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571
572 Non-linear buckling and postbuckling o f arches: Yong-Lin Pi and N. S. Trahair
tures and developed a curved tinite element model for the S developedlengthof an arch
three-dimensional non-linear analysis of elastic arches. lSl matrix of cross-section coordinates of a point /'
In this paper, a curved finite element model is developed t~ ,1~ thicknesses of the flange and web of an I-section
for the in-plane non-linear buckling and postbuckling I',ll' displacements of centroid in the o y , o s directions
analysis of elastic arches. The effects of the higher-order I'c,tt' < central displacements of centroid in the ov.o~
terms in the deformed curvatures and bending strains and directions
of the prebuckling deformations are included in the model. | 'q. li'q displacements of load point m the or-, o~-direc-
The inclusion of the higher-order curvature terms allows tions
the use of bending strains which are consistent with the V volume of lllelnber
membrane strains, and the same low-order polynomials can p, : I" + wlR
be used for both the axial and the radial displacements. As 17" : w' - v l R
a result, membrane locking problems are avoided. Neither %. coordinate in the or-direction
reduced-selective integration nor higher-order interpolation Yq v-coordinate of point on or-axis at which load q,
polynomials are needed. The model is used to investigate acts
the effects of prebuckling deformations and of higher-order first variation
curvature and bending strain terms on the in-plane non- second variation
linear buckling and postbuckling behaviour of elastic arch- I,~1 strain tensor
es. normal strain in the or-direction
~_~., E.~ shear strains
E.. longitudinal nomml strain
Notation
#(11 absolute vah,e of initial curvature of the a r c h cen-
A cross-section area troidal axis (= I I R )
[AI matrix for relationship between load point and K curvature after deformation
centroid displacements (1". longitudinal normal stress
B width of the flange of an I-section {,p} displacernents of centroid
matrix for strain-displacement relationships o arch subtended angle
b width of rectangular section 0m rotation of a point at which moment acts
D overall height of an l-section
IDI tangent modulus constitutive matrix
2. Finite element model
E Young's modulus of elasticity
f rise of an arch
2. ]. Rofotion matrix and curvature
h distance between the centroids of flanges of an I-
section, or height of rectangular section The Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis that plane sections that are
I/I unit matrix normal to ccntroidal axis remain plane and nornlal to the
major axis second moment o f area deformed centroidal axis after defomlation is used ill this
i,.,i.. basis vectors of point P paper. Three sets of axes are used to describe the geometry
basis vectors of displaced point Pt of the arch as shown in I"igure I. The first set is the lixed
J,d:
displacement stiffness matrix axes O Y Z with the basis vectors (P~,P,,). T h e second set is
Ikl
tangent stiffness matrix a body attached axis system ors which is used to describe
[/,-ll
[kI<; geometric stiffness matrix the geometry of the undeformed arch. The origin o of the
IkI,~ load stiffness matrix axis system ov.s is at the centroidal axis of the arch, the o.v-
L span of an arch axis coincides with the centroidal axis and the or-axis is
M,m concentrated and distributed moments towards the centre of the arch. The unit vector p, is along
N = qR the or-axis and the unit vector p. is tangential to the o.~-axis.
Nl-r ,Nii.~ linear buckling loads
[NI displacement shape function matrix
kZ
() centroid of cross-section
P an arbitrary point in cross-section
PI position of point P after deformation
PY,PI basis vectors of tixed space axis system O Y Z
P,P.. basis vectors of undeformed axis system ors
Q,Q,.,Q, concentrated loads
q,,q.- body attached moving basis vectors
q , q , ,q , distributed loads
R arch radius (= I/Ko) 0 ~ SPz ' _ ~ =Z
R position vector of point PI
{k} stress resultants P~
[RI translbrmation matrix
It,, position vector of point P
{r} nodal displacements
r position vector of deformed centroid oj
ro pos!tion vector of centroid o iy
r~ = \..I, IA
S coordinate around the os direction
SI coordinate around the OlSr direction Figure I Position vectors
Non-linear buckling and postbuckling of arches: Yong-Lin Pi and N. S. Trahair 573
After deformation, the origin o displaces radially v and q:'q:=q,'q,= 1 + ~'-" (9)
tangentially w to o~. and the oy- and os-axes move to oty,
and o,s,, respectively. The third set of axes o , y : , is In spite of this, the basis vectors are still assumed to be
attached to the arch and moves with the arch during the preserved as unit vectors in the conventional analysis, and
deformation. The body attached moving orthogonal unit the curvature after deformation becomes
vectors q, and q: are used to describe the motion of the
axes o~y,s,. Before deformation, they coincide with the unit K = d' + K,) (10)
vectors p, and p... During deformation, the vector q,. follows
the direction of the o~y,-axis and the vector q. follows the which does not include the second- and higher-order terms.
tangential direction of the axis o,s,. The rotations from the This expression has been widely used t 2 ' ' ' : a .
vectors p,.p. to the vectors q,.q. can be described using the
orthogonal rotation matrix R] as 2.2. Strains
The strain tensor Iel at a displaced point P, can be
{P,,P.}' = IR I {q,,q}' (I) expressed in terms of the basis vectors j,,j_ after defor-
mation and i,.,i.,before deformation as:'-
where
IR,,
I/¢1= R,
R,:]
R (2)
lel =
l' ']
~,, E
='9
'J¸ "1 I'" "])
-'LjJ, j:j.
-
ii, ii-
(II
The elements of the matrix [R] can be obtained from where
Figure I as
i. dR,. dRl=_ ~ I dR dR
I + ,i"' ~' = th -p,.i th + ~K,,,p.j : d~ : q , . a n d j d~ • II + , - ~ l l ~e:~q
where v"e' = v" + w'K., W' = w" - V'K., and the small terms
Substituting equation (3) into equation (5) leads to
containing y~ are omitted. The strains e., include the
second-order membrane strains and the second- and
F'( 1 + g") - ~'vV' K,)
higher-order bending strains.
K = I(I + ¢"); + 9'2] 3;2 + [( l + v[") 2 + v'21 "~ (6)
The variation BE.. of the strain can be written as
which includes the second- and higher-order terms, and can ~e_. {S}lel{&o}
= = {S}IBIINI{Sr} (15J
be reduced to the accurate expression for the curvature of
a deformed straight beam (K~)= 0) 2~ where {S}={1.y}, the matrix [BI is as given in Pi and
~tt Trahair 2-', and
if the effect of axial extension w' is ignored. is introduced, in which IN] is the shape function matrix
Conventionally. the elements of the matrix [RI are whose elemcnts are functions of s. and {r} are the nodal
given b.'v,~ displacements
In this case. [R] is still a skew-symmetric matrix, but does Because the strains include the higher-order deformed
not satisfy the orthogonal conditions for a rotation matrix curvature terms caused by the effects of axial delor-
that [R][R]r= [/] and det[R] = 1. After rotation, the basis mations, the order of the bending strains is consistent with
vectors are not preserved as unit vectors because that of the membrane strains, so that the same low-order
574 Non-linear buckling and postbuckling of arches: Yong-Lin Pi and N. S. Trahair
cubic polynomials can be used as the shape functions fl)r and the load stiffness matrix [kl,.~ is given by
both the v and w displacements. As a result, the membrane
locking problem is avoided. Neither selective reduction l
integrations nor higher-order interpolation polynomials
are needed.
Using the conventional rotation matrix and ignoring the
[kh, : -
f II
INI'IMI,,INIds- ~ INI'IMh.,INI
1.2
126)
small term ~"2/2 lead to the conventional strain e
The elements of the matrices [M],,. IM],, and [M),., are
given in Pi and "l'rahair 22. The tangent modulus matrix l 1)]
'~- = if" + 21 ~,2 _ w-e, (18) is given by'
which includes the second-order membrane strains, but D I = f , {.s}' t:{S}da ~27)
does not include the second- and higher-order bending
strains. Another drawback of using the conventional
rotation matrix is that it leads to non-zero shear strains ~,. An incremental-iterativc procedure is used Io solve
and E.,. which contradicts the Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis. equation (21 ) as
2.3. Loading and di.wlacenlents at a load point [k, I,{..X,-}~= {Ap~.}, + {&,,}l ' ~ 2;"; )
General distributed loads per unit length {q} and concen-
trated loads {Q} can be written as where the subscript i denotes the load step. the superscript
j denotes the iterative cycle. {Ap,.}, = the incremental forces
of the current load step i. and {Ap,~-I = the unbalanced
{q} = {q,, q,. m}' and {Q} = {Q,. Q,. M}' (19)
forces in the iteration (j - I ) of the current load step i. The
unbalanced forces can be calculated from
where q, and Q,. are the distributed and concentrated forces
parallel to the oy-axis, q, and Q, are the distributed and
concentrated forces tangential to the os-axis, and m and M
are the distributed and concentrated amounts.
The variation {au}q of the displacements at the load 1291
points can be written as
where the stress resultants {R} are given by
{Su}q = {By,,. 8w,,. 80,,,}'= [A 1{,8,¢} = IAIINI{&}
( 2o )
{R} = f.x IS']~r:dA and ~v = E E 130 )
where the matrix IA] is given in Pi and Trahair':.
The details of solving the incremental-itcrati~e
2.4. Non-linear equilibrium equation ( 2 8 ) a r k given in Pi and Trahair:'.
The non-linear incremental equilibrium equations can be
obtained by applying the principle of the virtual work to
3. Verification
two successive equilibrium states as 22
Comparisons of experimental, analytical and tinite element
Ikl.,{kr} = {&~} (211 results are used to verify the present model. In the follow-
ing numerical investigations, cubic polynomials are used to
where the increment of the equivalent element external interpolate both the v and w displacements. The lirsl
forces {Ap} is given by example is a shallow arch tested by Gjelsvik and Bodner 24.
which was also referred to in the Handbook of Structural
fl. Stability". The arch was made from aluminium alloy with
{AI,} = INI'[AI], {kq}ds + ~ [NI'IAI~,{AQ}. a Young's modulus E = 6.895 x I(P MPa ( 10; psil. The
o 1.2 cross-section was rectangular with the width B = 25.4 nun
(22) ( 1 in) and the depth h-- 4.7625 mm (3/16 in). The span of
the arches was L = 863.6 mm (34 in). Both ends were tixed
and the tangent stiffness matrix [k],. is given by and the arch was subjected to a central concentrated load.
The variations of the central deflection with the load for
[kit = [kl + [ k l , + [klo (23) the arch with the parameter 2J/h -- 11.62 (where the rise of
the arch./'= 27.66 m m ( 1.089 in)) by the present model are
where the displacement stiffness matrix [k] is given by compared with the experimental curve of Gjelsvik and
Bodner 24 in kTgure2. Eight elements were used. Also
L shown in Figure 2. are the results of Belytschko and
Ik] =
f o
[Nf"IBI"IDI[BI[N]ds (24) Glaum >, Bathe et al. 2~', and Mallett and Berke :~.
Belytschko and Glaum 2~ used 16 curved elements and
Bathe et al. '-~ used 12 two-dimensional isoparametric
the geometrical stiffness matrix [k](; is given by
elements with 8 nodes per elements. The arch undergoes
snap-through buckling. The buckling load and the load-
L
[klc; =
f [NI'[MI,,[N]ds (25) deflection curve predicted by the present model are close
to the experimental results. The other finite element results
Non-linear buckling and postbuckling of arches: Yong-Li.n Pi and N. S. Trahair 575
40~
/ : I deformed curvature of equation (6) without considering the
i
o
15. r . effect of the axial extension ~" on the curvature changes.
Langhaar et al. 2~ used a centre line inextensional theory to
"*" w- -d • • obtain analytically a non-linear buckling load of
25~ ;f \ ,' ' i Q = 18.77 N (4.22 Ib), which is even higher. The value of
5.
C'
,17 -... /o / Q = 19.48 N (4.37 lb) of Wen and Lange 2'~ (eight elements)
20~/ \ ~ /." q
was reported as accounting for the effect of prebuckling
/. o
20f. . . . . .
.Q
4 5 :~ . 7 . R=SO~mc~O~nl
i AiI~'- '\ ,~ ,,~ = Z5 8064 ~tO ~(40m:l
18t . . . . . .
16 ~O ~i- f* -"~,.-. -. ~o~. ,..ss.97..m ~. m,.',
.0- . . . .
j . / /
12 " R II I
¢, ,°
..
3
-- Pmt~*l~mod~l (6 elemen;~ 15 32 e l e r n ~ ~ ""
- AIt~matave model (10elemcms)
o Elias and C ~ m ' 1( 18 elea~.ms)
• Guide to Stability De~l~,~ I F~L • Candc tO Stabihty DCSt~.7
Handbook of Su~cmnd-Sc~ility of Japan? Ir Hma,x~okof Sm~ctuzS~tabilJ~of Japan.
~
' and D a l ~ l ~ and S d ~ U d ~ ' * 0 5~ l n d AtudyUcM b~dd~ll Iold of D I d ~ Schnu~ '~
.... l..,mlluu~ et ~J.~
. . . . . - - Wen ~¢:1 ~ ~ (8 elemems) [ ~ B~mB ~ o ~ n l ~ ( i 6 elerc~nts )
01 , , , , ,
,o io ~o ,~ ~ ;o 70 80 0 20O 40O 600 8(30 1(300
I t - o . . . . . . . . . • a.,-. • - - - ='-"" - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t .....
06 ...... ! 06
\\:.//:
0.4 L
.... _L
O4
- - 0= 180 °
- - 0= 180" O BifttrcaUonbucldmg ....... 8 = 150"
02 ..... O= 150" + Maximum load 02 ..... 0 = 120"
--- 0=90" .............. 0=90 ¢
.......... 0=50" o B ffurcauon h u c k h n g
+ Maximum load
0
o~: 06: oi~ o~ 0"2 o~'~ o.13 e3: o.,. o,,~ o: 005 Ol { I~ 02 025 -0~ ()'~5 o)i o;'5 ;7.
Dlmensmnless cenlral vemcal dcflecuon vdf Dimensionless ccntzal v e r n c a J dcllecuon v i i
Figure 5 Deeper arches of constant slenderness Figure 7 Deeper arches of constant radius
v,:Jf wJf
t
0.02
directions and the centre line of an arch is inextensional
(w'-r/R=0). then the linear buckling load is given by
NL, = rreEll(0.5S) >. This buckling load is the same its the
antisymmetric linear buckling load of a column with the
TvP ¢ 4 Tgpe 4
same length and boundary conditions. The linear buckling
/ J 'l loads N~:~ are lower than N~.:. It can be seen from Figtov I0
thal the non-linear buckling loads are lower than the linear
vdf
.
3
(
wc/f
i
002
buckling loads N~.~ and that when the subtended angle O is
less than 60 °, the non-linear buckling loads decrease dra-
nnatically due to the increase in the effect of the prebuckling
deformations, and become substantially lower than the lin-
1.... Type 5 . _ 1 __ Type 5 ear buckling loads NH and NN~ at sunall subtended angles.
At very low values of 0, there is no buckling. This indicates
] that the effects of prebuckling deformations on the in-plane
buckling of arches are significant, that existence of a linear
bifurcation buckling load is not a sufficient condition for
linear bifurcation buckling to take place, and that the ram-
1
0 ~ 00 0.02. linear buckling loads of shallow arches are much lower than
vcJf wJ r
the linear buckling loads. At high values of O, the ram-
linear bifurcation buckling loads lie between the linearized
o Btfurcataon buckling & Snap-through buckling + Maximum load
predictions N~:~ and N~:,.
Figure9 Types of nonlinear behaviour of pin-ended arches
cases for the Group A arches are different from those for Z
suggested for distinguishing the different types of behav- Figure 70 Buckling of pin-ended arches subjected to uniformly
iour: distributed radial loads
578 Non-linear buckling and postbuckling of arches: Yong-Lin Pi and N. S. Trahair
12[
son. Cubic polynomials are also used to interpolate both , - - P r e ~ n t m o ~ l for O = 5 0 " o BiiemcatJon b u c k l i n g i
I - - - Altcrrlauvemodtlfoi'0=50 ~ + M~xlrnumload
the v and w displacements for the alternative model. • ----Pr¢~nt~lforO= 120"
°°/
e5 Ot "'""
J effects are important for the buckling and postbuckling
analysis, particularly for deep arches.
{
Altl~mltls~m o d e l foc O = 120" |
02 0.4 06 05 1.2 14
Acknowledgements
Oa/lledlr~onJe.~scsmlnJ vcrtlclfl dasplacerl~ntsvdf
This work has been supported by a research grant provided
Figure 11 Snap-through buckling of fixed arches by the Australian Research Council.
Non-linear buckling and postbuckling of arches: Yong-Lin Pi and N. S. Trahair 579