó÷àñòèÿ
ëÿãóøêè íàìíîãî ëó÷øå âûæèâàåò, ñîõðà- êàëüöèÿ â ýëåêòðîãåíåçå è íåéðîñåêðåöèè
íÿÿ ñîêðàòèòåëüíóþ àêòèâíîñòü, â âîäîïðî- (â òîì ÷èñëå è ñåêðåöèè íåéðîìåäèàòîðîâ).
âîäíîé âîäå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äèñòèëëèðîâàí- Ó èñòîêîâ ýòîé êîíöåïöèè ñòîÿò, ïðåæäå
íîé. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ïðè÷èíà ñòîëü «æèâî- âñåãî, èìåíà Áåðíàðäà Êàöà è ñîàâòîðîâ
òâîðíîãî» äåéñòâèÿ âîäû èç ëîíäîíñêîãî (B. Katz, P. Fatt, R. Miledi).
âîäîïðîâîäà âûñîêîå ñîäåðæàíèå â íåé Ïåðâîå ïðÿìîå èçìåðåíèå êàëüöèåâîãî
êàëüöèÿ (â êîíöåíòðàöèè, êàê âûÿñíèëîñü, òîêà áûëî ñäåëàíî Ôýòòîì è Ãèíñáîðãîì â
ïîðÿäêà ìèëëèìîëÿ). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îêà- 1958 ãîäó íà ìûøå÷íûõ êëåòêàõ ðàêîîá-
çàëîñü, ÷òî êàëüöèé ýòî íå òîëüêî ñîñòàâ- ðàçíîãî (P. Fatt and B. Ginsborg). Ãèãàíò-
ëÿþùàÿ ìèíåðàëèçîâàííûõ òêàíåé, íî è ñêèå ìûøå÷íûå âîëîêíà ðàêîîáðàçíûõ
ôàêòîð, êîòîðûé ó÷àñòâóåò â ìûøå÷íîì îáëàäàþò ìîùíîé ñèñòåìîé êàëüöèåâîé
ñîêðàùåíèè. Ñëåäóþùèé ïðîðûâ â ïîíèìà- ïðîâîäèìîñòè è ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëèøåíû ñïî-
íèè ðîëè êàëüöèÿ ñëó÷èëñÿ óæå â 40-õ ãîäàõ ñîáíîñòè ãåíåðèðîâàòü íàòðèåâûé ïîòåí-
ïðîøëîãî âåêà, êîãäà Ë. Õåéëüáðàì (L Heil- öèàë äåéñòâèÿ. Ýòî ïîçâîëèëî Ñ. Õàãèâàðå
brunn) ââåë êàëüöèé âíóòðü ìûøå÷íûõ ( S. Hagiwara) ïðîèçâåñòè ïåðâîå îïèñàíèå
âîëîêîí ÷åðåç èõ îáðåçàííûå êîíöû è òàêèì ñâîéñòâ êàëüöèåâîé ïðîâîäèìîñòè.  òî æå
îáðàçîì âûçâàë ìûøå÷íîå ñîêðàùåíèå.  âðåìÿ åùå À. Õîäæêèí (A. Hodgkin) è
1942 ãîäó Ê. Áåéëè (K. Bailey) îáúÿñíèë ñîàâòîðû ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî êàëüöèåâàÿ ïðîíè-
ýòîò ôåíîìåí, ïîêàçàâ, ÷òî ÀÒÔ-àçíàÿ àê- öàåìîñòü ãèãàíòñêîãî íåðâíîãî âîëîêíà èñ-
òèâíîñòü ìèîçèíà êðèòè÷åñêè àêòèâèðóåòñÿ ÷åçàþùå ìàëà è íå ñïîñîáíà âíåñòè ñêîëü-
êàëüöèåì. Äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîç- íèáóäü çàìåòíûé âêëàä â ýëåêòðîãåíåç,
âîëèëè ïåðâîîòêðûâàòåëþ ìåäèàòîðíîé ðî- ñâÿçàííûé ñ ïåðåäà÷åé íåðâíîãî èìïóëüñà.
ëè àöåòèëõîëèíà Î. Ëåâè (O. Loewy) â 1959 ã. Ï å ð åä ì è ð î âî é í àó êî é â ñ ò à ë à ç à ä à÷ à
..
Ïî÷òè 130 ëåò îòäåëÿþò íàñ îò íàáëþäåíèÿ Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begrundung auf
È.È. Ìå÷íèêîâà î âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿõ øèïà physiologische und pathologische Geweb-
ðîçû, ïîãðóæåííîãî â ïðîçðà÷íîå òåëî slehre), â êîòîðîì è áûëà ñôîðìóëèðîâàíà
ëè÷èíêè ìîðñêîé çâåçäû, è åå áëóæäàþùèõ åãî çíàìåíèòàÿ êëåòî÷íàÿ òåîðèÿ.
ê ë å òî ê . È ñ òîë êî âà í è å ý òî ãî ô å í îì å í à Îäíàêî êëåòî÷íîé ïàòîëîãèè Âèðõîâà
ï îðîäè ë î è äåþ ôàãî öèòî çà ( 1 8 8 3 ) , îá áûëà ïðèñóùà è ïðèíöèïèàëüíàÿ èñòîðè-
è ñ òî ð è ÷ å ñ êî é ñóä ü áå êîò î ð î ãî ì îæ í î ÷åñêàÿ îãðàíè÷åííîñòü, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ êàê
ñêàçàòü ñëîâàìè À.Ì. Áåçðåäêè: «Êàê í àó ÷ í û ì è , ò à ê è ì å òîä îë î ã è ÷ å ñ ê è ì è
âñÿêàÿ èñòèíà, èäåÿ î ôàãîöèòîçå ïåðåæèëà ïðè÷èíàìè. Ñàìî ñîäåðæàíèå ïîíÿòèÿ
àâòîðà. Îíà ïðîäîëæàåò áóäèòü ìûñëè è êë åòêà áûëî òîãäà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî óçêèì.
çàðîæäàòü íîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ» («Èñòîðèÿ Õîòÿ â ñâîåé êíèãå Âèðõîâ ðàññóæäàåò î
îäíîé èäåè», 1926, ñ. 3). ïèòàíèè, îáðàçîâàíèè, îòïðàâëåíèè, âîç-
Ñ î çä à í í î å ãå í è å ì È . È . Ìå÷ í è êî âà áóæäåíèè è äàæå î äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷àñòåé
ó÷åíèå î ôàãîöèòîçå ïðîøëî ñëàâíûé ïóòü òåëà, îí îêàçàëñÿ íå â ñîñòîÿíèè ïîíÿòü
îò «âîñòî÷íîé ñêàçêè» äî âñåìèðíîãî è â ýòîì åãî èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ îãðàíè÷åííîñòü
ïðèçíàíèÿ. Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ çàñëóãà «
âåëè- àêòèâíóþ ðîëü êëåòîê â æèçíè çäîðîâîãî
êîãî È.È. Ìå÷íèêîâà, ñîçäàâøåãî ïåðâóþ è áîëüíîãî îðãàíèçìà. Äëÿ Âèðõîâà êëåòêà
òåîðèþ èììóíèòåòà ôàãîöèòàðíóþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïàññèâíûì ñóáñòðàòîì áîëåç-
òåîðèþ, è îáîñíîâàâøåãî íàëè÷èå ó âûñøèõ íåííîãî ïðîöåññà, îíà òîëüêî ïðåòåðïåâàåò
îðãàíèçìîâ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííîé èììóííîé á îë å ç í å í í û å è çì å í å í è ÿ â ð å çóë üò àò å
ñèñòåìû
» (Ð.Â. Ïåòðîâ «Èììóíîëîãèÿ» ïîâðåæäåíèÿ èëè îñëàáëåíèÿ ïèòàíèÿ, íî
Ì., 1982. ñ. 5), íå âûçûâàåò ñîìíåíèé. íèêîãäà íå ðåàãèðóåò íà âîçäåéñòâèå òîãî
Èç òðåõ âåëèêèõ îòêðûòèé, ðåâîëþ- èëè èíîãî ôàêòîðà. Ñàìà èäåÿ êëåòî÷íîé
öèîíèçèðîâàâøèõ åñòåñòâîçíàíèå è ìèðî- ðåàêöèè è, òåì áîëåå, öåëåñîîáðàçíîé
âîç çðåíèå òî ãî âðåìåíè, îäíî çàêî í êëåòî÷íîé ðåàêöèè áûëà ñîâåðøåííî ÷óæäà
ñîõðàíåíèÿ è ïðåâðàùåíèÿ ýíåðãèè Âèðõîâó. Ìîæíî ñìåëî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî êëåòêà
îòíîñèòñÿ ê îáëàñòè ôèçèêè è èìååò Ðóäîëüôà Âèðõîâà íå íàäåëåíà ïîëíîöåííîé
óíèâåðñàëüíîå åñòåñòâåííîíàó÷íîå çíà- æ è ç í ü þ , î í à î á ð à çó å ò ñ ÿ , ñó ù å ñ ò âó å ò,
÷åíèå, à äâà äðóãèõ êëåòî÷íàÿ òåîðèÿ è ïèòàåòñÿ, ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ ïàññèâíûì èçìå-
ýâîëþöèîííîå ó÷åíèå ôóíäàìåíòàëüíî íåíèÿì, íî íå îùóùàåò, íå ðåàãèðó åò,
õàðàêòåðèçóþò áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ ôîðìó ñëîâîì íå äåéñòâóåò è óæ, êîíå÷íî, íå
äâèæåíèÿ ìàòåðèè. Ïåðâûé ýòàï ñèíòåçà âçàèìîäåéñòâóåò ñ äðóãèìè êëåòêàìè.
áèîëîãèè è ìåäèöèíû áûë îñóùåñòâëåí Âåëèêàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ, êîòîðóþ Äàðâèí
òðóäàìè Ð. Âèðõîâà íà îñíîâå âçàèìîñâÿçè ñîâåðøèë â áèîëîãèè, ñîñòîèò â ñîçäàíèè
êëåòî÷íîé òåîðèè è ïàòîëîãèè ÷åëîâåêà. íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîé òåîðèè ïðîèñõîæ-
Áîëåå 150 ëåò ïðîøëî ñ ìîìåíòà âûõî- äåíèÿ è ýâîëþöèè æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Íà
ä à ôó í ä à ì å í ò à ë ü í î ãî ò ðóä à Ð óä îë ü ô à îñíîâå äàðâèíîâñêîãî ó÷åíèÿ êàòåãîðèè
 è ð õî â à « Ê ë å òî÷ í à ÿ ï àòî ë î ã è ÿ » ( D i e «ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå» è «áîðüáà çà ñóùåñò-
äîëæíû ñëóæèòü â îðãàíèçìå äëÿ ïðîòèâî- ãîöèòîâ, ðàçðàáîòêå êîòîðîé áûëè ïîñâÿ-
ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ â ð åä í û ì ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ ì » . Õî ò ÿ ùåíû ïîñëåäóþùèå 25 ëåò ìîåé æèçíè».
Ìå÷íèêîâ äàâíî íàáëþäàë âêëþ÷åíèå â Âîçíèêøàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå îçàðåíèÿ àíàëîãèÿ
îðãàíèçì è ïåðåâàðèâàíèå â íåì ïîñòî- ìåæäó ïðåäïîëàãàåìûì îêðóæåíèåì çàíî-
ðîííèõ ÷àñòèö êëåòêàìè ìåçîäåðìàëüíîãî çû, «íàëåçøèìè íà íåå ïîäâèæíûìè êëåò-
ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, íî ìûñëü î òîì, ÷òî ýòîò êàìè ó ìîðñêîé çâåçäû, íå èìåþùåé íè
ïðîöåññ ìîæåò áûòü çàùèòíûì, ïî-âèäè- ñîñóäèñòîé, íè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû», è èç-
ìîìó, íå ïðèõîäèëà åìó â ãîëîâó, à ÿâèëàñü, âåñòíûì åùå Âèðõîâó íàêîïëåíèåì ëåéêî-
êàê ïèøåò îí â ñâîåì âåñüìà «îñòðîñþ- öèòîâ (òàêæå ìåçîäåðìàëüíûõ ïî ïðîèñ-
æåòíîì» âîñïîìèíàíèè, ñîâåðøåííî íåî- õîæäåíèþ) â î÷àãå âîñïàëåíèÿ ó ÷åëîâåêà
æèäàííî. «Â ÷óäíîé îáñòàíîâêå Ìåññèí- áûëà íà ñëåäóþùåå óòðî ïîäòâåðæäåíà
ñêîãî ïðîëèâà, îòäûõàÿ îò óíèâåðñèòåòñêèõ åäèíñòâåííûì îïûòîì, êîòîðûé è «ñîñ-
ïåðåäðÿã, ÿ ñî ñòðàñòüþ îòäàâàëñÿ ðàáîòå. òàâèë îñíîâó òåîðèè ôàãîöèòîâ».
Îäíàæäû, êîãäà âñÿ ñåìüÿ îòïðàâèëàñü â Ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ ïðîôåññîðà çîîëîãèè
ïàðê ñìîòðåòü êàêèõ-òî óäèâèòåëüíûõ Â å í ñ êî ãî ó í è âå ð ñ è ò å ò à Êà ðë à Ê ë àó ñ à
äðåññèðîâàííûõ îáåçüÿí è ÿ îñòàëñÿ îäèí (C. Claus) è åãî ñîòðóäíèêîâ Ê. Ãðîááåíà
í à ä ñ âî è ì ì è ê ð î ñ êî ï îì , í à áë þä à ÿ ç à (K. Grobben) è Ê. Ãðåéäåð (R. Heider),
æèçíüþ ïîäâèæíûõ êëåòîê ó ïðîçðà÷íîé êîòîðûì È.È. Ìå÷íèêîâ ðàññêàçàë î ñâîåì
ëè÷èíêè ìîðñêîé çâåçäû, ìåíÿ... îñåíèëà îòêðûòèè, êëåòêè-çàùèòíèêè áûëè íàçâàíû
íîâàÿ ìûñëü. Ìíå ïðèøëî â ãîëîâó, ÷òî ôàãîöèòàìè (îò ãðå÷. phagein ïîæèðàòü è
ïîäîáíûå êëåòêè äîëæíû ñëóæèòü â îðãà- cytos êëåòêà), à ñàìî ÿâëåíèå ôàãîöè-
íèçìå äëÿ ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèÿ âðåäíûì òîçîì.
äåÿòåëÿì. ×óâñòâóÿ, ÷òî çäå ñü êðîèòñÿ Í å ñ ë åä óå ò îä í à êî ï îë à ã àò ü ñ ÿ í à
íå÷òî îñîáåííî èíòåðåñíîå, ÿ äî òîãî ñêðîìíîñòü Ìå÷íèêîâà. Ìîæíî ñìåëî óò-
âçâîëíîâàëñÿ, ÷òî ñòàë øàãàòü ïî êîìíàòå âåðæäàòü, ÷òî îñíîâó ôàãîöèòàðíîé òåîðèè
è äàæå âûøåë íà áåðåã ìîðÿ, ÷òîáû îáðàçóåò îòíþäü íå óäà÷à ýòîãî îïûòà, à
ñîáðàòüñÿ ñ ìûñëÿìè. ß ñêàçàë ñåáå, ÷òî ãåíèàëüíîå ïðîçðåíèå Ìå÷íèêîâà, ñóìåâ-
åñëè ìîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ñïðàâåäëèâî, òî øåãî óìîçðèòåëüíûì ïóòåì óñòàíîâèòü
çàíîçà, âñòàâëåííàÿ â òåëî ëè÷èíêè ìîð- ãëóáîêóþ âíóòðåííþþ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ñòîëü
ñêîé çâåçäû, íå èìåþùåé íè ñîñóäèñòîé, ðàçíîðîäíûìè ïðîöåññàìè â ñòîëü äàëåêèõ
íè íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû, äîëæíà â êîðîòêîå äðóã îò äðóãà îðãàíèçìàõ, êàê ìîðñêàÿ
âðåìÿ îêðóæèòüñÿ íàëåçøèìè íà íåå çâå çäà è ÷åëîâåê. «Èç âñ åõ ïðèçíàêîâ,
ïîäâèæíûìè êëåòêàìè, ïîäîáíî òîìó êàê îòëè÷àþùèõ ãåíèàëüíîñòü, äâà, êàæåòñÿ,
ýòî íàáëþäàåòñÿ ó ÷åëîâåêà, çàíîçèâøåãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå ïîêàçàòåëüíûìè ýòî,
ïàëåö. Ñêàçàíî ñäåëàíî.  êðîøå÷íîì âî-ïåðâûõ, ñïîñîáíîñòü îõâàòûâàòü è
ñàäèêå ïðè íàøåì äâîðå, â êîòîðîì íåñ- îáúåäèíÿòü øèðîêèå îáëàñòè çíàíèÿ è, âî-
êîëüêî äíåé ïåðåä òåì íà ìàíäàðèíîâîì âòîðûõ, ñïî ñîáíîñòü ê ðåçêèì ñêà÷êàì
äåðåâöå áûëà óñòðîåíà äåòÿì ðîæäåñò- ìûñëè, ê íåîæèäàííîìó ñáëèæåíèþ ôàêòîâ
âåíñêàÿ «åëêà», ÿ ñîðâàë íåñêîëüêî ðîçî- è ïîíÿòèé, êîòîðûå äëÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî
âûõ øèïîâ è òîò÷àñ âñòàâèë èõ ïîä êîæó ñìåðòíîãî êàæóòñÿ äàëåêî ñòîÿùèìè äðóã
âå ë è êîë å ï í û õ , ï ð î ç ð à÷ í û õ , êà ê âîä à , îò äðóãà è íè÷åì íå ñâÿçàííûìè, ïî
ëè÷èíîê ìîðñêîé çâåçäû. ß, ðàçóìååòñÿ, êðàéíåé ìåðå äî òîãî ìîìåíòà, êîãäà òàêàÿ
âñþ íî÷ü âîëíîâàëñÿ â îæèäàíèè ðåçóëü- ñ âÿ ç ü áóä å ò î á í à ðó æå í à è ä î êà ç à í à »
òàòà è íà äðóãîé äåíü ðàíî óòðîì ñ ðà- (Ë.À. ×óãàåâ). Ýòè ÷åðòû áûëè â ïîëíîé
äîñòüþ êîíñòàòèðîâàë óäà÷ó îïûòà. Ýòîò ìåðå ïðèñóùè È.È. Ìå÷íèêîâó, îñóùåñò-
ïîñëåäíèé è ñîñòàâèë îñíîâó òåîðèè ôà- âèâøåìó ñèíòåç ìåäèöèíû è äàðâèíîâñêîé
áèîëîãèè ïóòåì ñáëèæåíèÿ ñòîëü äàëåêèõ íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì
îáëàñòåé íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ, êàê ïàòîëîãèÿ èç âèäîâ âîñõîæäåíèÿ îò àáñòðàêòíîãî ê
÷åëîâåêà è çîîëîãèÿ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ. êîíêðåòíîìó. Èñõîäíîé àáñòðàêöèåé Ìå÷-
Îðãàíè÷íûé ñïëàâ êàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ íèêîâà áûëà àìåáîîáðàçíàÿ êëåòêà ïàðåí-
îáðàçîâàë îñíîâó ìå÷íèêîâñêîãî îçàðåíèÿ õèìíîãî ìåçýíòîáëàñòà, ñóùåñòâîâàíèå
â ÿíâàðå 1883 ãîäà? Ñðåäè íèõ ìîæíî êîòîðîé îí ðàíåå ïîñòóëèðîâàë ó ñâîåé
âûäåëèòü ñëåäóþùèå: ïàðåíõèìåëëû ãèïîòåòè÷åñêîãî ïðåäêà
1. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ âàæíîñòü áîðüáû ñ ìíîãîêëåòî÷íûõ.
èíôåêöèîííûìè áîëåçíÿìè è íåîáõîäè- Ýìïèðè÷åñêî å îáîñíîâàíèå ôàãîöè-
ìîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ íàó÷íîé òåîðèè èììóíè- ò à ð í î é ã è ï îò å ç û , êîòî ð û ì Ìå÷ í è êî â
ò å ò à â ý ï îõó îò ê ð û ò è ÿ á à êò å ð è à ë ü í î é çàíèìàëñÿ â Ìåññèíå ñ ÿíâàðÿ ïî àïðåëü
ýòèîëîãèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ çàáîëåâàíèé. 1 8 8 3 ãîä à , ñ î ñ òîÿ ë î è ñ ê ë þ÷ è ò å ë ü í î â
2. Íàëè÷èå â íàó÷íîì êðóãîçîðå Ìå÷íè- íàáëþäåíèÿõ è ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ íà áåñïî-
êîâà, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1878 ãîäà, èíòåðå ñ à ê ç âî í î÷ í û õ . Ðå çóë üò àò û ý òî é ð à á îò û ,
áàêòåðèàëüíûì áîëåçíÿì áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ. èçëîæåííûå â ñòàòüå «Èññëåäîâàíèÿ î
3. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå â êà÷åñòâå îáúåêòà âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîì ïèùåâàðåíèè ó áåñïîçâî-
æèâûõ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåå íî÷íûõ», êîòîðàÿ áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà íà
íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå âèäåíèå ïðîöåññà, ÷åãî íåìåöêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêàõ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî
áûëè ëèøåíû ìåäèöèíñêèå áàêòåðèîëîãè è â 1883 è 1884 ãîäàõ, ñëåäóåò ïîäðàçäåëèòü
ïàòîëîãè, íàáëþäàâøèå îòäåëüíûå ðàçðîç- íà ýìïèðè÷åñêè îáîñíîâàííûå çàêîíîìåð-
íåííûå «êàäðû». Ïîñëåäíèå ìîãëè áûòü íîñòè è òåîðåòè÷åñêîå îáîáùåíèå. Ê ïåð-
ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàíû â ïðîöåññ òîëüêî ïðè âûì ïðèíàäëåæàò äîêàçàòåëüñòâà: (à) ñïî-
òåîðåòè÷åñêîì äîïóùåíèè åäèíñòâåííî ñîáíîñòè ìåçîäåðìàëüíûõ áëóæäàþùèõ
ïðàâèëüíîãî âåêòîðà. êëåòîê ê ïîãëîùåíèþ è ïåðåâàðèâàíèþ
4. Ìàñòåðñêîå âëàäåíèå Ìå÷íèêîâûì òâåðäûõ ïèùåâûõ ÷àñòèö; (á) ïîåäàíèÿ
ïðèíÿòîãî â ýâîëþöèîííîé ìîðôîëîãèè ìåçîäåðìàëüíûìè êëåòêàìè ìàòåðèàëà,
áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ ñïîñîáà òåîðåòèçèðîâà- âîçíèêøåãî â ñàìîì îðãàíèçìå è â îïðåäå-
íèÿ, ñîñòîÿùåãî â ìîäåëèðîâàíèè ôèëîãå- ëåííûé ìîìåíò ñòàâøåãî èçëèøíèì; (â)
íåçà ïî äàííûì îíòîãåíåçà. Â îñíîâå ýòîãî ñëèÿíèÿ áëóæäàþùèõ ìåçîäåðìàëüíûõ
ñïîñîáà ëåæèò ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé ïåðåíîñ è êëåòîê â ìíîãîÿäåðíûå ïëàçìîäèè âîêðóã
ìîäèôèêàöèÿ «ñåãîäíÿøíèõ äàííûõ» â çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïî îáúåìó èíîðîäíûõ òåë;
äàëåêîå ïðîøëîå ñ öåëüþ ðåêîíñòðóêöèè (ã) ïîãëîùåíèÿ è ïåðåâàðèâàíèÿ ïîñòî-
ïðîèñõîäèâøèõ òîãäà ïðîöåññîâ. Èíûìè ðîííèõ âåùåñòâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ÷óæåðîäíûõ
ñëîâàìè, ýòî ñïîñîáíîñòü è ïîñòîÿííàÿ ýðèòðîöèòîâ è, ÷òî îñîáåííî âàæíî, áàêòå-
ãîòîâíîñòü ê ñáëèæåíèþ âåñüìà äàëåêèõ ðèé è èõ ñïîð; (ä) ñïîñîáíîñòè ïîäâèæíûõ
ôàêòîâ è ïîíÿòèé. ìåçîäåðìàëüíûõ êëåòîê ê ðàçëè÷åíèþ òîãî
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ñóùåñòâåííî, ÷òî â èëè èíîãî ïîãëîùàåìîãî ìàòåðèàëà, òî
ïåðâîì ñïîíòàííîì âàðèàíòå ôàãîöèòàðíîé åñòü, ãîâîðÿ ñîâðåìåííûì ÿçûêîì, ñïîñîá-
ãèïîòåçû çàùèòíàÿ ðîëü ïîäâèæíûõ êëåòîê íîñòè ê êëåòî÷íîìó óçíàâàíèþ.
ôîðìóëèðóåòñÿ â ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî îáùåì âèäå:  ðåçóëüòàòå ïîñëåäóþùèõ ïÿòè ëåò
«ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèå âðåäíûì äåÿòåëÿì». Íå ö å ë å í àï ð à âë å í í î é ð à á îò û Ìå÷ í è êî âó
óïîìèíàþòñÿ íè ìèêðîáû, íè âíóòðè- óäàëîñü ýìïèðè÷åñêè îáî ñíîâàòü ôàãî-
êëåòî÷íîå ïèùåâàðåíèå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, öèòàðíóþ ãèïîòåçó ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ïîçâî-
ìûñëü Ìå÷íèêîâà èä¸ò îò îáùåãî ê ÷àñò- íî÷íûì. Ìíîãîîáðàçíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû è
íîìó è åå ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ãèïî- íàáëþäåíèÿ çà å ñòå ñòâåííûìè è ïàòî -
òåòèêî-äåäóêòèâíûé ïóòü ðàçâåðòûâàíèÿ ëîãè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè äîêàçàëè, ÷òî
 ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåãèîíàõ çåìëè ëþäè ðîæ- íîâ ïîçâîëèò ñîçäàòü ñâîåîáðàçíûé ýòàëîí
äàþòñÿ è ðàçâèâàþòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïîðòðåòà
ñâîéñòâàìè èõ åñòåñòâåííîé êîëûáåëè, ãäå íàñåëåíèÿ òîé èëè èíîé ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ ñî
æèâûå îðãàíèçìû íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãàðìîíèè ñ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèì íàáîðîì ïðèðîäíî-êëèìà-
îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé. Íàóêîé îá îïòèìàëü- òè÷åñêèõ, ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ, ãåëèîãåîôèçè-
íîì ðàçâèòèè ÷åëîâåêà è îêðóæàþùåé åãî ÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé.
ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ, î ãàðìîíè÷íîì ñî÷åòàíèè Ñîâðåìåííûé ìèð íàõîäèòñÿ ïîä ìîù-
òåëåñíîãî, äóõîâíîãî è ñîöèàëüíîãî çäî- íûì àíòðîïîãåííûì ñòðåññîì, êîòîðûé
ðîâüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àäàïòàöèîííàÿ ôèçèîëîãèÿ. è ñ ï û ò û âà å ò í å òî ë ü êî ÷ å ë î âå ê , í î è
Ïðîâåäåííûå ìíîãîëåòíèå êîìïëåêñíûå îêðóæàþùàÿ ñðåäà. Îò ýêîëîãè÷å ñêîãî
èññëåäîâàíèÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìåõàíèçìîâ ñòðåññà ñîäðîãàåòñÿ âñÿ ïëàíåòà, è ýòî
àäàïòàöèè ê ðàçëè÷íûì ïðèðîäíî-êëèìà- ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â äåãðàäàöèè ïî÷â è ëåñîâ,
òè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì (âûñîêîãîðüå, Êðàéíèé çàãðÿçíåíèè àòìîñôåðû è íàðóøåíèè
Ñåâåð, àðèäíàÿ çîíà, Ìèðîâîé Îêåàí) âîäíûõ ðåæèìîâ. Ìû î÷åíü ìíîãî ãîâîðèì
ïîçâîëèëè âûðàáîòàòü êðèòåðèè àäàïòàöèè, îá ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì êðèçèñå, î äåãðàäàöèè
à òàêæå ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá ïðèðîäû, íî åñëè ãëóáîêî âäóìàòüñÿ, òî
ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì ïîðòðåòå ÷åëîâåêà (Àãàä- èçíà÷àëüíî äåãðàäèðóåò íå ïðèðîäà, íå
æàíÿí Í.À., 1981). áèîñôåðà, à äóõîâíàÿ öåííîñòü ÷åëîâåê,
Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ïîðòðåò ýòî ñîâîêóï- êîòîðûé ñòîèò íà âåðøèíå ïèðàìèäû.
íîñòü ãåíåòè÷åñêè îáóñëîâëåííûõ ñâîéñòâ  êîíå÷íîì èòîãå ïîëó÷àåòñÿ òàê, ÷òî
è íàñëåäñòâåííûõ ìîðôîôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ðàçðóøàåòñÿ íå ïðèðîäà âîîáùå, â ðåçóëü-
ïðèçíàêîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ ñïåöèôè÷åñ- òàòå óïàäêà ìîðàëè íàíîñèòñÿ íàèáîëüøèé
êóþ àäàïòàöèþ èíäèâèäóóìà ê êîíêðåòíîìó â ð åä ñ à ì îì ó ÷ å ë î â å êó. Í ð à â ñ ò â å í í î -
íàáîðó ôàêòîðîâ ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ (âûñîêî- ýñòåòè÷åñêîå ñîçíàíèå äîëæíî îïèðàòüñÿ
ãîðüå, àðèäíàÿ çîíà, Êðàéíèé Ñåâåð è äð.). íà îáúåêòèâíûå ðåàëüíûå öåííîñòè. Ê
Ðàññåëåíèå ëþäåé ïî ïëàíåòå îñóùåñò- òàêèì öåííîñòÿì ïðèíàäëåæèò ïðåæäå
âëÿåòñÿ áåç ó÷åòà èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ êîíñòè- âñ åãî íàøà êóëüòóðà. Èìåííî ïîýòîì ó
òóöèîíàëüíûõ ñâîéñòâ, ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ è ýê- âîïðîñû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé êóëüòóðû è ýêîëîãè-
òîïè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ÷åëîâåêà, òîãäà, ÷åñêîãî âî ñïèòàíèÿ ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ñåãîäíÿ
êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî äëÿ ðîñòà, ðàçâè- îäíèì èç ñàìûõ íàñóùíûõ.
òèÿ, ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ è ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êàæäî- Ñóùåñòâîâàíèå îðãàíèçìà áåç âíåøíåé
ãî îðãàíèçìà èìååòñÿ íåêîå îïòèìàëüíîå ñðåäû, ïîääåðæèâàþùåé åãî, íåâîçìîæíî.
ñî÷åòàíèå óñëîâèé ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ. Îêðóæàþùóþ íàñ ñðåäó îáèòàíèÿ íàäî
Èññëåäîâàíèå ñòðóêòóðíî-ôèçèîëîãè- ðàññìàòðèâàòü, êàê ïðîäîëæåíèå íàøåãî
÷åñêîé, áèîõèìè÷åñêîé è ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ñîáñòâåííîãî òåëà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ðàç-
ñòðóêòóðû àáîðèãåíîâ êîíêðåòíûõ ðåãèî- ëè÷íûå âèäû ñóùåñòâóþò, ïîêà äàâëåíèå
åñòåñòâåííûõ êèëëåðîâ. Ì.: ÌåäèöèíàÇäîðîâüå, like receptors and cytokines against the new 2009
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Ïîñòîÿííàÿ èëè õðîíè÷åñêàÿ áîëü, êîòîðàÿ ðîãà (ÄÐ) ýêñïðåññèðóþò êàê êàëüöèé-
ì îæå ò á û ò ü ð å çóë üò àò îì âî ñ ï à ë å í è ÿ , ïðîíèöàåìûå (áåç GluR2), òàê è êàëüöèé-
èíôåêöèè, ïîâðåæäåíèÿ òêàíè èëè íåðâà, íåïðîíèöàåìûå (ïðè íàëè÷èè GluR2) AMPA-
îäíà èç ãëàâíûõ ïðîáëåì çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ ð å ö å ï òî ð û . Ãå í å ò è ÷ å ñ ê è é í î êàó ò ãå í à
âî âñåì ìèðå. Óñïåõ ëå÷åíèÿ õðîíè÷åñêîé ñóáúåäèíèöû GluR2 íå òîëüêî ïðèâîäèò ê
áîëè îãðàíè÷åí íàøèì íåïîëíûì ïîíè- ðîñòó ÷èñëà ñïèíàëüíûõ êàëüöèéïðî-
ìàíèåì ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ è êëåòî÷íûõ ìåõà- íèöàåìûõ AMPA-ðåöåïòîðîâ, íî è ñïîñîá-
íèçìîâ, ëåæàùèõ â îñíîâå åå ðàçâèòèÿ è ñòâóåò ñïèíàëüíîé íîöèöåïòèâíîé ïëàñ-
ïîääåðæàíèÿ. Îáùåèçâåñòíî, ÷òî óñèëåí- òè÷íîñòè [2]. Ýòîò ôàêò óêàçûâàåò íà òî,
íàÿ àêòèâàöèÿ ãëóòàìàòíûõ ðåöåïòîðîâ â ÷òî èçìåíåíèÿ â ñâîéñòâàõ AMPA-ðåöåï-
íåéðîíàõ ñïèííîãî ìîçãà âî âðåìÿ áîëåâûõ òîðîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè óâåëè÷åíèå èõ êàëü-
ñ è í ä ð îì î â ñ ï î ñ î á ñ ò âó å ò ö å í ò ð à ë ü í î é öèåâîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ïðè ïîòåðå ñóáúå-
ñåíñèòèçàöèèè, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåõà- äèíèöû GluR2 íà ñèíàïòè÷åñêîé ìåìáðàíå
íèçìîì ðàçâèòèÿ è ïîääåðæàíèÿ õðîíè- íåéðîíàìè ÄÐ, èãðàþò êðèòè÷åñêóþ ðîëü â
÷åñêîé áîëè [1]. Îäíàêî ìîëåêóëÿðíûå öåíòðàëüíîé ñåíñèòèçàöèè, ëåæàùåé â
ìåõàíèçìû ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ è ðåãóëè- î ñíîâå õðîíè÷å ñ êîé áîëè. Óâåëè÷åíèå
ð î âà í è ÿ ãë ó ò à ìàò í û õ ð å ö å ï òî ð î â ï ð è êàëüöèåâîé ïðîâîäèìîñòè ÀÌÐÀ-ðåöåï-
õðîíè÷å ñ êîé áîëè äî ñèõ ïîð íåÿñíû. òî ð î â ï ð è âîä è ò ê ã è ï å ð âî ç áóä è ì î ñ ò è
Óãëóáëåíèå ïîíèìàíèÿ ýòèõ ìåõàíèçìîâ íåéðîíà, ïðîöåñó ýêñàéòîòîêñè÷íîñòè è
ìîæåò ïîñëóæèòü îñíîâîé äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè êëåòî÷íîé ñìåðòè. Äàííûé ïðîöåññ ñîïðî-
íîâûõ òåðàïåâòè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ ëå÷åíèÿ âîæäàåò òàêèå ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû â
õðîíè÷åñêîé áîëè. ãîëîâíîì ìîçãó, êàê èíñóëüò, èíôàðêò,
Ãë ó ò à ìàò í û å ð å ö å ï òî ð û , í à è á îë å å ïîâðåæäåíèå íåðâà, õðîíè÷åñêîå âîñïà-
èçìåíÿþùèå ñâîè ôóíêöèè ïðè ðîçâèòèè ëåíèå [3].
ïåðåôåðè÷åñêèõ áîëåâûõ ñèíäðîìîâ, òàê Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî C-òåðìèíàëü ñóáúå-
íàçûâàåìûå ÀÌÐÀ-ðåöåïòîðû, ÿâëÿþòñÿ äèíèöû GluR2 ÀÌÐÀ-ðåöåïòîðîâ, ñâÿçû-
òåòðàìåðàìè, ñîñòîÿùèìè èç êîìáèíàöèè âàÿñü ñ äâóìÿ ñèíàïòè÷åñêèìè îïîðíûìè
÷åòûðåõ ñóáúåäèíèö GluR1-4. Êëþ÷åâàÿ áåëêàìè, GRIP è PICK1, ìîæåò ó÷àñòâî-
ñóáúåäèíèöà GluR2 îïðåäåëÿåò ñâîéñòâà âàòü â ñèíàïòè÷åñêîì ïåðåìåùåíèè ýòèõ
AMPA-ðåöåïòîðà, â ÷àñòíîñòè, åãî ïðîíè- ðåöåïòîðîâ.  íàøèõ ïðåäûäóùèõ ðàáîòàõ
öàåìîñòü äëÿ èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ è ïðîâîäè- áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî áåëîê GRIP óäåðæèâàåò
ìîñòü îäèíî÷íîãî êàíàëà. Åñëè ñóáúåäè- À Ì ÐÀ - ð å ö å ï òî ð û , ñ îä å ð æ à ù è å ñó áú å -
íèöà GluR2 ïðèñóòñòâóåò â òåòðàìåðå, òî äèíèöó GluR2, â ñèíàïñàõ ÄÐ-íåéðîíîâ. Â
êàíàë íå ïðîíèöàåì äëÿ èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ, åñëè òî æå âðåìÿ áåëîê PICK1 îòâå÷àåò çà âçàè-
åå íåò, òî êàíàë ñòàíîâèòñÿ êàëüöèéïðîâî- ìîäåéñòâèå âàæíîãî äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ
äÿùèì. Ñïèíàëüíûå íåéðîíû äîðñàëüíîãî õðîíè÷åñêîé áîëè ýíçèìà, ïðîòåèíêèíàçû
ñîáèðàòåëüíûõ òðóáîê íà âñåì èõ ïðîòÿ- æåò áûòü àêòèâèðîâàí êðîìå ÏÊÀ è äðó-
æåíèè, ïðè÷åì ýòîò ýôôåêò ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñ ãèìè êèíàçàìè, ôîñôîðèëèðóþùèìè Ser 133
V 2 -ðåöåïòîðîâ ñ âîâëå÷åíèåì, ïî-âèäè- [Sun et al., 1994].
ìîìó, îäíèõ è òåõ æå âíóòðèêëåòî÷íûõ Àíòèäèóðåòè÷åñêèé ýôôåêò âàçîïðåñ-
ï î ñ ð å ä í è êî â ãî ðì î í à ë ü í î ãî ñ è ã í à ë à . ñèíà â ïî÷å÷íûõ êàíàëüöàõ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â
Îäíàêî, â îòëè÷èå îò AQP2, äëÿ AQP3 è ïîñòíàòàëüíîì îíòîãåíåçå ê êîíöó ïåðèîäà
AQP4 ïîêà íå ïîëó÷åíî äîêàçàòåëüñòâ èõ ìîëî÷íîãî âñêàðìëèâàíèÿ.  íàøåé ëàáî-
ñêîïëåíèÿ â âåçèêóëàõ è òðàíñëîêàöèè â ðàòîðèè íà ìîäåëè ðàçâèâàþùåéñÿ ïî÷êè
áàçîëàòåðàëüíóþ ìåìáðàíó â îòâåò íà âà- êðûñ èçó÷åíà öåïü âíóòðèêëåòî÷íûõ
çîïðåññèí. Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ÷òî ðåãóëÿöèÿ ðåàêöèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ òðàíñäóêöèþ
ïðîíèöàåìîñòè èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ àêâà- ñèãíàëà âàçîïðåññèíà è ðåàëèçàöèþ åãî â
ïîðèíîâ 3 è 4 òèïà, ñèíòåçèðîâàííûõ è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé îòâåò [Õîäóñ è äð., 2009;
âñòðîåííûõ â ìåìáðàíó, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ Êàòêîâà è äð., 2009]. Îáíàðóæåíî ÷òî, â
ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ êîíôîðìàöèè ìîëåêóëû è ïðîöå ñ ñ å ïîñ ò íà ò à ë ü íîã î ñ ò à íîâë å íè ÿ
å å ï ð î âîä è ì î ñ ò è â ð å çóë üò àò å ô î ñ ô î - ðåàêöèè ïî÷åê êðûñ è ìûøåé íà âàçî-
ðèëèðîâàíèÿ [Zelenina et al., 2002]. ïðåññèí íàðàñòàåò ýêñïðåññèÿ ãåíîâ V2-
Äëèòåëüíàÿ ðåãóëÿöèÿ âîäíîé ïðîíè- ðåöåïòîðîâ, ïîâûøàåòñÿ ÃÒÔàçíàÿ àêòèâ-
öàåìîñòè ýïèòåëèÿ ñîáèðàòåëüíûõ òðóáîê íîñòü G-áåëêîâ è èõ ñîïðÿæåíèå ñ ðåöåï-
ðåàëèçóåòñÿ íà ãåíîìíîì óðîâíå è èìååò â òîðîì âàçîïðåñññèíà, óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ
ñâîåé îñíîâå ðåãóëÿöèþ òðàíñêðèïöèè ñîäåðæàíèå ìÐÍÊ è áåëêà AQP2. Òàêèì
ãåíîâ âîäíûõ êàíàëîâ è èçìåíåíèå ñîäåð- îáðàçîì, ñòàíîâëåíèå ãîðìîíàëüíîé êîìïå-
æ à í è ÿ ý ò è õ áå ë êî â â ãë à â í û õ ê ë å ò êà õ òåíòíîñòè ïî÷êè îáóñëîâëåíî èçìåíåíèåì
[Knepper, 2002]. Íàèáîëåå ïîäðîáíî èçó- ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõ çâåíüåâ òðàíñäóêöèè
÷åíî äåéñòâèå âàçîïðåññèíà íà ýêñïðåññèþ ñèãíàëà âàçîïðåññèíà. Íåëèíåéíûé õàðàê-
ãåíà AQP2, èãðàþùåãî êëþ÷åâóþ ðîëü â òåð âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè ðàçëè÷íûõ ýëå-
ðåãóëÿöèè ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ñîáèðàòåëüíûõ ìåíòîâ ìåõàíèçìà äåéñòâèÿ ïîñëåäíåãî â
òðóáîê íà âñåì èõ ïðîòÿæåíèè. Ïîñëåäî- ðàçâèâàþùåéñÿ ïî÷êå, âåðîÿòíî, îòðàæàåò
âàòåëüíîñòü ñîáûòèé, èíäóöèðîâàííûõ ñëîæíûé ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ åäèíîé
âàçîïðå ññèíîì è åãî àíàëîãîì dDAVP, êîíñîëèäèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû, ñïîñîáíîé
èññëåäîâàíà íà êóëüòóðå ïî÷å÷íûõ êëåòîê ðåàëèçîâàòü ãîðìîíàëüíûé ñòèìóë.
LLC-PK, ýêñïðåññèðóþùèõ V2-ðåöåïòîð è Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé àíàëèç ìîëåêó-
òðàíñôåöèðîâàííûõ ôðàãìåíòîì ïðîìî- ëÿðíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ äåéñòâèÿ âàçîïðåññèíà
òîðà ãåíà AQP2 [Yasui et al., 1997]. Óñòà- íà ïðîöåññ îñìîòè÷åñêîãî êîíöåíòðèðî-
íîâëåíî, ÷òî êàòàëèòè÷åñêàÿ ñóáúåäèíèöà âàíèÿ äàë âîçìîæíîñòü ïîäîéòè ñ íîâûõ
ÏÊÀ, àêòèâèðîâàííàÿ öÀÌÔ, òðàíñëî- ïîçèöèé ê èçó÷åíèþ ïàòîãåíåçà íàðóøåíèé
öèðóåòñÿ â ÿäðî, ôîñôîðèëèðóåò öÀÌÔ- âîäîâûäåëèòåëüíîé ôóíêöèè ïî÷åê è
ðàñïîçíàþùèé ñâÿçûâàþùèé áåëîê (CREB) ïîñëóæèòü îñíîâîé äëÿ ïîèñêà ïóòåé åå
ïî Ser 133, îí â êîìïëåêñå ñ ãåòåðîäèìåðîì êîððåêöèè ïðè òàêèõ âèäàõ ïàòîëîãèè, êàê
cFos/cJun ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ ñàéòàìè ïðîìî- íåôðîãåííûé äèàáåò ðàçëè÷íîé ýòèîëîãèè,
òîðà CRE è AP-1 (öÀÌÔ-ðàñïîçíàþùèé ñåðäå÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü, ãèïåðòîíèÿ è
ýëåìåíò è áåëîê àêòèâàòîð-1), ÷òî ïðèâî- äðóãèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ, îñëîæíåííûå íàðó-
äèò ê àêòèâàöèè òðàíñêðèïöèè ãåíà AQP2. øåíèåì âîäíîãî áàëàíñà.
Ìóòàöèÿ AP-1 è CRE ðåäóöèðóåò áèîñèí- Ðàáîòà ïîääåðæàíà ãðàíòîì ÐÔÔÈ
ò å ç A Q P 2 , ñ ò è ì óë è ð î âà í í û é âà çî ï ð å - ¹10-04-01280 è ãðàíòîì ÂÍØ ¹ ÍØ-
ññèíîì. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî CREB ìî- 6477.2010.4.
ïîâåäåíèå êðûñ, â òå÷åíèå ïÿòè ìèíóò äëÿ äèëè èìèòàöèþ àïïëèêàöèè ËÏÑ E. coli.
êàæäîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî æèâîòíîãî Îáùåå âðåìÿ íåïîäâèæíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðè
ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ðÿä ïîêàçàòåëåé: êîëè÷åñòâî ýòîì ñíèçèëîñü â 1,2 ðàçà. Ïðè îöåíêå
ïîñåùåíèé è âðåìÿ ïðåáûâàíèÿ â îòêðûòîì, êîëè÷åñòâà ïîñåùåíèé, âðåìåíè ïðåáû-
çàêðûòîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå è öåíòðàëüíîì âàíèÿ, ïðîéäåííîé äèñòàíöèè â îòêðûòûõ,
ñåêòîðå; ÷èñëî ýïèçîäîâ çàìèðàíèé è èõ çàêðûòûõ ïëîùàäêàõ è öåíòðàëüíîì ñåêòî-
ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü, îáùóþ ïðîéäåííóþ ðå ïîëó÷åíû ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû. ×åðåç
äèñòàíöèþ, îáùåå âðåìÿ äâèãàòåëüíîé 1 ÷ ïîñëå èíòðàíàçàëüíîé àïïëèêàöèè 10
àêòèâíîñòè, âðåìÿ íåïîäâèæíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ìêã ËÏÑ E. coli â 10 ìêë ðàñòâîðà êîëè-
ñðåäíþþ ñêîðîñòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ. ÷åñòâî ïîñåùåíèé îòêðûòûõ ïëîùàäîê è
Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêóþ îáðàáîòêó ðåçóëüòà- âðåìÿ, ïðîâåäåííîå â íèõ, óâåëè÷èëîñü â
òîâ ïðîâîäèëè ìåòîäîì ïàðíûõ ñðàâíåíèé 3,6 è 2,5 ðàçà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ
ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íåïàðàìåòðè÷å ñêîãî òåíäåíöèÿ íàáëþäàëàñü òàêæå â öåíòðàëü-
êðèòåðèÿ ÌàííàÓèòíè (Ð < 0,05). Äàííûå íîì ñåêòîðå. À èìåííî, êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñå-
ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå ñðåäíåãî àðèôìå- ùåíèé äàííîé çîíû óâåëè÷èëîñü â äâà ðàçà,
òè÷åñêîãî è îøèáêè ñðåäíåãî. êàê è âðåìÿ, ïðîâåäåííîå â äàííîé îáëàñòè
Ïîñëå èíòðàíàçàëüíîé àïïëèêàöèè 10 ïðèïîäíÿòîãî êðåñòîîáðàçíîãî ëàáèðèíòà.
ìêã ËÏÑ E. coli â 10 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ó 57,1% Äèñòàíöèÿ, ïðîéäåííàÿ â îòêðûòûõ ïëî-
ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ æèâîòíûõ ãëóáîêàÿ ùàäêàõ è öåíòðàëüíîì ñåêòîðå, òàêæå
òåìïåðàòóðà òåëà îñòàâàëàñü ñòàáèëüíîé. óâåëè÷èëàñü â 4,7 è 1,8 ðàçà ñîîòâåò-
Ó 42,9% êðûñ çàôèêñèðîâàíà ïåðâàÿ ôàçà ñòâåííî. ×åðåç 2 ÷ ïîñëå èíòðàíàçàëüíîé
ïîäúåìà ãë óáîêîé òåìïåðàòóðû òåëà íà àï ï ë è êà ö è è ý í ä îòî êñ è í à í à áë þä à ë î ñ ü
0,53°Ñ ± 0,07°Ñ, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþùàÿ î óâåëè÷åíèå îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà è âðåìåíè
ðàçâèòèè ëèõîðàäêè. Ó 28,6% êðûñ âòîðîé ýïèçîäîâ çàìèðàíèé â 23,6 è 53,8 ðàçà
ïîäúåì êîëîíè÷åñêîé òåìïåðàòóðû òåëà íà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ïðè ýòîì çàìèðàíèÿ ïðåè-
0,6±0,1°Ñ íàáëþäàëñÿ ÷åðåç 2 ÷, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìóùåñòâåííî ïðîèñõîäèëè â äèñòàëüíûõ
ïðèçíàêîì ðàçâèòèÿ äâóõôàçíîãî ëèõîðà- ÷àñòÿõ çàêðûòûõ ïëîùàäîê. Òàê, êîëè-
äî÷íîãî îòâåòà. Ó 14,3% êðûñ ïîäúåì ÷åñòâî ýïèçîäîâ çàìèðàíèé â äàííûõ
ãëóáîêîé òåìïåðàòóðû òåëà íîñèë ìîíîôàç- îáëàñòÿõ ïðèïîäíÿòîãî êðåñòîîáðàçíîãî
íûé õàðàêòåð. Èñõîäíàÿ êîëîíè÷å ñêàÿ ëàáèðèíòà óâåëè÷èëîñü 19,3 ðàçà. À âðåìÿ
òåìïåðàòóðà æèâîòíûõ ñîñòàâèëà 38,1°Ñ ± çàìèðàíèé â 47,3 ðàçà.
0,07°Ñ. Çàôèêñèðîâàííûé ïàòòåðí çàùèòíûõ
Èñõîäíàÿ ËÏÍÐ êðûñ ñîñòàâèëà 74,9 ñ ðåàêöèé ó ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ æèâîòíûõ
± 12,3 ñ. ×åðåç 1 ÷ ïîñëå èíòðàíàçàëüíîãî ïîñëå àïïëèêàöèè ýíäîòîêñèíà íà ñëè-
ââåäåíèÿ 10 ìêã ËÏÑ E. coli â 10 ìêë çèñòóþ îáîëî÷êó íîñà àíàëîãè÷åí òàêîâîìó
ðàñòâîðà ËÏÍÐ ñíèçèëàñü íà 27,8%. ×åðåç ó ÷åëîâåêà ïðè èíèöèàöèè çàáîëåâàíèÿ
2 è 4 ÷ ïîñëå ââåäåíèÿ ËÏÑ ËÏÍÐ ñîõðà- âèðóñíîé èëè áàêòåðèàëüíîé ïðèðîäû (â íà-
íÿëàñü ñíèæåííîé íà 2030%, à ÷åðåç 5 ÷ ÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä ðàçâèòèÿ çàùèòíîãî îòâåòà
óâåëè÷èëàñü íà 15%. ïî òèïó «fight» «áîðüáà», à â ïîñëå-
Ïðè èçó÷åíèè äâèãàòåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè äóþùåì ïî òèïó «flight» «èçáåãàíèå»).
êðûñ ÷åðåç 1 ÷ ïîñëå àïïëèêàöèè ýíäîòîê- Ïîëàãàåì, ÷òî õàðàêòåðíûé ïàòòåðí ïîâå-
ñèíà (10 ìêã ËÏÑ E. coli â 10 ìêë ðàñòâîðà) ä å í ÷ å ñ êî é à êò è â í î ñ ò è æ è âî ò í û õ ï ð è
íà ñëèçèñòóþ îáîëî÷êó ïîëîñòè íîñà, àïïëèêàöèè ËÏÑ íà ñëèçèñòóþ îáîëî÷êó
âûÿâëåíî óâåëè÷åíèå îáùåé ïðîéäåííîé íîñà ìîæåò áûòü ýôôåêòèâíîé è óäîáíîé
äèñòàíöèè â 1,4 ðàçà, ñðåäíåé ñêîðîñòè ìîäåëüþ äëÿ àíàëèçà ìåõàíèçìîâ ñèñòåì-
ïåðåìåùåíèÿ â 2 ðàçà, îáùåé äâèãà- íîãî âîñïàëèòåëüíîãî îòâåòà, à òàêæå äëÿ
òåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè â 1,3 ðàçà ïî ñðàâíå- àïðîáàöèè íîâûõ ïðîòèâîâîñïàëèòåëüíûõ
íèþ ñ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè êðûñ, êîòîðûì ïðîâî- ïðåïàðàòîâ.
Ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ðîëü âõîäà èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ ëû. Âàæíûì ïîñëåäóþùèì çâåíîì ÿâëÿ-
÷åðåç èîííûå êàíàëû, êàê îñíîâíîãî êîì- åòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííîå ïîâûøåíèå çàõâàòà
ïîíåíòà îäíîé èç ñèñòåì âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîé èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ ìèòîõîíäðèÿìè, êîòîðîå
ñèãíàëèçàöèè, ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ìíîãîãðàííà.  ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü ê îòêðûòèþ â èõ ìåìá-
âîçáóäèìûõ êëåòêàõ òàêîé âõîä, âûçâàííûé ðàíå ïîð ïåðåõîäíîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòè, ÷åðåç
äåïîëÿðèçàöèåé ìåìáðàíû è îòêðûòèåì åå êîòîðûå â öèòîçîëü îñâîáîæäàåò ñÿ ðÿä
ïîòåíöèàëóïðàâëÿåìûõ êàëüöèåâûõ êàíà- ôàêòîðîâ, ñòèìóëèðóþùèõ ïðîöåññ àïîï-
ëîâ, èíèöèàöèèðóåò ðÿä îñíîâíûõ êëåòî÷- òîçà. Äèñôóíêöèÿ äðóãèõ ñòðóêòóð, ó÷àñò-
íûõ ôóíêöèé.  òî æå âðåìÿ, â ñëó÷àå âó þ ù è õ â à ê êó ì óë ÿ ö è è è ò ð à í ñ ï î ðò å
ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé â îðãàíèçìå, êàëüöèÿ, ìîæåò ïîòåíöèðîâàòü ïîâðåæ-
ìîæíî îæèäàòü ñóùåñòâåííûå íàðóøåíèÿ äàþùèå âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Ïîäðîáíûé àíàëèç
â ìåõàíèçìàõ êàëüöèåâîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè, óêàçàííûõ ïðîöåññîâ ñòàë âîçìîæíûì
ïðèâîäÿùèå ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì èçìåíå- áëàãîäàðÿ èçìåðåíèÿì ñîäåðæàíèÿ èîíîâ
íèÿì â ôóíêöèè íåðâíûõ êëåòîê. Ê òàêèì êàëüöèÿ â öèòîçîëå è âíóòðèêëåòî÷íûõ
ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèÿì íåðâíîé ñòðóêòóðàõ, à òàêæå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýòèõ
ñèñòåìû îòíîñÿòñÿ èøåìèÿ/ãèïîêñèÿ, èçìåíåíèé. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ â äàííîé îáëàñòè
ýïèëåïñèÿ è ðÿä äðóãèõ ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ì å þò ï å ð âî ñ ò å ï å í í î å ç í à÷ å í è å ä ë ÿ
ñîñòîÿíèé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò âûçûâàòü ñàìûå ïîíèìàíèÿ áàçèñíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ ðàçâèòèÿ
äðàìàòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ ÷ðåçìåðíîå ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé è äëÿ ïîèñêà
ïîâûøåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ â ýôôåêòèâíûõ ïóòåé èõ êîìïåíñàöèè.
êëåòêå, êîòîðîå ïðèâîäèò ê åå ãèáåëè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîòåíöèàëîóïðàâëÿå-
Îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ ìûå êàëüöèåâûå êàíàëû ìîãóò èãðàòü ñó-
ïîâðåæäàþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ, êîòîðûé ïðèâî- ùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü â ðàçâèòèè îòäåëüíûõ
äèò ê ïàòîëîãè÷åñêîìó ñîñîòÿíèþ ìîçãà ïàòîëîãèé ìîçãà, âêëþ÷àÿ òå, êîòîðûå
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèïîêñèÿ ïîíèæåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ íàáëþäàþòñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ èøåìèè/ãèïîêñèè.
êèñëîðîäà â òêàíÿõ ìîçãà.  çàâèñèìîñòè Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, äîñòàòî÷íî äàâíî èçâåñò-
îò óðîâíÿ ãèïîêñèè è åå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè íî, âûðàæåííîå ïðîòåêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå
íàáëþäàåòñÿ êëåòî÷íàÿ ñìåðòü, êîòîðàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ áëîêàòîðîâ êàëüöèåâûõ
ìîæåò áûòü ðåçóëüòàòîì áûñòðîãî íåêðîçà êàíàëîâ ïðè èøåìè÷åñêèõ/ãèïîêñè÷åñêèõ
èëè áîëåå ìåäëåííûõ àïîïòîòè÷åñêèõ âëèÿíèÿõ íà íåðâíûå òêàíè. Òàê, áûëè
ïðîöåññîâ. Íà÷àëüíûì èñòî÷íèêîì òàêîãî ïîêàçàíû ïðîòåêòèâíûå ñâîéñòâà íèìîäè-
ïîâûøåíèÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ êàëüöèÿ â êëåòêå ïèíà è ôëóíàðèçèíà, ñåëåêòèâíûõ áëîêà-
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷ðåçìåðíûé âõîä èîíîâ â ñâÿçè ñ òîðîâ êàëüöèåâûõ êàíàëîâ L-òèïà [3]. Ýòè
ìàññèâíîé àêòèâàöèåé ìåìáðàííûõ êàëü- áëîêàòîðû îêàçàëèñü íà 50-100% ýôôåê-
öèéïðîíèöàåìûõ NMDA-êàíàëîâ ãëóòà- òèâíåå, êîãäà îíè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè äî è
ìàòîì; âîçíèêàþùàÿ äåïîëÿðèçàöèÿ ìåìá- ñðàçó æå ïîñëå íà÷àëà èøåìèè, à òàêæå
ðàíû äîïîëíèòåëüíî àêòèâèðóåò òàêæå ïîñëå äëèòåëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ãèïîêñèè, è
ïîòåíöèàëóïðàâëÿåìûå êàëüöèåâûå êàíà- ýòèì èõ ýôôåêò îòëè÷àëñÿ îò êðàòêîâðå-
ëÿåò èì ïðèíèìàòü ó÷àñòèå â òîíêîé ðåãó- 4. Guo Z., Shi F., Zhang L., Zhang H., Yang J., Li B., Jia
ëÿöèè âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîãî ìåòàáîëèçìà Ca 2+, J., Wang X.,Wang X. Critical role of L-type voltage-
dependent Ca 2+ channels in neural progenitor cell
ìîæåò äåëàòü ýòè êàíàëû ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî proliferation induced by hypoxia // Neurosci.Lett.
«îïàñíûìè» â óñëîâèÿõ äåôèöèòà êèñëî- 2010. 478. P. 156-160.
ðîäà. Îäíàêî, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå ñëåäóåò 5. Kostyuk P.G. Low-voltage activated calcium channels:
ðàññìàòðèâàòü ýòè êàíàëû êàê ïðèðîäíûå achievements and problems // Neuroscience. 1999.
92. P. 1157-1163.
êèñëîðîäíûå ñåíñîðû íåéðîíîâ; ñêîðåå
6. Kostyuk P.G., Lukyanetz E.A. Mechanisms of antago-
âñåãî èõ ãèïîêñè÷åñêàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü nistic action of internal Ca2+ on serotonin-induced po-
ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåæåëàòåëüíûì ïîáî÷íûì ýô- tentiation of Ca 2+ currents in Helix neurones // Pflug.
ôåêòîì. Arch. 1993. 424. P. 73-83.
Ó÷èòûâàÿ âîçìîæíóþ ïàòîôèçèîëîãè- 7. Kostyuk P.G., Lukyanetz E.A.,Doroshenko P.A. Ef-
fects of serotonin and cAMP on calcium currents in
÷åñêóþ ðîëü âûñîêî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ êàëü- different neurones of Helix pomatia // Pflug. Archiv
öèåâûõ êàíàëîâ L-òèïà ê ãèïîêñèè, íåîá- Europ. J. Physiol. 1992. 420. P. 9-15.
õîäèìî èìåòü â âèäó ÷ðåçâû÷àéíóþ âàðèà- 8. Kostyuk P.G., Lukyanetz E.A.,Ter-Markosyan A.S.
áåëüíîñòü ýêñïðåññèè êàëüöèåâûõ êàíàëîâ Parathyroid hormone enhances calcium current in snail
neurones - Simulation of the effect by phorbol esters //
ðàçíûõ òèïîâ â ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïàõ íåéðîíîâ.
Ibid. P. 146-152.
Ïîýòîìó ïîâðåæäàþùèé ýôôåêò ãèïîêñèè 9. Lukyanetz E.A. Calcium channel activity in NG108-
ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî âàðüèðîâàòü â çàâèñè- 15 cells overexpressing protein phosphatase-2B //
ìîñòè îò ðåãèîíà íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû. Òàêèå Neurophysiology. 1997. 29. P. 261-263.
îòëè÷èÿ ìåæäó íåéðîíàìè ìîãóò óñèëè- 10. Lukyanetz E.A. Diversity and properties of calcium
channel types in NG108-15 hybrid cells // Neuro-
âàòüñÿ íå îäèíàêîâûìè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿìè science. 1998. 87. P. 265-274.
ãèïîêñè÷åñêîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà êàëüöèåâûå êà- 11. Lukyanetz E.A., Kostyuk P.G. Two distinct receptors
íàëû L-òèïà ñ èíûìè ôàêòîðàìè, â ïåðâóþ operate the cAMP cascade to up-regulate L-type Ca
î÷åðåäü ñ óâåëè÷åííûì âûäåëåíèåì ãëóòà- channels // Pflug. Archiv Europ. J. Physiol. 1996.
432. P. 174-181.
ìàòà è ðåçóëüòèðóþùåé ýêñèòîêñè÷íîñòüþ,
12. Lukyanetz E.A., Piper T.P.,Sihra T.S. Calcineurin
âûçâàííîé âòîðè÷íûì âõîäîì Ca 2+ â êëåòêó. involvement in the regulation of high-threshold
Áëàãîäàðÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè êàëüöèåâûõ Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels in NG108-15 (rodent
êàíàëîâ L-òèïà ê ãèïîêñèè, ïðèñóòñòâèå neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid) cells // J.Physiol.
ýòèõ êàíàëîâ â ñèíàïòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ 1998. 510. P. 371-385.
13. Lukyanetz E.A., Shkryl V.M.,Kostyuk P.G. Action of
ìîæåò â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü çíà÷èòåëüíî óñèëè- hypoxia on different types of calcium channels in
âàòü ïîâðåæäàþùåå âëèÿíèå ãëóòàìàòà. hippocampal neurones // BBA. 2003. 1618. P. 33-38.
14. Lukyanetz E.A., Shkryl V.M., Pochynyuk O.M., Zaika
O.L.,Kostyuk P.G. Molecular mechanisms of levetira-
ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
cetam action on calcium channels in CA1 hippocampal
1. Brown A.M., Westenbroek R.E., Catterall W.A., neurons // Eur.J.Neurol. 2002. 9/S2. P. 178.
Ransom B.R. Axonal L-type Ca2+ channels and anoxic 15. Lukyanetz E.A., Shkryl V.M., Kravchuk O.V., Kostyuk
injury in rat CNS white matter // J.Neurophysiol. P.G. Effect of hypoxia on calcium channels depends
2001. 85. P. 900-911. on extracellular calcium in CA1 hippocampal neurons
2. Buchan A.M., Gertler S.Z., Li H., Xue D., Huang Z.G., // Brain Res. 2003. 980. P. 128-134.
Chaundy K.E., Barnes K.,Lesiuk H.J. A selective N- 16. Shkryl V.M., Kostyuk P.G.,Lukyanetz E.A. Dual ac-
type Ca(2+)-channel blocker prevents CA1 injury 24 tion of cytosolic calcium on calcium channel activity
h following severe forebrain ischemia and reduces during hypoxia in hippocampal neurones // Neuro-
infarction following focal ischemia // J.Cereb. Blood report. 2001. 12. P. 4035-4039.
Flow Metab. 1994. 14. P. 903-910. 17. Shkryl V.M., Nikolaenko L.M., Kostyuk P.G., Luky-
3. Deshpande J.K., Wieloch T. Flunarizine, a calcium anetz E.A. High-threshold calcium channel activity in
entry blocker, ameliorates ischemic brain damage in rat hippocampal neurones during hypoxia // Brain Res.
the rat // Anesthesiology. 1986. 64. P. 215-224. 1999. 833. P. 319-328.
22 ÿíâàðÿ 1724 ã. Ïåòð I ðàññìîòðåë ïðîåêò âèâøèé ãëàâíåéøèå çàêîíû ðàçâèòèÿ èíäè-
îðãàíèçàöèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê. Ñïóñòÿ 6 äíåé, âèäà Êàðë Ìàêñèìîâè÷ Áýð (1792-1876).
28 ÿíâàðÿ, áûë èçäàí óêàç Ñåíàòà îá Î í æå âî ç ãë à âë ÿ ë ñ å ê ö è þ á è îë î ã è è â
ó÷ðåæäåíèè Àêàäåìèè, «â êîòîðîé áû ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîì îòäåëåíèè (ÔÌÎ)
ó÷èëèñü ÿçûêàì, òàêæå ïðîò÷èì íàóêàì è Àêàäåìèè.
ç í àò í û ì õóä îæå ñ ò âà ì è ï å ð å â îä è ë è á Àíàëèç äåÿòåëüíîñòè ó÷åíûõ, çàíè-
êíèãè» Â ñîñòàâ ÷ëåíîâ àêàäåìèè âõîäèëè ìàâøèõ êàôåäðó çà ïåðâîå ñòîëåòèå åå
òîëüêî ïðèãëàøåííûå èç-çà ãðàíèöû ó÷å- ñóùå ñòâîâàíèÿ, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá èõ
íûå, íàçíà÷åííûå àêàäåìèêàìè ïî îòäåëü- ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîì âíèìàíèè ê àíàòîìèè,
íûì êàôåäðàì.  èõ ÷èñëå áûëà è êàôåäðà òîãäà êàê ôèçèîëîãèÿ îêàçàëàñü çà ïðåäå-
àíàòîìèè è ôèçèîëîãèè. Ïåðâûì àêàäå- ëàìè èõ ïîëÿ çðåíèÿ. Íà Çàïàäå æå óñïåõè
ìèêîì ïî êàôåäðå áûë Äàíèèë Áåðíóëëè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé ôèçèîëîãèè îêàçàëèñü
(1700-1782), ïîçæå ñòàâøèé âûäàþùèìñÿ ñòîëü çíà÷èòåëüíûìè, ÷òî ïðèâëåêëè ê ñåáå
ìàòåìàòèêîì. Êàôåäðó îí çàíèìàë 2 ãîäà. âñåîáùåå âíèìàíèå.
Ïîñëå àêàäåìèêîì ñòàë Ëåîíàðä Ýéëåð Øèðîêî èçâåñòíî ñòðåìëåíèå Ê.Ì. Áýðà
(1707-1783), òàêæå ñòàâøèé êðóïíåéøèì îòêðûòü â Àêàäåìèè íàóê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå
ìàòåìàòèêîì ñâî åãî âðåìåíè. Íàêîíåö, ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîå íàïðàâëåíèå è ñîçäàòü
êàôåäðó çàíÿë àêàäåìèê Èîñèÿ Âåéòáðåõò åìó ðàâíûå óñëîâèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ñ äðóãèìè
(1702-1747). Ñ 1735 ã. îí ïóáëèêóåò ôèçèî- ä è ñ ö è ï ë è í à ì è . Í å î áõîä è ì û ì ñ ò à ë î è
ëîãè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû ïî ìûøå÷íîé è ñîñó- îòêðûòèå ñîîò âåò ñòâóþùåé êàôåäðû â
äèñòîé ñèñòåìàì è î ïðè÷èíàõ äâèæåíèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòå. Íàõîäÿñü óæå â ïðåêëîííîì
êðîâè â êàïèëëÿðàõ, à ñ 1 èþíÿ 1738 ã. âîçðàñòå, Ê.Ì. Áýð ðàññ÷èòûâàë è íà
íà÷èíàåò ÷èòàòü ëåêöèè ïî ôèçèîëîãèè â ïðèõîä ïîìîùíèêà. Âîïðîñ î ôèçèîëîãèè
Àêàäåìè÷åñêîì (íûíå Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîì ÔÌÎ âïåðâûå ðàññìàòðèâàëî â 1855 ã., íî
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì) óíèâåðñèòåòå. Ïîñëå È. â òîò ìîìåíò ó Ê.Ì. Áýðà íå îêàçàëîñü
Âåéòáðåõòà àêàäåìèêàìè ïî êàôåäðå ïîäõîäÿùåé êàíäèäàòóðû.
èçáèðàëèñü Àâðààì Êààó-Áóðãàâ (1715- Â 1857 ã. Ê.Ì. Áýð ïðåäëîæèë ÔÌÎ äâóõ
1758), Àëåêñàíäð Ïðîòàñüåâè÷ Ïðîòàñîâ êàíäèäàòîâ ôèçèîëîãà Ô.Â. Îâñÿííèêîâà
(1724-1796), Êàñïàð-Ôðèäðèõ Âîëüô (1733- è ãèñòîëîãà Í.Ì. ßêóáîâè÷à. ×ëåíû ÔÌÎ
1794), Ïåòð Àíäðååâè÷ Çàãîðñêèé (1764- îòäàëè ïðåäïî÷òåíèå êàíäèäàòóðå Ô.Â.
1845). Îâñÿííèêîâà. Âîïðîñ îá èçáðàíèè â ñèëó
 1 8 4 6 ã. à êà ä å ì è êîì ñ ò à ë è ç âå ñ ò - íåèçâåñòíûõ ïðè÷èí ðåøåí íå áûë.  1863
íåéøèé ðóññêèé íàòóðàëèñò, îñíîâàòåëü ã. Ê.Ì. Áýð ïîäàë åù¸ îäíî ïðåäñòàâëåíèå,
ýìáðèîëîãèè, îòêðûâøèé âàæíóþ ñòàäèþ â êîòî ð îì ð å êîì å í ä î âà ë è ç á ð àò ü Ô . Â .
ðàçâèòèÿ îðãàíèçìà áëàñòóëó, à òàêæå Îâñÿííèêîâà, ÷òî è ïðîèçîøëî 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ
ÿéöåêëåòêó ó ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, óñòàíî- 1863 ã. Â 1863 ã. áûëî åùå îäíî ñîáûòèå.
Ãåîðãèé Ïàâëîâè÷ Çåëåíûé (18781951). ïðåæäå âñåãî òåì, ÷òî â ýòî âðåìÿ È.Ï. Ïàâ-
Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ Êèåâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà ëîâà îñîáåííî èíòåðåñîâàëà âîçìîæíîñòü
(1901) ðàáîòàë â êëèíèêàõ è ëàáîðàòîðèÿõ îáðàçîâàíèÿ óñëîâíûõ ðåôëåêñîâ ó îäíî-
Ïàðèæà, Êèåâà, Ïåòåðáóðãà.  1905 ã. êëåòî÷íûõ. Ðåøèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ È.Ï. Ïàâ-
ïðàêòèêàíòîì ïðèøåë â ÈÝÌ ê È.Ï. Ïàâ- ëîâ íàìåðåâàëñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì öèòîëî-
ëîâó è âñþ ïîñëåäóþùóþ æèçíü ïîñâÿòèë ãè÷å ñêèõ ìåòîäîâ, êîòîðûìè êàê ðàç â
èçó÷åíèþ ôèçèîëîãèè âûñøåé íåðâíîé ñ î â å ð ø å í ñ ò âå âë à ä å ë Ñ . Ñ . × à õîò è í . Ê
äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Èì ïðîâåäåíî áîëüøîå ñîæàëåíèþ, ïðè æèçíè Èâàíà Ïåòðîâè÷à
÷ è ñ ë î ð à á îò, ñ ð åä è êî ò î ð û õ è í ò å ð å ñ âîïðîñ ðàçðåøåíèÿ íå ïîëó÷èë.
ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ Â Ëàáîðàòîðèè âûïîëíÿëè ñâîè ðàáîòû
áåñïîëóøàðíûõ ñîáàê. Ýòè ðàáîòû âïåðâûå è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïðàêòèêàíòû-ñîèñ-
âûïîëíåíû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êèíîñúå- êàòåëè, ðàáîòàâøèå ïî ïàâëîâñêîé òåìà-
ìî÷íîé àïïàðàòóðû, îòêðûâ òåì ñàìûì è òèêå â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ. ×èñëî èõ ñ êàæäûì
í î âî å í àï ð à âë å í è å í àó ÷ í î - è ñ ñ ë åä î - ãîäîì âîçðàñòàëî. Ñèëû ïðàêòèêàíòîâ, êàê
âàòåëüñêîé êèíåìàòîãðàôèè. ýòî áûëî ïðèíÿòî, ñîñðåäîòà÷èâàëèñü íà
 ðàçðàáîòêó âîïðîñîâ âûñøåé íåðâíîé ðåøåíèè îäíîé ïðîáëåìû. Íàïðèìåð, â 1912 ã.
äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ìåõàíèçìîâ âíóòðåííåãî â ëàáîðàòîðèè ðàáîòàëè Ý.Ë. Ãîðí, Í.È.
ò î ðì îæå í è ÿ , êîò î ð û å ç à í è ìà ë è òî ãä à Ëåïîðñêèé, À.Ì. Ïàâëîâà, Í.Ï. Ïîíè-
È.Ï. Ïàâëîâà, çíà÷èòåëüíûé âêëàä âíåñëè çîâñêèé, Ñ.È. Ïîòåõèí, èçó÷àâøèå ìåõà-
â îñíîâíîì ðàáîòàâøèå â ëàáîðàòîðèè íèçìû âíóòðåííåãî òîðìîæåíèÿ, Â.À. Äå-
ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïðàêòèêàíòû Ô.Ñ. Ãðîñ- ìèäîâ, À.À. Ñàâè÷, À.È. Ñìèðíîâ è äð.
ñìàí, Í.È. Ëåïîðñêèé, Ñ.È. Ïîòåõèí, Âî âðåìÿ ïåðâîé ìèðîâîé è ãðàæäàíñêîé
Ý.Ë. Ãîðí, À.À. Ñàâè÷, Í.Ï. Ïîíèçîâñêèé, âîéíû ðàáîòà ëàáîðàòîðèè ðåçêî ñîêðà-
À.Ì. Ïàâëîâà, Ñ.Ñ. Âèðñàëàäçå, Å.Í. Êî- òèëàñü, â òå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ ëåò ïðàêòè-
ëåñíèêîâà è ìí. äð. êàíòîâ-èññëåäîâàòåëåé íå áûëî âîîáùå, â
 1912 ã. ñòàðøèì ôèçèîëîãîì ëàáîðà- 1916-1917 ãã. áûëî ëèøü òðè. Øòàòíûé
òîðèè áûë íàçíà÷åí Âëàäèìèð Âàñèëüåâè÷ ñîò ðóäíèê Ã.Ï. Çåëåíûé áûë ïðèçâàí â
Ñàâè÷ (18741936). Â 1893 ã. îí ïîñòóïèë â à ðìèþ êàê âðà÷. Ñ 1921 ã. â Ôèçèîëî-
ÂÌÀ, ñ 1900 ã. íà÷àë ðàáîòó â ÈÝÌå, ãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè íà Ìåíäåëååâñêîé
çàùèòèë äîêòîðñêóþ äèññåðòàöèþ «Îòäå- ëèíèè ñòàëè ðåãóëÿðíî ïðîõîäèòü çíàìå-
ëåíèå êèøå÷íîãî ñîêà». Îí áûë îäíèì èç íèòûå «ïàâëîâñêèå ñðåäû». Ýòî áûëà
íàèáîëåå ñïîñîáíûõ ó÷åíèêîâ È.Ï. Ïàâ- ñ âî å î á ð à ç í à ÿ ô î ðì à í àó ÷ í û õ ñ î áå ñ å -
ëîâà. Ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà Â.Â. Ñàâè÷ ñâÿçû- äîâàíèé «êîëëåêòèâíîãî äóìàíèÿ», êàê èõ
âàë ñâîþ òâîð÷åñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ñ èäåÿ- íàçûâàë Èâàí Ïåòðîâè÷.
ìè È.Ï. Ïàâëîâà, èç-çà ÷åãî çàñëóæèë ñðå- Äàëüíåéøóþ ñóäüáó ëàáîðàòîðèè èçìå-
äè êîëëåã ïðîçâèùå «ñòàðøèíû ïàâëîâñêîé íèëî ãðàíäèîçíîå íàâîäíåíèå, ïðîèñøåä-
øêîëû».  òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò Â.Â. Ñàâè÷ øåå â Ëåíèíãðàäå 23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1924 ã. Îá
áûë ðåäàêòîðîì «Ðóññêîãî ôèçèîëîãè- óðîâíå âîäû â âûøåäøåé èç áåðåãîâ Íåâû,
÷åñêîãî æóðíàëà». ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò ìðàìîðíàÿ òàáëè÷êà íà
 1913 ã. íà ìåñòî Ô.Å. Òóðà È.Ï. Ïàâ- ôàñàäå çäàíèÿ Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîãî íàó÷íîãî
ëîâ ïðèãëàñèë ñïåöèàëèñòà íåîáû÷íîé äëÿ öåíòðà ÐÀÍ íà Óíèâåðñèòåòñêîé íàá. 5, ó
ôèçèîëîãèè òîé ïîðû êâàëèôèêàöèè Ñåðãåÿ ïåøåõîäíîãî ïåðåõîäà, íàïðîòèâ ïàìÿòíèêà
Ñòåïàíîâè÷à ×àõîòèíà èçîáðåò àòåëÿ Ì.Â. Ëîìîíîñîâó. Ê ñåðåäèíå äíÿ ôèçèî-
ìèêðîìàíèïóëÿòîðà è ìåòîäà óëüòðàôèî- ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ëàáîðàòîðèÿ áûëà çàòîïëåíà
ëåòîâîãî ìèêðîóêîëà äëÿ âíóòðèêëåòî÷íûõ ïîëíîñòüþ.
ìàíèïóëÿöèé. Ïðèãëàøåíèå îïðåäåëÿëîñü Îò íàâîäíåíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîñòðàäàëî
ðàäèêàëû (àêòèâíûå ôîðìû êèñëîðîäà), ò.å. íîâûé ìåòîä ïðåäñòàâëÿåò áîëüøóþ âàæíîñòü.
îáëàäàþò ôîòîòîêñè÷íîñòüþ. Èñòî÷íèêîì Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çðèòåëüíûé ïèãìåíò
ýòèõ ðàäèêàëîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðåòèíîèäû ðîäîïñèí âûïîëíÿåò â ìåõàíèçìå çðèòåëü-
ïðîäóêòû ïðåâðàùåíèÿ òðàíñ-ðåòèíàëÿ. íîé ðåöåïöèè íåñêîëüêî ïðèíöèïèàëüíî
Ïðè äåéñòâèè ñâåòà, ïðè ñòàðåíèè è ïðè âàæíûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé, îáåñïå-
ïàòîëîãèÿõ ðåòèíîèäíûå ïðîäóêòû, êàê ìû ÷èâàþùèõ ñïåêòðàëüíóþ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü
íåäàâíî ïîêàçàëè, ïðåòåðïåâàþò èçìåíå- ôîòîðåöåïòîðíûõ êëåòîê ïàëî÷åê è êîë-
íèÿ (îêèñëåíèå), ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, óñèëèâàåò áî÷åê, ïðîöåññû ôîòîòðàíñäóêöèè, ñâåòîâîé
èõ òîêñè÷íîñòü. Ýòè ïðîäóêòû â ñîñòàâå è òåìíîâîé àäàïòàöèè.  ñëó÷àÿõ ãåíåòè-
ëèïîôóñöèíîâûõ ãðàíóë îáëàäàþò äîâîëüíî ÷åñêè îáóñëîâëåííûõ äåôåêòîâ â ìîëåêóëå
ñèëüíîé ôëóîðåñöåíöèåé, ÷òî ëåæèò â îñíî- çðèòåëüíîãî ïèãìåíòà èëè íàêîïëåíèÿ â
âå íîâîãî íåèíâàçèâíîãî äèàãíîñòè÷åñêîãî ôîòîðåöåïòîðíîé ìåìáðàíå åãî õðîìî-
ìåòîäà ìåòîäà àóòîôëóîðåñöåíöèè ãëàç- ôîðíîé ãðóïïû â âèäå ñâîáîäíîãî ïîëíîñòüþ-
íîãî äíà. Ïîñêîëüêó íàêîïëåíèå ëèïîôóñöè- òðàíñ-ðåòèíàëÿ âîçíèêàåò îïàñíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ
íîâûõ ãðàíóë ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê âàæíûé èëè óñóãóáëåíèÿ ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ
ôàêòîð ñòàðåíèÿ è ïàòîëîãèè ñåò÷àòêè, ýòîò (äåãåíåðàòèâíûõ çàáîëåâàíèé ñåò÷àòêè).
Pain is a common symptom in patients with days after implantation. Here we summarize
cancer. It is estimated that over half of pa- electrophysiological and morphological changes
tients with cancer experience pain, up to 90% that occur in primary afferent nerve fibers with
of patients in advanced disease stages expe- tumor growth as well as changes in the encod-
rience pain, and metastasis to bone often ing properties of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons
causes severe pain. Although the prevalence that are likely to contribute to cancer pain. We
and severity of cancer pain differs among the also demonstrate that peripheral application of
various types of cancer, 60% of individuals cannabinoids at the tumor site reduced hyperal-
with primary or metastatic bone cancer suf- gesia
fer from severe pain. Severe cancer pain is
most often treated with opioids, however, they Changes in the physiology and morphology of
do not always provide adequate analgesia and primary afferent nerve fibers during tumor growth
their use is limited by a variety of side effects. Electrophysiological recordings were made
Pain from cancer is unique and complex from single Aä and C primary afferent fibers
because it may be mediated by inflammation, in the tibial nerve of mice with sarcoma cells
neuropathy, and mediators released from the implanted into and around the calcaneus bone.
cancer cells, and is therefore difficult to All receptive fields (RFs) were located on the
manage. It is therefore important to gain a plantar surface of the tumor-bearing hind paw.
greater understanding of the mechanisms that Approximately 30% of C-fiber nociceptors
contribute to cancer pain so that new targets exhibited spontaneous activity in (Cain et al.,
for pain control can be identified. Animal 2001). No changes were observed in their
models of cancer pain have been developed mechanical sensitivity using calibrated von
fairly recently and are providing information Frey monofilaments, but mean heat response
on the mechanisms that contribute to cancer- thresholds of C-fibers was lower in tumor-
related pain. Implantation of various types of bearing mice (37.8 ± 0.9°C) as compared to
tumor cells into or near bone in rodents pro- control mice (40.3 ± 0.4°C). Also, responses
duces ongoing nocifensive behaviors and hy- of C nociceptors to noxious cold were en-
peralgesia to mechanical, heat, and cold stimuli. hanced for stimulus temperatures lower than
We were interested in identifying interactions 10°C. Interestingly, responses of A-fiber no-
between tumor and peripheral nerve, and neural ciceptors evoked by mechanical and thermal
encoding in the peripheral nervous system and stimuli were not altered during tumor growth.
in the spinal cord that contribute to cancer pain. Thus, ongoing spontaneous activity and in-
We used a model in which fibrosarcoma cells creased responses to heat and mechanical
are implanted into and around the calcaneus bone stimuli of C-fiber nociceptors are likely to
in the mouse. As the tumor grows, the tumor- contribute to spontaneous pain and to heat and
bearing paw develops hyperalgesia to mechani- cold hyperalgesia associated with this model
cal, heat and cold stimuli that is maximal 10-14 of cancer pain.
In addition to electrophysiological changes that as the tumor grows, nerve fibers are injured
in C-fiber nociceptors, tumor development also and the associated pain and hyperalgesia is due
produced morphological changes in nerve fi- in part to neuropathic mechanisms.
bers. We obtained punch biopsies (3mm) from
plantar skin overlying the tumor. Epidermal Response properties of dorsal horn neurons
nerve fibers (ENFs), which are unmyelinated during tumor growth
nociceptive nerve fibers, were labeled using Extracellular recordings were made from no-
protein gene product 9.5 and epidermal ciceptive dorsal horn neurons located in con-
innervation was quantified. It was found that trol and in tumor-bearing mice. All RFs were
early during tumor growth (approximately 10 located on the plantar surface of the hind paw.
days after implantation), there was a prolif- Nociceptive neurons were classified functional-
eration of ENFs as indicated by increased and ly as wide dynamic range (WDR) or high thresh-
complex branching of these fibers (Figure 1). old (HT) according to their responses evoked
However, as the tumor developed further, it pro- by mechanical stimuli of varying intensities.
duced neuropathy as indicated by a decrease in Several differences in response properties
the number of labeled ENFs, This demonstrates were observed in tumor-bearing mice. First,
a greater proportion (76%) of WDR neurons
exhibited ongoing activity in tumor-bearing
mice as compared to controls (54%) and their
discharge frequency was approximately 3
Control
times greater than that of control mice. Sec-
ond, responses of WDR neurons to mechani-
cal stimuli (brush, von Frey monofilaments, and
pinching with serrated forceps) applied to the
RF were greater as compared to those in con-
trol mice. Third, responses of WDR and HT
neurons evoked by thermal stimuli were in-
Day 10
creased in tumor bearing mice (Figure 2).
pendently. Additional studies using selective fiber nociceptors as well as central sensitiza-
cannabinoid receptor antagonists indicated that tion, particularly sensitization of WDR
this occurred through both CB1 and CB2 recep- neurons. Some of these changes are unique
tors. These studies suggest that cannabinoids, to the cancer pain model and differ from those
acting through peripheral mechanisms, may be observed following inflammation alone, sup-
beneficial in the management of cancer pain. porting the notion that separate mechanisms
Implantation of sarcoma cells into and underlie cancer pain. Understanding the
around the calcaneus bone produces robust changes in the physiology and neurochemistry
hyperalgsia to mechanical, heat, and cold of the dorsal horn produced by tumor growth
stimuli that is mediated by sensitization of C- may provide new opportunities for mana-
gement of cancer pain.
As we have shown, cannabinoids may be
effective in treating cancer pain. Importantly,
if cannabinoids are effective through periph-
eral mechanisms alone, this would avoid un-
wanted side effects associated with activa-
tion of cannabinoid receptors in the central
nervous system. It has been shown that
cannabinoids can decrease excitability or no-
ciceptors. Thus, cannabinoids may decrease
the ongoing activity and sensitization of noci-
ceptors produced by tumor growth, thereby
preventing the development of central sensi-
Figure 3. WIN 55,212-2 dose-dependently attenuates tization and persistent pain.
mechanical hyperalgesia. Local injection of 2.5, 5, or 10 ìg
of WIN 55,212-2 into the tumor-bearing hindpaw reduced
the mean paw withdrawal frequency evoked by a von Frey These studies were supported by grants from the
monofilament (3.4 mN). indicates a significant difference National Institutes of Health; DA011471 and
from vehicle (p < 0.05). From Potenzieri et al., 2008 CA091007.
ÃÔÈ, ãäå, êàê áûëî ñêàçàíî âûøå, ñîñðåäî- äåéñòâèåì ËÍÏ íà ñîñóäèñòóþ ñòåíêó. Íà-
òî÷åíî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî áåëêîâ ñèã- êîïëåíèå ËÍÏ â êëåòêàõ ñîñóäîâ ïðîèñ-
íàëüíîãî êàñêàäà, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïî- õîäèò ÷åðåç êëàññè÷åñêèé àïîÂ/E-ðåöåïòîð
ëîæèòü ó÷àñòèå Ò-êàäãåðèíà â àêòèâàöèè ËÍÏ, íî òåì íå ìåíåå, ËÍÏ ñïîñîáíû
âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè. Ìåõàíèçì âûçûâàòü ðÿä ãîðìîíîïîäîáíûõ ýôôåê-
âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè ÷åðåç òîâ, â îñíîâå êîòîðûõ ëåæèò àêòèâàöèÿ
êëàññè÷åñêèå êàäãåðèíû â öåëîì óñòà- ñèñòåì âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîé ñèãíàëèçàöèè. Â
íîâëåí, òîãäà êàê âîïðîñ î ïðîâåäåíèè îòëè÷èå îò õîðîøî èçó÷åííîãî ìåòàáî-
ñèãíàëà îò Ò-êàäãåðèíà âíóòðü êëåòêè ëè÷åñêîãî äåéñòâèÿ ËÍÏ, îïîñðåäóåìîãî
îñòàåòñÿ îòêðûòûì. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî äëÿ àïîÂ/Å-ðåöåïòîðîì, ìåõàíèçìû ãîðìîíî-
ÃÔÈ-çàÿêîðåííîãî Ò-êàäãåðèíà, êàê è äëÿ ïîäîáíûõ ýôôåêòîâ íåèçâåñòíû, òàêæå
ÃÔÈ-çàÿêîðåííîãî ðåöåïòîðà óðîêèíàçû, íåèçâåñòåí ðåöåïòîð, ñîïðÿæåííûé ñ ñèñ-
äîëæíû ñóùåñòâîâàòü òðàíñìåìáðàííûå òåìàìè âòîðè÷íûõ ïîñðåäíèêîâ. Ðàíåå â
àäàïòåðû, íî ïîêà î íèõ ìàëî ÷òî íåèç- íàøåé ëàáîðàòîðèè óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü
âåñòíî. àòèïè÷íûé ó÷àñòîê ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ñâÿçû-
Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ýêñïðåññèè Ò-êàäãåðèíà âàíèÿ ËÍÏ íà êóëüòèâèðóåìûõ ãëàäêîìû-
â íîðìå â ðàçëè÷íûõ îðãàíàõ è òêàíÿõ áûëî øå÷íûõ êëåòêàõ ñîñóäîâ, êîòîðûì îêàçàëñÿ
ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ýêñïðåññèÿ Ò-êàäãåðèí. Ñâÿçûâàíèå Ò-êàäãåðèíà ñ
Ò-êàäãåðèíà íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ñåðäå÷íî-ñî- ËÍÏ íèçêîàôôèííîå, K d ñâÿçûâàíèÿ ËÍÏ
ñóäèñòîé ñèñòåìå (â êàðäèîìèîöèòàõ, ýíäî- ñ Ò-êàäãåðèíîì íàìíîãî âûøå, ÷åì ñ K d
òåëèè, ãëàäêîìûøå÷íûõ êëåòêàõ è ïåðè- ñâÿçûâàíèÿ ËÍÏ ñ êëàññè÷åñêèì ðåöåï-
öèòàõ) è â íåðâíîé ñèñòåìå. Ò-êàäãåðèí, ïî òîðîì: K d àïîÂ/E ñîñòàâëÿåò 1-2 ìêã/ìë, à
âñåé âèäèìîñòè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàâèãàöèîííîé K d Ò-êàäãåðèíà íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ 60
ìîëåêóëîé, îñóùåñòâëÿþùåé îòðèöàòåëü- ìêã/ìë. Ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèè ËÍÏ ñ Ò-
íóþ íàâèãàöèþ ðîñòà àêñîíîâ ê ñâîèì êàäãåðèíîì àêòèâèðóåòñÿ ôîñôîèíîçèòèä-
ìèøåíÿì â ïðîöåññå ýìáðèîãåíåçà: ðàñòó- íûé îáìåí, íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ äèàöèëãëèöåðîë
ùèå àêñîíû èçáåãàþò íà ñâîåì ïóòè â ìåìáðàíå, óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ
ó÷àñòêîâ, ãäå ýêñïðåññèðîâàí Ò-êàäãåðèí. âíóòðèêëåòî÷íîãî Ca 2+ çà ñ÷¸ò âûõîä à
Êðîìå òîãî, â íàøåé ëàáîðàòîðèè áûëî ïî- êàëüöèÿ èç ÝÏÐ, à òàêæå àêòèâèðóåòñÿ
êàçàíî, ÷òî â ïðîöåññàõ íåîàíãèîãåíåçà ìèãðàöèÿ êëåòîê ïî ãðàäèåíòó ËÍÏ.
Ò-êàäãåðèí ïîäàâëÿåò ìèãðàöèþ ýíäîòå- Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â íàøåé ëàáîðàòî-
ëèàëüíûõ êëåòîê â ðåçóëüòàòå ãîìîôèëü- ðèè èññëåäóåòñÿ ðîëü Ò-êàäãåðèíà â ðå-
íîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìîëåêóë Ò-êàäãåðèíà ãóëÿöèè ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ýíäîòåëèÿ. Â íîðìå
íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ýíäîòåëèàëüíûõ êëåòîê è ýíäîòåëèàëüíûå êëåòêè ýêñïðåññèðóþò Ò-
êëåòîê ñòðîìû, òàêæå ýêñïðåññèðóþùåé êàäãåðèí, îäíàêî ïðè ñîñòîÿíèÿõ, ñâÿçàí-
Ò-êàäãåðèí. Íàìè áûëè ïîëó÷åíû äàííûå íûõ ñ íàðóøåíèåì ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ýíäî-
î òîì, ÷òî ýêñïðåññèÿ Ò-êàäãåðèíà âîçðàñ- òåëèÿ, ýêñïðåññèÿ Ò-êàäãåðèíà âîçðàñòàåò.
òàåò ïðè àòåðîñêëåðîòè÷åñêèõ ïîðàæåíèÿõ Ìû ïðåäïîëîæèëè, ÷òî Ò-êàäãåðèí òàêæå
ñîñóäîâ. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî àòåðîñêëåðîç ñîï- ó÷àñòâóåò â ðåãóëÿöèè ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ñîñó-
ðîâîæäàåòñÿ íàêîïëåíèåì ëèïîïðîòåèäîâ äîâ. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ýêòîïè÷åñêàÿ ãèïåðýê-
íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè (ËÍÏ) è õîëåñòåðèíà â ñïðåññèÿ Ò-êàäãåðèíà â ýíäîòåëèàëüíûõ
ñîñóäèñòîé ñòåíêå, íàðóøåíèåì ïðîíèöàå- êëåòêàõ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèåì ïðî-
ìîñòè ýíäîòåëèÿ è ñòåíîçèðîâàíèåì ïðîñ- íèöàåìîñòè ìîíîñëîÿ ýòèõ êëåòîê, à ïîäàâ-
âåòà ñîñóäà. Áûëî âûñêàçàíî ïðåäïîëîæå- ëåíèå íàòèâíîé ýêñïðåññèè Ò-êàäãåðèíà
íèå, ÷òî ãèïåðýêñïðåññèÿ Ò-êàäãåðèíà â íàîáîðîò, óñèëèâàåò áàðüåðíóþ ôóíêöèþ
ñîñóäàõ ïðè àòåðîñêëåðîçå íå ñëó÷àéíà, è ýíäîòåëèÿ, ñíèæàÿ ïðîíèöàåìîñòü èõ ìî-
âîçìîæíî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ íåãàòèâíûì âîç- íîñëîÿ. Â îñíîâå ìåõàíèçìà ðåãóëÿöèè
82 ISSN 0201-8489 Ô³ç³îë. æóðí., 2011, Ò. 57, ¹ 5
Â.À. Òêà÷óê, Å.Â. Ñåìèíà, Ê.À. Ðóáèíà, Â.Þ. Ñûñîåâà, Í.È. Êàëèíèíà, Â.Ä. Ñòàìáîëüñêèé, Å.Â. Ïàðôåíîâà
âàííûõ ïîòåíöèàëîâ äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòèìó- ÑÑÎÑ ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîåâîé ñòðåññ, äåéñò-
ëîâ äî è ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòà. âóþùèé íà ó÷àñòíèêîâ âîîðóæåííûõ êîí-
Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâåäåíû â òàáëèöå (ïðåäñòàâ- ôëèêòîâ è òåððîðèñòè÷åñêèõ àêòîâ. Áîëåå
ëåíû òîëüêî ïîêàçàòåëè, èìåþùèå äîñòî- «ìÿãêèå» ñòðåññîðû õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ëèö
âåðíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ñ ôîíîâûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè). î ï à ñ í û õ ï ð î ô å ñ ñ è é .  å ñ ü êî í ò è í ó óì
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îòðèöàòåëüíûå çíà÷å- ñòðåññ-ðåàêöèé ïðè äåéñòâèè ôàêòîðîâ,
íèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé ñîîòâåòñòâóþò áîëåå âû- íåñóùèõ óãðîçó äëÿ æèçíè è çäîðîâüÿ
ñîêîìó ïîðîãó âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ðåàêöèè íà ìîæíî êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü â âèäå ñòðåññà
òåñòîâûé ñòèìóë è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â íèõ ñìåðòåëüíî îïàñíûõ ñîñòîÿíèé. ×àùå
ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåõàíèçìû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ â ñ å ãî î í ÿ âë ÿ å ò ñ ÿ êî ì á è í è ð î âà í í û ì
ï ñ è õî ë î ã è ÷ å ñ êî é ç à ù è òî é . Í à î á î ð îò, ñòðåññîì, ýòî ñèñòåìíàÿ ìíîãîóðîâíåâàÿ
äî ñ òîâåðíûå ïîëîæèòåëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ðåàêöèÿ îðãàíèçìà ÷åëîâåêà íà âîçäåéñò-
ñâèäåòåëüñòâó þò îá îòñó òñòâèè ïðîÿâ- âèå êîìïëåêñà îïàñíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ñ ðåàëü-
ëåíèé ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé çàùèòû è, áîëåå íûì îñîçíàíèåì âûñîêîãî ðèñêà ãèáåëè èëè
òîãî, î íàëè÷èè âûðàæåííîé àêöåíòóàöèè ñåðüåçíîé óòðàòû çäîðîâüÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðîÿâ-
ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðîáëåìàòèêè, ñîîòâåò- ëÿåòñÿ íà ëè÷íîñòíîì, ïñèõîôèçèîëîãè-
ñòâóþùåé òåñòîâîìó ñòèìóëó. ÷ å ñêîì, ýìîöèîíàëüíî-âåãå òàòèâíîì è
Îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå æåñòêèõ âàðèàíòîâ ñîìàòè÷åñêîì óðîâíÿõ, ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíîé,
à âîçìîæíî è âåäóùåé
Ñðàâíåíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé âûçâàííûõ ïîòåíöèàëîâ äî è ïîñëå ó÷àñòèÿ â ðîëè èçìåíåíèé â áåñ-
ýêñïåðèìåíòå. ñîçíàòåëüíîé ñôåðå, çàê-
Ì1 ìåäèàíà ïî ãðóïïå äî ó÷àñòèÿ â ýêñïåðèìåíòå, Ì2 ìåäèàíà ïî ãðóïïå ë þ÷ à þ ù è õñ ÿ â ã ðó á î é
ïîñëå ó÷àñòèÿ â ýêñïåðèìåíòå, Z êðèòåðèé Ìàííà-Óèòíè,
äåôîðìàöèè áàçîâûõ ýãî-
P óðîâåíü äîñòîâåðíîñòè.
ñòðóêòóð. Ñëåäóåò ïðèç-
Ñòèìóë Ïîêàçàòåëü M1 M2 Z P
Áîëåçíü Îáù.àìïë. -0.507 0.464 -2.744 0.020
íàòü, ÷òî â ïðîáëåìàòèêå
Áîëåçíü F3_0 -0.575 1.135 -3.488 0.005 ïñèõîôèçèîëîãèè ÑÑÎÑ
Æåíà F3_1 0.052 0.958 -2.498 0.031 ãî ð à çä î á îë ü ø å ò ðóä -
Æåíà F4_1 0.426 -0.325 2.248 0.048 íîðåøàåìûõ çàäà÷, òàê
Æåíà P4_1 0.753 -0.367 2.311 0.043 êàê äàííûå ïîëó÷àþòñÿ
Êîñìîñ F4_2 -0.665 0.301 -2.765 0.019 ãîðàçäî ÷àùå «îò æèç-
Îïàñíîñòü F3_0 -0.060 1.055 -2.333 0.041 íè», à íå «îò ýêñïåðè-
Îïàñíîñòü F4_1 1.204 -0.091 2.893 0.016 ìåíòà». Â áóäóùåì ïðîá-
Ðàáîòà T4_0 -0.565 0.272 -3.752 0.003 ëåìó âñëåäñòâèå ðÿäà
Ðàáîòà P3_1 -0.282 0.989 -2.577 0.027
îáúåêòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ
Ðàáîòà T4_2 -0.809 0.968 -2.363 0.039
Ñåìüÿ Îáù.àìïë. -0.887 0.438 -2.392 0.037
ñëåäóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü
Ñåìüÿ F3_0 -0.102 1.564 -3.711 0.004 ãîðàçäî øèðå è ãëóáæå
Ñåìüÿ T4_1 1.336 -0.087 2.729 0.021 íå òîëüêî êàê ñïåöèôè-
Ñåêñ T3_0 -0.479 0.901 -2.699 0.022 ÷åñêóþ ïðîáëåìó ëèö
Ñåêñ T4_1 0.203 -0.626 3.030 0.012 îïàñíûõ ïðîôåññèé, à êàê
Ñìåðòü P4_0 -0.464 0.744 -2.672 0.023 ôóíäàìåíòàëüíóþ ìåäè-
Àëêîãîëü P4_0 -0.102 1.140 -2.575 0.027 êî-áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ ïðîá-
Íàèìåíîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé îáðàçóþòñÿ èç íàçâàíèÿ îòâåäåíèÿ è öèôðû, îáîçíà- ëåìó âûçîâ âðåìåíè,
÷àþùåé âðåìÿ ïðåäúÿâëåíèÿ: 1 t1 (ìàëîå âðåìÿ), 2 t2 (áîëüøîå âðåìÿ), 0 ñïîñîáíûé âîâëå÷ü ïîä
ñóììàðíûå ïîêàçàòåëè äëÿ t1 è t2. Ðåàêöèÿ íà äðóãèå ñòèìóëû îòìå÷àëàñü
íà óðîâíå òåíäåíöèè è íå áûëà äîñòîâåðíîé. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû
ñâîå âëèÿíèå ëþáîãî ÷å-
ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î íàëè÷èè ðÿäà ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé, âîçíèêàþùèõ ëîâåêà â ëþáîé ìîìåíò
âñëåäñòâèå ó÷àñòèÿ â äîëãîâðåìåííîì ýêñïåðèìåíòå. æèçíè.
Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, ÷òî âñå ïîëèñèíàï- è óðåòàíîì (30 è 500 ìã/êã) êðûñàõ ñ
òè÷åñêèå ñèìïàòè÷åñêèå ðåôëåêñû ñïèí- ïîìîùüþ êîìïüþòåðíîãî ýëåêòðîôèçèî-
íîãî ìîçãà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî ïîëè- ëîãè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà èìïóëüñàöèè ñèìïà-
ìåäèàòîðíûìè, óòâåðäèëîñü íà ñòðàíèöàõ ò è ÷ å ñ ê è õ í å ð â í û õ âîë î êî í â í å ð â í û õ
ñîâðåìåííûõ ìîíîãðàôèé è îáçîðíûõ ñòâîëàõ ïðè íîöèöåïòèâíîì âîçäåéñòâèè
ñòàòåé. Ðàñòåò ÷èñëî ïóáëèêàöèé, îáñóæ- (ðàñòÿæåíèå, èøåìèÿ òêàíåé êèøêè) íà
äàþùèõ ðîëü îáúåìíîé ïåðåäà÷è ñèãíàëà ðåöåïòîðû âíóòðåííèõ îðãàíîâ èëè ýëåêòðî-
â ìîçãó, âîâëåêàþùåé â ñôåðó âëèÿíèÿ ñòèìóëÿöèþ íåðâîâ. Ïðåïàðàòû ââîäèëè
ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåìîãî òîêîì ìåæêëåòî÷íîé èíòðàòåêàëüíî íà óðîâíå Òh 8-9 ÷åðåç
æèäêîñòè õèìè÷åñêîãî ôàêòîðà ìíîãîîá- òîíêèé ñèëèêîíîâûé êàòåòåð, ïðîäâèíóòûé
ðàçíûå ðåöåïòîðû, ëîêàëèçîâàííûå êàê â ïîä îáîëî÷êè ñïèííîãî ìîçãà ÷åðåç îòâåð-
îáëàñòè «êëàññè÷åñêèõ» ñèíàïñîâ, òàê è ñòèå â àòëàíòî-îêöèïèòàëüíîé ìåìáðàíå.
ýêñòðàñèíàïòè÷åñêè. Âñå ýòî çàñòàâëÿåò  ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ óñòàíîâ-
ð à ñ ñ ìàò ð è âàò ü ì åõ à í è çì û ð å ã óë ÿ ö è è ëåíî, ÷òî àôôåðåíòíûå âîëîêíà êîæè è
ôóíêöèé íà ñåãìåíòàðíîì óðîâíå áîëåå ìûøö âîâëå÷åíû â ðåàëèçàöèþ ñèìïàòî-
ñëîæíûìè, ÷åì ïîëàãàëè ðàíåå. Ïî ñîâðå- èíãèáèðóþùèõ ðåôëåêòîðíûõ ðåàêöèé íà
ìåííûì äàííûì, íåéðîíû äîðñàëüíîãî ðîãà óðîâíå ñïèííîãî ìîçãà, îãðàíè÷èâàþùèõ
ñïèííîãî ìîçãà ðàñïîëàãàþò ïðåèìó- ðàçâèòèå áîëåâûõ âèñöåðàëüíûõ ðåàêöèé.
ùåñòâåííî ýêñòðàñèíàïòè÷åñêè ðàñïîëî- Ïîëó÷åíû äîêàçàòåëüñòâà òîãî, ÷òî ãëóòà-
æåííûìè ðåöåïòîðàìè, àôôèííûìè ê ìàò- è NÎ-åðãè÷åñêèå íåéðîõèìè÷åñêèå
ðàçíîîáðàçíûì íåéðîìåäèàòîðàì (ãëèöèí, ïðîöåññû âîâëå÷åíû â ôîðìèðîâàíèå
ÃÀÌÊ, NO è äð.). Îíè âîâëåêàþòñÿ è â ïðîíîöèöåïòèâíûõ ðåàêöèé, â òî âðåìÿ êàê
ðåàëèçàöèþ ñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ ðåôëåêòîðíûõ ÃÀÌÊ- è ãëèöèíåðãè÷å ñêèå ïðåäîïðå-
ðåàêöèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ äåéñòâèåì â îðãà- äåëÿþò ñèìïàòîèíãèáèðóþùèå ýôôåêòû íà
íèçìå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûõ ðàçäðàæèòåëåé. ñïèíàëüíîì óðîâíå. Ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì
Ïîñêîëüêó èíãèáèðîâàíèå ãèïåðàêòèâíûõ óêàçàííûõ âûâîäîâ ìîãóò ñëóæèòü ñëåäó-
ðåàêöèé ñèìïàòè÷åñêîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû þùèå äàííûå.
ìîæåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü îãðàíè÷åíèþ ïîñ-  îïûòàõ óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ðåàêöèè
ëåäñòâèé âèñöåðàëüíîé áîëè, óñòàíîâëåíèå ôàçè÷åñêèõ ýôôåðåíòíûõ ñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ
ìåõàíèçìîâ òîðìîæåíèÿ èìïóëüñàöèè â âîëîêîí â âåòâÿõ áðþøíîãî àîðòàëüíîãî
ýôôåðåíòíûõ âîëîêíàõ âíóòðåííîñòíûõ ñ ï ë å ò å í è ÿ , â û ç û âà å ì û å ñ ò è ì óë ÿ ö è å é
íåðâîâ äîëæíî áûòü ñîïðÿæåíî ñ öåëåíàï- àôôåðåíòíûõ ïðîâîäíèêîâ ãðóïïû Ñ òîíêîé
ðàâëåííûì ïîèñêîì ñðåäñòâ, ïðèìåíåíèå êèøêè, êîæè è ñîâìåñòíûì Aβγ, B è Ñ-
êîòîðûõ ïåðñïåêòèâíî äëÿ ìåäèöèíñêîé à ôôåðåíòîâ ìûøö çàäíåé êîíå÷íî ñòè,
ïðàêòèêè. õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ äëèòåëüíûì ïîñëå-
Ìàòåðèàë ïîëó÷åí â îñòðûõ ýêñïåðè- äåéñòâèåì, âàðèàòèâíûì ëàòåíòíûì ïå-
ìåíòàõ íà íàðêîòèçèðîâàííûõ íåìáóòàëîì ðèîäîì, îòðàæàÿ àêòèâàöèþ ôîíîâî íåàê-
(20 ìêã/0,1 ìë) îòìåíÿëî óãíåòåíèå ñîêðà- Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ýìîöèîíàëüíûé è òåïëî-
òèòåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè êèøêè ïðè ðàñòÿ- âîé ñòðåññ, ñîïðîâîæäàåìûé àêòèâàöèåé
æåíèè ïåòëè òîíêîé êèøêè (ñèìïàòè÷åñêèé ýôôåðåíòíîãî çâåíà ñèìïàòè÷åñêîé íåðâ-
òîðìîçíîé êèøå÷íî-êèøå÷íûé ðåôëåêñ). íîé ñèñòåìû, ïîâûøàÿ àôôåðåíòíóþ ñèã-
Ââåäåíèå â ïîëîñòü êèøêè äîíîðà NO íàëèçàöèþ â èííåðâèðóþùèõ äâåíàäöàòè-
íèòðîïðóññèäà íàòðèÿ, åãî ïðåäøåñò- ïåðñòíóþ êèøêó âîëîêíàõ áëóæäàþùåãî
âåííèêà L-àðãèíèíà è îðãàíè÷åñêîãî íèòðà- íåðâà è óñèëåíèå èõ ðåàêöèè íà äåéñòâèå
òà íèòðîãëèöåðèíà ïðèâîäèëî ê èíãèáè- ãëþêîçû. Ïîëó÷åíû äîêàçàòåëüñòâà òîãî,
ðîâàíèþ ñïîíòàííîé ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé àêòèâ- ÷òî óðîâåíü òåêóùåé àôôåðåíòíîé ñèãíàëè-
íîñòè ãëàäêèõ ìûøö òîíêîé êèøêè, íî íå çàöèè â áëóæäàþùåì íåðâå, âûçûâàåìîé
ïðåïÿòñòâîâàëî ðåàëèçàöèè òîðìîçíîãî àêòèâàöèåé ãëþêîðåöåïòîðîâ, îáóñëîâëåí
êèøå÷íî-êèøå÷íîãî ðåôëåêñà. Ýëåêòðî- ñîâìåñòíûì âñàñûâàíèåì è äåéñòâèåì
ñ ò è ì óë ÿ ö è ÿ ê è ø å÷ í î ãî í å ð âà í à ô î í å ãë þ êî ç û è í àò ð è ÿ í à ÷ ó â ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û å
âíóòðèïðîñâåòíîãî ââåäåíèÿ L-NAME (20 îêîí÷àíèÿ. Èíãèáèðîâàíèå âñ àñûâàíèÿ
ìã/ìë) íå îêàçûâàëà òîðìîçíîãî äåéñòâèÿ ñàõàðîâ â êèøêå ôëîðèäçèíîì (2,5 ìã/0,5
íà ïîòåíöèàëû êèøå÷íèêà. Èíòðàòåêàëüíîå ìë, âíóòðèïðîñâåòíî) îêàçûâàëî òîðìîçíîå
ââåäåíèå γ-àìèíîìàñëÿíîé êèñëîòû äîçîçà- âëèÿíèå íà àêòèâíîñòü ñåíñîðíûõ õåìî- è
âèñèìî èíãèáèðîâàëî òîíè÷åñêóþ è ôàçè- ìåõàíîðåöåïòîðîâ êèøêè. Ïîëó÷åíû ñâè-
÷åñêóþ àêòèâíîñòü ýôôåðåíòíûõ âîëîêîí äåòåëüñòâà òîãî, ÷òî ñîäåðæàíèå ïðîäóê-
áðûæåå÷íîãî íåðâà. Äåéñòâèå ãëèöèíà â öèè ìîíîîêñèäà àçîòà ñëóæèò ëèìèòè-
ëèêâîðå ñïèííîãî ìîçãà ïðîÿâëÿëîñü â ðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì äëÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ
äîçîçàâèñèìîì ñíèæåíèè ÷àñòîòû òîíè- õåìî- è ìåõàíîðåöåïöèè àôôåðåíòíûìè
÷åñêîé èìïóëüñàöèè áðûæåå÷íîãî íåðâà. îêîí÷àíèÿìè áëóæäàþùåãî íåðâà â êèøêå.
Ýôôåêò ôåíèëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäíîãî ÃÀÌÊ Êðîìå òîãî, âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî òîðìîçíûå
ôåíèáóòà (ÐÓÏ Áåëìåäïðåïàðàòû, 0,15 è àìèíîêèñëîòû ãëèöèí è ÃÀÌÊ (10 ìã/0,5
15 ìêã/0,1 ìë), ââåäåííîãî ïîä îáîëî÷êè ìë) ïðè èõ ñîâìåñòíîì âñàñûâàíèè ñ
ñ ï è í í î ãî ì î ç ã à , ç à ê ë þ÷ à ë ñ ÿ â îò ì å í å ãëþêîçîé äåñåíñèòèçèðóþò ìåõàíî- è õå-
ðåôëåêòîðíî âûçâàííîé íîöèöåïòèâíûì ìîðåöåïòîðû êèøêè, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ãëó-
ñòèìóëîì ðåàêöèè ñèìïàòè÷åñêèõ ýôôå- òàìàò íàòðèÿ ïîòåíöèðóåò äåéñòâèå ãëþ-
ðåíòíûõ âîëîêîí â áðûæåå÷íîì íåðâå. êîçû è õëîðèäà íàòðèÿ íà óðîâíå ñåíñîðíûõ
 ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ òàêæå ïîëó÷åíû ðåöåïòîðîâ.
ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîäòâåðæäàþùèå çàâèñèìîñòü Íà îñíîâàíèè ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ
àêòèâíîñòè ñåíñîðíûõ ãëþêîðåöåïòîðîâ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ êîíöåïöèÿ, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîé
àôôåðåíòíûõ îêîí÷àíèé áë óæäàþùåãî òîðìîæåíèå âåãåòàòèâíîãî ýôôåêòà âèñöå-
íåðâà îò íàëè÷èÿ ãëþêîçû âî âíóòðåííåé ðàëüíîé áîëè ìîæåò âûçûâàòüñÿ âîçáóæ-
ñðåäå îðãàíèçìà (êðîâè è ëèêâîðå) è äåíèåì ñîìàòè÷åñêèõ àôôåðåíòíûõ ïðî-
ñóùå ñòâîâàíèå ñïåöèôè÷å ñêîãî ñèìïà- âîäíèêîâ êîæè, à òàêæå èñïîëüçîâàíèåì
òîàêòèâèðóþùåãî ñïèíàëüíîãî ðåôëåê- ïðåïàðàòîâ, ñîçäàííûõ íà îñíîâå òîðìîç-
òîðíîãî ìåõàíèçìà, ñíèæàþùåãî óðîâåíü íûõ àìèíîêèñëîò, íàïðèìåð ãëèöèíà èëè
àêòèâíîñòè àôôåðåíòíûõ âîëîêîí âàãóñà. ôåíèáóòà.
Ñåêö³¿:
· Ìîëåêóëÿðíà òà êë³òèííà ô³ç³îëîã³ÿ
· Íåéðîô³ç³îëîã³ÿ
· Ô³ç³îëîã³ÿ â³ñöåðàëüíèõ ñèñòåì
Ñàéò êîíôåðåíö³¿:
http://physiology.org.ua/conf/young2011
ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÀ ÒÀ Ê˲ÒÈÍÍÀ ԲDzÎËÎòß
BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS OF HIPPOCALCIN SIGNALING IN DENDRITES
OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS
Cherkas V. P.1, Kononenko N.I.1, Dovgan A. V.1, Haynes L. P.2, Burgoyne R. D.,2 Belan P. V.1
cherkas@biph.kiev.ua
1 O.O.Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv; 2 University of Liverpool,
United Kingdom
We have shown previously that hippocalcin, a Ca 2+-binding protein which is a key mediator of many
cellular functions, may decode neuronal activity into hippocalcin translocation in dendrites of hippocampal
neurons. In order to better understand hippocalcin signalling properties we have further examined the
biophysical mechanisms leading to hippocalcin translocation in dendrites. The neuronal plasma membrane
can have suboptical invaginations, such as caveolae, that effectively increase plasma membrane area.
Thus, even during uniform hippocalcin insertion in the plasma membrane, such sites would demonstrate
an increased amount of translocated hippocalcin compared to plain membrane loci. Co-expressing
hippocalcin-ECFP and EYFP-Mem, a fusion protein that nonspecifically targets EYFP to plasma
membranes, we tested whether the translocation was spatially correlated with plasma membrane enriched
sites. No significant correlation was observed implying higher hippocalcin affinity for translocation
sites. We also checked whether translocation sites are associated with sites of higher [Ca 2+]i. Creating
uniform [Ca2+]i transients in a dendritic segment, we have shown that hippocalcin translocation was
significantly different in neighbouring sites having analogous patterns of [Ca2+]i changes. Producing
long-lasting elevations of [Ca 2+]i by activation of different Ca 2+ mobilizing mechanisms, we have also
demonstrated that hippocalcin translocation was observed in the same set of sites independently of Ca2+
source. These results indicate that [Ca 2+]i is not the only determinant of hippocalcin translocation.
Furthermore we have also developed original approaches to quantitatively, separately and simultaneously
measure hippocalcin concentration in cytosolic and membrane cellular fractions of single living
hippocampal neurons. Based on these approaches we have found that the membranous hippocalcin
concentration in dendritic membranes can be increased more than 10 times during long-lasting elevations
of [Ca2+]i. We conclude that hippocalcin may serve as a site specific messenger with a high dynamic
range allowing precise modulation of its targets.
reflects the extent of pyrene excimerization, which is determined by the frequency of collisions between
pyrene moieties in the lipid bilayer and correlates with the lipid packing density. Our data revealed the
decrease of E/M value with the growth of aggregated protein concentration. The effect was more
pronounced (about 15 %) at the 10th day. The reduction of pyrene excimerization can be explained by
the increase of membrane viscosity under influence of pre-fibrillar aggregates of lysozyme. VT gratefully
acknowledges a young scientist award by the President of Ukraine (project number GP/F32/109). This
work was supported by the grants from the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (project number
4534) and Fundamental Research State Fund (project number F.41.4/014).
2 and 3 times higher compared to O-bound probes, respectively, and IAH dye showed the same Q
values in the presence of O and D. Likewise, quantum yield of the O- and D-bound probes were ~10
times higher than those for N-bound fluorophores, indicating that aminobenzanthrones poorly interact
with the monomeric protein. Moreover, the relative intensity increases of the O- and D- bound dyes
compared to their molar fluorescences in buffer turned out to be ~2-3 times higher than those for N-
bound probes, and their fluorescence intensity increase in the presence of O and D was more pronounced
compared to that in N. Together, the obtained data indicate that due to high affinity (~1-10 &mic-
ro;M<sup>-1</sup>) and quantum yield increase of the aminobenzanthrones in presence of
lysozyme oligomers, novel dyes, especially the IBH, displaying the highest values of the above parameters,
have a potential to be used for in vitro monitoring of pre-fibrillar aggregates. Similar to promising
amyloid marker IAH, IBH and ISH display weak binding to native lysozyme. VT gratefully acknowledges
a young scientist award by the President of Ukraine (project number GP/F32/109). This work was
supported by the grants from the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (project number 4534) and
Fundamental Research State Fund (project number F.41.4/014).
Lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme, which plays an important role in various physiological processes.
Lipid-binding properties of lysozyme are hypothesized to be essential for its biological functions including
antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. The present study was focused on examining
the lysozyme interaction with model membranes, composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its mixtures
with cardiolipin (CL) and cholesterol (Chol). For this purpose a newly synthesized dye, referred to here
as IAH, was employed. First of all we evaluated the lipophilic properties of IAH and its sensitivity to the
membrane environment. At the second step of the study we characterized IAH-lipid interaction by
determining the dye partition coefficient for different lipid systems. It was shown that Chol and CL
addition to PC membranes resulted in the increase of fluorescence quantum yield and partition coefficient
relative to the neat PC membrane, which can be explained in terms of structural differences between
liposomes. At the last step of the study we examined the lipid-binding properties of lysozyme. For this
purpose we used fluorescence anisotropy measurements for different model membranes. Analysis of
the recovered anisotropy values shows that incorporation of the lysozyme into CL-containing bilayers
brings about the increase of IAH fluorescence anisotropy, relatively to neat PC membrane. This effect
can be explained by the increase on packing density of lipid headgroups after lysozyme additions, the
hydrophobic interactions of the protein with the acyl chains of lipid molecules and self-association of
bilayer-embedded protein molecules.To summarize, the present study revealed that the IAH dye displays
high lipid-associating ability and pronounced sensitivity to lysozyme-lipid interactions. Lysozyme ability
to increase membrane rigidity upon binding to anionic lipids may be relevant to its biological activities
.This work was supported by the grants from European Social Fund (project number 2009/0205/1DP/
1.1.1.2.0/09/APIA/VIAA/152), the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (project number 4534),
Fundamental Research State Fund (project number F.41.4/014) and young scientist award by the President
of Ukraine to VT (project number GP/F32/109).
K + çàðîäê³â Misgurnus fossilis L. óïðîäîâæ ðàííüîãî åìáð³îãåíåçó â óìîâàõ in vivo. Ïðîáè â³äáè-
ðàëè íà ñòàä³ÿõ 2, 16 òà 64 áëàñòîìåð³â, 8 òà 10 ïîä³ë³â. Åëåêòðîìàãí³òíó îáðîáêó çàðîäê³â ïðîâî-
äèëè çà äîïîìîãîþ ãåíåðàòîðà ÅÌÏ â³äðàçó ï³ñëÿ çàïë³äíåííÿ. ²íêóáîâàí³ â ðîç÷èí³ Ãîëüòôðåòåðà
çàðîäêè ïîì³ùàëè â öåíòð³ ñîëåíî¿äà ³ 15 õâ îïðîì³íþâàëè ÅÌÏ (÷àñòîòà 27,14 ÌÃö). Îïòèìàëüí³
óìîâè ï³äáèðàëè åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî. Àêòèâí³ñòü Na+, K+-ÀÒÔàçè çàðîäê³â âèçíà÷àëè ìîäèô³êîâà-
íèì ìåòîäîì Ô³ñêåÑóááàðîó, âì³ñò á³ëêà ó ïðîá³ ìåòîäîì Ëîóð³. Ó ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðîâåäåíèõ äîñ-
ë³äæåíü âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî ÅÌÏ äîñòîâ³ðíî çíèæóâàëî àêòèâí³ñòü Na +, K+-ÀÒÔàçè ó ïîð³âíÿíí³ ç
êîíòðîëåì. Îñîáëèâî â ïåðøó ãîäèíó ðîçâèòêó öåé ïîêàçíèê çíèçèâñÿ íà 19,3%±0,9% (Ð<0,05).
²ìîâ³ðíî òàê³ çì³íè ïîâÿçàí³ ç äóæå íèçüêîþ ÷óòëèâ³ñòþ çàðîäê³â äî âïëèâó åêçîãåííèõ ôàêòîð³â
íà ðàíí³õ åòàïàõ áëàñòóëÿö³¿. Íà íàñòóïíèõ åòàïàõ ïîä³ë³â âñòàíîâëåíî âèðàæåíå çíèæåííÿ àêòèâñ-
íîò³ ÀÒÔàçè çà 䳿 ÅÌÏ ó ïîð³âíÿíí³ ç êîíòðîëåì ó ñåðåäíüîìó íà 53,6% (Ð<0,001). Íàéá³ëüø
÷óòëèâ³ñòü çàðîäê³â äî 䳿 ÅÌÏ âèÿâëåíî íà ñòà䳿 8 ïîä³ëó áëàñòîìåð³â íà ï³çí³õ åòàïàõ áëàñòó-
ëÿö³¿. Äåâÿòêîâ Í.Ä. âèÿâèâ çíèæåííÿ ³îííî¿ ïðîíèêíîñò³ ìåìáðàí åðèòðîöèò³â, çá³ëüøåíî¿ â ðå-
çóëüòàò³ åëåêòðè÷íîãî ïðîáîþ, à òàêîæ çá³ëüøåííÿ åëåêòðè÷íî¿ ì³öíîñò³ åðèòðîöèò³â ïðè 䳿 ÅÌÏ.
Ìîæëèâî, åëåêòðîìàãí³òíå âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ íåòåïëîâèõ ³íòåíñèâíîñòåé çäàòíå ³íäóêóâàòè ñòðóê-
òóðíó ïåðåáóäîâó â ìåìáðàíàõ, ÷èì ìîæíà ïîÿñíèòè ³ çíèæåííÿ àêòèâíîñò³ Na+, K+-ÀÒÔàçè çà-
ðîäê³â. Êð³ì öüîãî, ÅÌÏ âïëèâຠíà îêèñíåííÿ SH-ãðóï, ç ÿêèìè ïîâÿçàí³ á³ëüø³ñòü á³îëîã³÷íèõ
ïðîöåñ³â: ïðîíèêí³ñòü êë³òèííèõ ìåìáðàí, ôóíêö³¿ ðåöåïòîð³â, àêòèâí³ñòü ôåðìåíò³â, ñèíòåç á³î-
ìàêðîìîëåêóë ³ ë³ïîïðîòå¿íîâèõ êîìïëåêñ³â, à òàêîæ êë³òèííèé ïîä³ë, ïîðóøåííÿ îñòàííüîãî â³äì³÷å-
íî â åêñïåðèìåíòàõ.
îñíîâ 3,1 ðàçà â³äíîñíî êîíòðîëüíèõ çíà÷åíü. Ïðè îö³íö³ àíòèîêñèäàíòíî¿ ñèñòåìè ó ñëèçîâ³é
îáîëîíö³ øëóíêà ùóð³â ç òðèâàëîþ ã³ïîõëîðã³äð³ºþ çàô³êñîâàíî çðîñòàííÿ àêòèâíîñò³ ñóïåðîê-
ñèääèìóòàçè òà êàòàëàçè â 5,5 òà 1,3 ðàçà â³äïîâ³äíî ïîð³âíÿíî ç êîíòðîëåì. Îòðèìàí³ ðåçóëüòàòè
ñâ³ä÷àòü, ùî çà óìîâ òðèâàëî¿ øëóíêîâî¿ ã³ïîõëîðã³ä𳿠ó åï³òåë³îöèòàõ øëóíêà ïîðóøóºòüñÿ îêèñ-
íî-àíòèîêñèäàíòíà ð³âíîâàãà: ïîñèëþºòüñÿ ïðîäóêö³ÿ àêòèâíèõ ôîðì êèñíþ, ïðî ùî âêàçóþòü çì³íè
ñóïåðîêñèääèñìóòàçíî¿ ³ êàòàëàçíî¿ àêòèâíîñòåé òà íàêîïè÷åííÿ ïðîäóêò³â ë³ï³äíî¿ ïåðîêñèäàö³¿.
ïîðÿäêó: Glu-Ïà > Lys-Ïà > Ê1-3 > ì³í³-Ïà > Ê4. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, îòðèìàí³ âèñîêîñïåöèô³÷í³ àíòè-
ò³ëà ìîæóòü áóòè âèêîðèñòàí³ â ³ìóíîõ³ì³÷íîìó àíàë³ç³, çîêðåìà ³ìóíîáëîòèíãó, äëÿ âèÿâëåííÿ ÀÑ
ó á³îëîã³÷íîìó ìàòåð³àë³, à òàêîæ çàñòîñîâàí³ ïðè äîñë³äæåíí³ ðîë³ êîìïîíåíò³â ïëàçì³íîãåí/ïëàç-
ì³íîâî¿ ñèñòåìè ó ñèãíàëüíèõ ìåõàí³çìàõ, ùî ëåæàòü â îñíîâ³ òàêèõ ô³ç³îëîã³÷íèõ ïðîöåñ³â, ÿê
çàïàëåííÿ, ðåìîäåëþâàííÿ òêàíèí, çàãîºííÿ ðàí, ïðîðîñòàííÿ àêñîí³â.
çîâí³øí³é ÿäåðí³é ìåìáðàí³. Íàì íå âäàëîñÿ çàðåºñòðóâàòè áóäü-ÿê³ ³íø³ òèïè êàëüö³ºâèõ êàíàë³â ó
ìåìáðàíàõ ÿäåð öèõ êë³òèí, òîìó ìîæíà ïðèïóñòèòè, ùî ð³àíîäèíîâ³ òà NAADP-ðåöåïòîðè â³äñóòí³
íà ÿäåðí³é îáîëîíö³ íåéðîí³â ã³ïîêàìïà, àáî æ ¿õ ù³ëüí³ñòü íàñò³ëüêè ìàëà, ùî âîíè íå ìîæóòü áóòè
çàðåºñòðîâàí³ åëåêòðîô³ç³îëîã³÷íèìè ìåòîäàìè. Îòæå, íàø³ äîñë³äæåííÿ âêàçóþòü íà òå, ùî ÿäåð-
íà îáîëîíêà ï³ðàì³äàëüíèõ íåéðîí³â ÑÀ1-ä³ëÿíêè òà íåéðîí³â çóá÷àñòî¿ çâèâèíè ã³ïîêàìïà ìîæå
âèêîíóâàòè ôóíêö³þ êàëüö³ºâîãî äåïî, ç ÿêîãî ÷åðåç IP 3Rs Ñà 2+ âèâ³ëüíþºòüñÿ âñåðåäèíó ÿäðà, ³
òàêèì ÷èíîì ìîæå àêòèâóâàòè êàëüö³éçàëåæí³ ôàêòîðè òðàíñêðèïö³¿ â öèõ íåéðîíàõ.
äîñë³äíîþ òà êîíòðîëüíîþ ãðóïîþ áóëà ñóòòºâî ìåíøå âèðàæåíà ³ â ïðîâåäåíèõ íàìè äîñ³ äîñë³-
äàõ íå ñÿãëà ñòàòèñòè÷íî¿ çíà÷óùîñò³. Åëåêòðîô³ç³îëîã³÷íå âèì³ðþâàííÿ ìåòîäîì patch-clamp ó
êîíô³ãóðàö³¿ ö³ëà êë³òèíà ïîêàçàëî, ùî 10-äîáîâ³ ùóðè ç³ ñïîíòàííîþ àáñàíñ-åï³ëåïñ³ºþ ìàþòü
çíèæåíó íà 43% ù³ëüí³ñòü Ò-ñòðóì³â ó òàëàìîêîðòèêàëüíèõ íåéðîíàõ ëàòåðàëüíî-äîðñàëüíîãî ÿäðà.
Ö³êàâî, ùî àáñàíñ-åï³ëåïñ³ÿ ³íøèìè äîñë³äíèêàìè çàçâè÷àé ïîâÿçóºòüñÿ ç ï³äâèùåííÿì ð³âíÿ åê-
ñïðåñ³¿ Ò-êàíàë³â ó ðåëåéíèõ ÿäðàõ òàëàìóñà. Ó çâÿçêó ç öèì ìè ïðèïóñêàºìî äâà ìîæëèâèõ
ïîÿñíåííÿ îòðèìàíèõ íàìè ðåçóëüòàò³â. Ïî-ïåðøå, ìè ìîãëè ñïîñòåð³ãàòè êîìïåíñàòîðíèé åôåêò, ³
çíèæåííÿ åêñïðåñ³¿ Ò-êàíàë³â ó ëàòåðàëüíî-äîðñàëüíîìó ÿäð³ ó 10- òà 25-äîáîâèõ ùóð³â çì³íþºòü-
ñÿ íà ï³äâèùåííÿ ïðè äîñÿãíåíí³ òâàðèíîþ 3-ì³ñÿ÷íîãî â³êó, çà ÿêîãî ó ùóð³â ë³í³¿ WAG/Rij ïî÷è-
íàþòüñÿ ñïîíòàíí³ àáñàíñè. Ïî-äðóãå, çì³íà ð³âíÿ åêñïðåñ³¿ êàëüö³ºâèõ êàíàë³â Ò-òèïó ó ðåëåéíèõ
ÿäðàõ òàëàìóñà çà óìîâ àáñàíñ-åï³ëåïñ³¿ ìîæå â³äáóâàòèñü ó ð³çíèõ íàïðÿìêàõ ÿê çíèæåííÿ (ó
âèïàäêó ëàòåðàëüíî-äîðñàëüíîãî ÿäðà), òàê ³ ï³äâèùåííÿ (ó äåÿêèõ ÿäðàõ, äîñë³äæåíèõ ³íøèìè
àâòîðàìè).
òðîëüíî¿ ãðóïè çá³ëüøèëîñÿ â 2,4 ðàçà (P<0,01), à ó ùóð³â ç³ ñïîíòàííîþ ã³ïåðòåí糺þ â 1,6 ðàçà
(P <0,05). Ïðîòå âèÿâëåíî, ùî ó ùóð³â êîíòðîëüíî¿ ãðóïè ïðè âïëèâ³ ñ³ðêîâîäíþ in vivo íà 29,4%
çìåíøóâàâñÿ äèõàëüíèé êîíòðîëü (P<0,05), ÿêèé â³äîáðàæຠñòóï³íü ñïðÿæåííÿ ïðîöåñ³â äèõàííÿ
³ ôîñôîðèëþâàííÿ. À ó ùóð³â ç³ ñïîíòàííîþ ã³ïåðòåí糺þ íå â³äì³÷àëîñÿ äîñòîâ³ðíîãî çíèæåííÿ
äèõàëüíîãî êîíòðîëþ. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, âïëèâ ñ³ðêîâîäíþ íà ì³òîõîíäð³àëüíå äèõàííÿ ñåðöÿ ó ùóð³â
ç³ ñïîíòàííîþ ã³ïåðòåí糺þ òà ùóð³â êîíòðîëüíî¿ ãðóïè áóâ ð³çíèé.
äîïîìîãîþ ω-3 ÏÍÆÊ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ìîäèô³êàö³ÿ æèðíîêèñëîòíîãî ñêëàäó êë³òèííèõ ìåìáðàí ñåð-
öÿ. Çà ðåçóëüòàòàìè ³ìóíîôëóîðåñöåíòíîãî àíàë³çó ïðè ÖÄ ñïîñòåð³ãàºòüñÿ ïîðóøåííÿ ðîçïîä³ëó,
äåçîðãàí³çàö³ÿ ³ ëàòåðàë³çàö³ÿ êîíåêñèíó-43, çá³ëüøåííÿ ÷èñëà ³ìóíîðåàêòèâíèõ éîãî ÷àñòèíîê ó
âñòàâíèõ äèñêàõ ïîð³âíÿíî ç êîíòðîëåì. Îòðèìàííÿ ùóðàìè ω-3 ÏÍÆÊ ñïðèÿëî íîðìàë³çàö³¿ ðîç-
ïîä³ëó êîíåêñèíó-43 ïðè åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîìó ÖÄ, à ÷èñëî ³ìóíîðåàêòèâíèõ éîãî ÷àñòèíîê íàáëè-
çèëîñÿ äî êîíòðîëüíèõ çíà÷åíü. Îòæå, âæèâàííÿ ω-3 ÏÍÆÊ ïîêðàùóº ñòðóêòóðí³ çì³íè êîíåêñèíó-
43, âèêëèêàí³ ÖÄ, ³ ìîæå áóòè êîðèñíèì ó çíèæåíí³ ðèçèêó ñåðöåâî-ñóäèííèõ óñêëàäíåíü çà ö³º¿
ïàòîëî㳿.
ð³ãàëîñÿ íåâåëèêå çìåíøåííÿ ÷àñòîòè ñåðöåâèõ ñêîðî÷åíü (ç 296,5 ± 35,8 äî 273,6 ñ-1 ± 36,2 ñ-1,
Ð < 0,05) òà ñêîðî÷åííÿ ³íòåðâàëó QTc (ç 176,5 ± 24,7 äî 163,3 ìñ ± 23,7 ìñ, Ð > 0,05). Îòæå, ä³ÿ
ÖÄÔ-õîë³íó âèêëèêຠâèðàæåíó ëåãåíåâó ã³ïåðòåíç³þ òðèâàë³ñòþ ïðèáëèçíî 60 õâ, àëå ³ñòîòíî íå
âïëèâຠíå ðîáîòó ñåðöÿ òà ñèñòåìíó ãåìîäèíàì³êó. Ìåõàí³çìè âïëèâó ÖÄÔ-õîë³íó íà ñòàí ãåìî-
äèíàì³êè ó ìàëîìó êîë³ êðîâîîá³ãó ïîòðåáóþòü ïîäàëüøîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ.
íà ãëàäåíüê³ ìÿçè ì³îìåòð³ÿ çíàõîäèòüñÿ éîãî çäàòí³ñòü àêòèâóâàòè óòâîðåííÿ ìåä³àòîðà çàïàëåííÿ
ôàêòîðà àêòèâàö³¿ òðîìáîöèò³â. Îñòàíí³é ³í³ö³þº àêòèâàö³þ íå ò³ëüêè ôîñôî³íîçèòèäíîãî ñèãíàëü-
íîãî øëÿõó, à é òàêèõ ðåãóëÿòîðíèõ ïðîòå¿íê³íàç, ÿê ôîñôàòèäèë³íîçèòîë-3-ê³íàçè, åêñòðàöåëþëÿð-
íî¿ ñèãíàëðåãóëüîâàíî¿ ê³íàçè 1 / 2 (ÅÐÊ ½) ³ p38 ì³òîãåíàêòèâîâàíî¿ ïðîòå¿íê³íàçè (ð38 ÌÀÊ).
Ñèãíàëüí³ øëÿõè ÅÐÊ ½ ³ ð38 ÌÀÊ ìàþòü äîì³íóþ÷å çíà÷åííÿ ó ïîòåíö³þâàíí³ ñêîðî÷óâàëüíî¿
àêòèâíîñò³ ãëàäåíüêèõ ìÿç³â ì³îìåòð³ÿ ùóð³â ï³ä 䳺þ ïåïòèäîãë³êàíó. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, â îñíîâ³ ïî-
ñèëåííÿ ñêîðîòëèâîñò³ ãëàäåíüêèõ ìÿç³â ì³îìåòð³ÿ ïåïòèäîãë³êàíîì çíàõîäèòüñÿ éîãî çäàòí³ñòü
ãåíåðóâàòè óòâîðåííÿ ôàêòîðà àêòèâàö³¿ òðîìáîöèò³â ³ çàëó÷åííÿ ìíîæèííèõ âíóòð³øíüîêë³òèííèõ
ñèãíàëüíèõ øëÿõ³â.
êàçàëè, ùî ùèòîïîä³áíà çàëîçà ÿê êîíòðîëüíèõ, òàê ³ äîñë³äíèõ ãðóï òâàðèí ìຠíå çì³íåíó áóäîâó
ç³ çáåðåæåííÿì ¿¿ îñíîâíèõ ñòðóêòóðíèõ åëåìåíò³â. Âîíà ì³ñòèòü ôîë³êóëè îâàëüíî¿ òà âèäîâæåíî¿
ôîðìè ð³çíîãî ðîçì³ðó. Ó äîñë³äíî¿ ãðóïè òâàðèí ñåðåäíÿ ïëîùà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ïåðåð³çó ôîë³êóëà
áóëà ìåíøà â³ä êîíòðîëþ íà 10%. Ó ùóð³â, ùî çàçíàâàëè âïëèâó ÄÍÃ, âèÿâëÿëè òèðîöèòè êóá³÷íî¿
òà ïðèçìàòè÷íî¿ ôîðìè ç ñåðåäíüîþ âèñîòîþ íà 20% (Ð<0,05) á³ëüøîþ â³ä êîíòðîëþ. Ïðè öüîìó
âíóòð³øí³é ä³àìåòð ôîë³êóëà áóâ íèæ÷èì â³ä çíà÷åííÿ êîíòðîëüíî¿ ãðóïè íà 9%. Êîëî¿ä ó ôîë³êó-
ëàõ ïåðåâàæíî ïîì³ðíî¿ ù³ëüíîñò³, ç äîáðå âèðàæåíèìè ðåçîðáö³éíèìè âàêóîëÿìè. Ïëîùà êîëî¿äó
ìåíøà â³ä êîíòðîëþ íà 20% (Ð<0,05). ʳëüê³ñòü òèðîöèò³â â îäíîìó ôîë³êóë³ â ñåðåäíüîìó ñòàíî-
âèëà 28. ³äì³÷åíî çðîñòàííÿ ôîë³êóëÿðíî-êîëî¿äíîãî ³íäåêñó (íà 28%; Ð<0,05) òà çíèæåííÿ ³íäåê-
ñó íàêîïè÷åííÿ êîëî¿äó (íà 25%; Ð<0,05) ó ùóð³â, ùî çàçíàâàëè âïëèâó ÄÍÃ. Îòæå, çìåíøåííÿ
ñåðåäíüî¿ ïëîù³ ïîïåðå÷íîãî ïåðåð³çó ôîë³êóë³â òà ïëîù³ êîëî¿äó, çá³ëüøåííÿ âèñîòè òèðåî¿äíîãî
åï³òåë³þ òà çìåíøåííÿ âíóòð³øíüîãî ä³àìåòðà ôîë³êóë³â, íàÿâí³ñòü â êîëî¿ä³ ðåçîðáö³éíèõ âàêóî-
ëåé, ï³äâèùåííÿ ôîë³êóëÿðíî-êîëî¿äíîãî ³íäåêñó òà çíèæåííÿ ³íäåêñó íàêîïè÷åííÿ êîëî¿äó ñâ³ä÷èòü
ïðî ñòèìóëþþ÷èé âïëèâ äîçîâàíî¿ íîðìîáàðè÷íî¿ ã³ïîêñ³¿ íà ôóíêö³îíàëüíó ³ ñèíòåòè÷íó àêòèâí³ñòü
ùèòîïîä³áíî¿ çàëîçè.