Android (operating system)

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Android

Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Ginger
bread"
Company / developer Google Inc.,
Open Handset Alliance
Programmed in C (core),[1] Java (UI)
Working state Current
Source model Free and open source software (3.0 is currently still closed sou
rce) [2]
Initial release 21 October 2008
Latest stable release Tablets:
3.1 (Honeycomb)[3]
Phones:
2.3.4 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011; 3 months ago[3]
Supported platforms ARM, MIPS,[4] x86[5][citation needed]
Kernel type Linux kernel
Default user interface Graphical
License Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2[6]
Official website android.com
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system
, middleware and key applications.[7][8] Google Inc. purchased the initial devel
oper of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[9] Android's mobile operating syste
m is based on the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset All
iance collaborated on Android's development and release.[10][11] The Android Ope
n Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development o
f Android.[12] The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartpho
ne platform.[13][14]
Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that e
xtend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps av
ailable for Android.[15][16] Android Market is the online app store run by Googl
e, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write p
rimarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java
libraries.[17]
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with
the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software
, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[
18][19] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a fre
e software and open source license.[20]
The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on
a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core librarie
s running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries writt
en in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[21] media framework, SQLite relati
onal database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout en
gine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system, i
ncluding the Linux kernel, consists of roughly 12 million lines of code includin
g 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and
1.75 million lines of C++.[22]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Android Inc. founded in 2003
1.2 Android Inc. acquired by Google
1.3 Development accelerates
1.4 Open Handset Alliance
1.5 Licensing
1.6 Version history
2 Features
3 Hardware running Android
4 Applications
4.1 Android Market
4.2 Google applications
5 Software development
6 Security
7 Privacy concerns
8 Marketing
8.1 Market share
8.2 Usage share
9 Linux compatibility
10 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit]History
[edit]Android Inc. founded in 2003
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 20
03 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),[23] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire
Communications, Inc.),[24] Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[25] and Chris White
(headed design and interface development at WebTV) [26] to develop, in Rubin's
words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and
preferences."[27] Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and
early employees, Android Inc. operated secretively, admitting only that it was w
orking on software for mobile phones.[27]
[edit]Android Inc. acquired by Google
Google acquired Android Inc. in August, 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned
subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin,
Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[24]
Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but many a
ssumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.
[edit]Development accelerates
At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by t
he Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on
the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a se
ries of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that i
t was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[28][29][30]
Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market c
ontinued to build through December 2006.[31] Reports from the BBC and The Wall S
treet Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile pho
nes and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon
reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[32] Some s
peculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing p
rototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators.
In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that G
oogle had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[33]
[34]
[edit]Open Handset Alliance
Main article: Open Handset Alliance
"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the
press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the
powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone model
s."
Eric Schmidt, former Google Chairman/CEO[10]
On November 5, 2007 the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies
which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology
Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile
and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is
to develop open standards for mobile devices.[10] On the same day, the Open Hand
set Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platfor
m built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[10]
On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Comm
unications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, PacketVideo, Softbank, Sony Ericss
on, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[35][36]
[edit]Licensing
With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a f
ree software/open source license since October, 21 2008. Google published the en
tire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[37] under an Apache Li
cense.[38] Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone t
o see and comment.[39]
Even though the software is open-source, device manufacturers can not use Google
's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their
Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition
to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including the An
droid Market.[40]
In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they
alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobi
le positioning service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices.[41] In Dece
mber 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying tha
t Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Sk
yhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhoo
k because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions
on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Googl
e and its carriers.[42]
[edit]Version history
Main article: Android version history
Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates t
o the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally,
each new version of the Android operating system is developed under a code name
based on a dessert item. Past updates included Cupcake and Donut. The code names
are in alphabetical order (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycom
b, and the upcoming Ice Cream Sandwich).
The most recently released versions of Android are:
2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which revamped the user interface and introduced HTML5 and Exc
hange ActiveSync 2.5 support[43]
2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization and the C
hrome V8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering and Adobe Flash su
pport[44]
2.3 (Gingerbread), which refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard
and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication[45]
3.0/3.1 (Honeycomb), a tablet-oriented[46][47][48] release which supports larger
screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports mu
lticore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics.[49] The Honeycomb SDK
has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoo
m tablet, went on sale in February 2011.[50] Google has chosen to withhold the H
oneycomb source code, which called into question the "open-ness" of this Android
release.[51] Google's Andy Rubin stated that the latest Android source code wou
ld be released "when it is ready". The reason for the delay, according to Rubin
in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for productio
n of the Motorola Xoom.[52] Google later confirmed that the Honeycomb source cod
e would not be released until after it was merged with the Gingerbread release i
n Ice Cream Sandwich.[53] The 3.1 update has been announced at the 2011 Google I
/O on 10 May 2011.[54]
The upcoming version of Android is:
Ice Cream Sandwich,[55] a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohes
ive whole."[56] It was announced on May 10, 2011 at Google I/O that it will be r
eleased in Q4 2011.[57]
[edit]Features
Current features and specifications:[58][59][60]

The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).

Architecture Diagram
Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3
D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartp
hone layouts.
Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purp
oses
Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, I
DEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (no connections through Proxy server[61
] and no Ad hoc wireless network[62]), LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded
text messaging and now Android Cloud To Device Messaging Framework(C2DM) is als
o a part of Android Push Messaging service.
Multiple Language Support Multiple languages are available on Android. The
number of languages more than doubled for the platform 2.3 Gingerbread. Yet And
roid lacks font rendering of several languages even after official announcements
of added support (e.g. Hindi).
Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source
WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chromes V8 JavaScript engine. The browser sc
ores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test.
Java support While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no
Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java c
lasses are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on the Dalvik virtual machin
e. Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and
optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME
support can be provided via third-party applications.
Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats:
WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP con
tainer), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV
, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[60]
Streaming media support RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive do
wnload (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Stream
ing are supported by the Flash plugin.[63] Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supporte
d by RealPlayer for Mobile,[64] and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Hone
ycomb).[49] Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the aw
aited port of Silverlight plugin to Android.
Additional hardware support Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreen
s, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, pr
oximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardw
are orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially m
ade available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disab
led at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-s
creen technology at the time).[65] Google has since released an update for the N
exus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[66]
Bluetooth Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone b
ook (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse a
nd joystick (HID) support is available through manufacturer customizations and t
hird-party applications. Full HID support is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)
.[49]
Video calling Android does not provide native video calling support, but some
handsets have a customized version of the operating system that support it, eith
er via the UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling th
rough Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later.
Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.[67]
Voice based features Google search through voice has been available since ini
tial release.[68] Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are suppo
rted on Android 2.2 onwards.[69]
Tethering Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a
wireless/wired hotspot. Prior to Android 2.2 this was supported by third-party
applications or manufacturer customizations.[70]
[edit]Hardware running Android
Main article: List of Android devices
The Android OS is used on smartphones, netbooks and tablets, including the Dell
Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab, TV and other devices.[71][72]
The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is support
for x86 from the Android-x86 project,[73] and Google TV uses a special x86 vers
ion of Android.
The first commercially available phone to run the Android operating system was t
he HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008.[74] In early 2010 Google collaborated
with HTC to launch its flagship[75] Android device, the Nexus One. This was fol
lowed later in 2010 with the Samsung-made Nexus S.
iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on an jailbroken
iPhone or iPod Touch with the help of OpeniBoot and iDroid.[76][77]
[edit]Applications
See also: List of open source Android applications
[edit]Android Market
Main article: Android Market
Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devi
ces. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Andr
oid devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-part
y developers, hosted on Android Market. As of December 2010 there were about 200
,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market.[78] In Apr
il 2011 Google said there had been over 3 billion Android apps installed.[79]
Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to
preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market.[80]
The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to thos
e that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their
applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. [81]
Users can also install apps directly using APK files, or from alternative app ma
rkets. Unlike Apple, Google allows independent app stores to operate for Android
.[82]
[edit]Google applications
Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applicati
ons for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voi
ce service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps
Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google
Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger-written letters
and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopp
er, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application.
In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android,"[83] which allows us
ers to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.
[edit]Software development
Main article: Android software development
Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Softwa
re Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Nativ
e Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, and Google App Inv
entor, a visual environment for novice programmers.
[edit]Security
In May 2011, researchers at University of Ulm publicized a security flaw, presen
t in all Android devices running AndroidOS 2.3.3 and earlier versions (more than
99% of all Android devices worldwide), that affects all Google services using t
he ClientLogin authentication protocol (such as authentication tokens widely use
d by eBay and other online services) and allows hackers access any personal data
available through Android's application programming interfaces (APIs), thus ste
aling the user's digital credentials over open wireless networks. In response, G
oogle announced a fix that would be rolled out transparently to the user.[84]
In March 2011, Google pulled 58 malicious apps from the Android Market, but not
before the 58 apps were downloaded to around 260,000 devices.[85] These apps wer
e malicious applications in the Android Market which contained trojans hidden in
pirated versions of legitimate apps.[86] The malware (called DroidDream) exploi
ted a bug which was present in versions of Android older than 2.2.2.[87] Android
device manufacturers and carriers work in tandem to distribute Android based up
dates and had not uniformly issued patches to their customers for the DroidDream
exploit, leaving users vulnerable.[88] Google said the exploit allowed the apps
to gather device specific information, as well as personal information. The exp
loit also allowed the apps to download additional code that could be run on the
device.[89] Within days, Google remotely wiped the apps from infected users and
rolled out an update that would negate the exploits that allowed the apps to vie
w information. They also announced that they would be resolving the issue to ens
ure that events like this did not occur again.[90] Security firms such as AVG Te
chnologies and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices.
In August 2010, an SMS Trojan called Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a infected
a number of mobile devices, according to security firm Kaspersky Lab. Disguised
as a harmless media player application, the trojan, once installed sends out SMS
text messages without the users knowledge or consent. According to Denis Maslen
nikov, Senior Malware Researcher at Kaspersky Lab, there's not an exact number o
f infected devices available at present, but the outbreak is currently regional.
For now, only Russian Android users can actually lose money after installing th
e Trojan, but anyone can be infected.[91] Android users were advised not to use
the Android web browser until Google issues a security patch. The Android Securi
ty Team responded and developed a fix on February 5 and patched Open Source Andr
oid two days later.
[edit]Privacy concerns
It is reported that Google uses Android smartphones to report the location of Wi
-Fi access points it encounters as phone users move around to build vast databas
es containing physical location of hundreds million of such access points. These
databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps
like FourSquare and companies like Google to deliver location-based ads.[92]
One design issue is that average users have no feasible ability to monitor how d
ownloaded applications access and use private and sensitive data (e.g. location
and hardware ID numbers). Even during installation, permission checks do not oft
en indicate to the user how critical services and data will be used or misused.
To identify how such information may be exfiltrated there is a need for third pa
rty monitoring software, such as TaintDroid [93](an academic research-funded pro
ject). Installing such low-level monitoring tools requires programming skills, r
eflashing the ROM and also voids the warranty. Users can also be notified of an
application's behavior via a license agreement that is usually (not always, due
to lack of enforcement), displayed on first use of the application but it is gen
erally accepted that majority of the users do not read or understand the legal f
ine print in license agreements and often just skip and accept them.
In 2010, Google admitted vehicles it used to gather photographs for its Street V
iew service had scooped up data from unsecured home and business Wi-Fi networks
in the U.S. and other countries. According to a company executive, Google's deci
sion to stop using Street View vehicles to map Wi-Fi networks after the privacy
breach had made smartphone data all the more crucial to its location database. T
he company had used Street View vehicles and phone data to map Wi-Fi access poin
ts since 2007, and by 2010, it had logged the location of more than 300 million
of them, enabling the company to pinpoint a smartphone user with an accuracy of
within 98 feet. Location data is collected through Android phones when users giv
e permission "[a]llow[ing] Google's location service to collect anonymous locati
on data. Collection will occur even when no applications are running" when a new
phone is set up.[92]
[edit]Marketing

Android logo
The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corpor
ation.[94]
Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android oper
ating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal
is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[95] The custom typefa
ce of Android is called Norad. It is only used in the text logo.[96]
[edit]Market share
Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of w
orldwide smartphone shipments.[97] By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the marke
t, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapa
s and OMS variants of Android.[13]
In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartph
one market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from a
n earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009.[98] By the end of Q3 2010 Android's
U.S. market share had grown to 21.4 percent.[99]
In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPho
ne platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartp
hone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quar
ter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share m
ainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new comp
etitor offerings.[100] Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android
has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quic
k success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[101]
In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitt
ers. By mid-October, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countrie
s.[102] For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those
able to buy them see Android Market.
As of December 2010 Google said over 300,000 Android phones were being activated
daily,[103] up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[104]
In February 2011, during the 2011 Mobile World Congress, Eric Schmidt announced
that Android has reached 350,000 activations per day.[105]
At Google I/O, May 10, 2011, Google announced that 400,000 new Android devices a
re activated every day and more than 100 million have been activated.[15]
[edit]Usage share

Estimated prevalence of various Android versions, as of April and May, 2011.[106

]
Version API level Distribution
3.x.x Honeycomb 11 0.6%
2.3.x Gingerbread 10 9.2%
2.2.x Froyo 8 64.6%
2.0.x/2.1.x Eclair 7 21.2%
1.6 Donut 4 2.5%
1.5 Cupcake 3 1.9%
[edit]Linux compatibility
Android's kernel is derived from Linux but has included architecture changes by
Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle.[107] Android does not
 have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU
libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications o
r libraries to Android.[108] However, support for the X Window System is possibl
e.[109] Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the L
inux kernel as part of their Android effort, creating a separate version or fork
of Linux.[110][111] This was due to a disagreement about new features Google fe
lt were necessary (some related to security of mobile applications).[112] The co
de which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux code
base.[113]
Google announced in April 2010 that they will hire two employees to work with th
e Linux kernel community.[114]
However, as of May 2011, points of contention still exist between Google and the
Linux kernel team: Google tried to push upstream some Android-specific power ma
nagement code in 2009, which is still rejected today.[115]
Furthermore, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -st
able branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no long
er trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[116] Some Goog
le Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the
process," because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Andro
id.[117]
[edit]Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents
See also: Oracle Corporation#Lawsuit against Google
On 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in A
pril 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The
lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repe
atedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property."[118]
Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including Un
ited States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessi
ng And Packaging Class Files," and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled
"Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instruc
tions."[119] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, ("the '104 pa
tent") entitled “Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated C
ode” authored by James Gosling, best known as the father of the Java programming l
anguage,[120] and currently a Google employee.[121]
In response Google submitted multiple lines of defense, saying that Android did
not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invali
d, and several other defenses. They said that Android is based on Apache Harmony
, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called Dalvik.[122][123][124]
The Free Software Foundation has called this suit a "clear attack against someon
e's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software."[125] However, the
FSF also criticized Google, saying that Google could have avoided the suit by b
uilding Android on top of IcedTea, whose GPL license provides some protection ag
ainst patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache License
. The FSF wrote "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those protection
s in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android." and rema
rked that Google had not taken any clear position or action against software pat
ents.
[edit]See also
Android Market
Android version history
Chromium OS
Google Chrome OS
List of Android devices
List of Android OS-related topics
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Google Android". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2009-03-07. "In fact, during a presenta
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it makes Android an island. The highly insular nature of the platform prevents A
ndroid users and developers from taking advantage of the rich ecosystem of exist
ing third-party Linux applications. Android doesn't officially support native C
programs at all, so it won't be possible to port your favorite GTK+ or Qt applic
ations to Android"
^ "Re:Gnome, KDE, IceWM or LXDE Desktop on your Android! - AndroidFanatic Commun
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^ "Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal". ZDNet. 2010-02-02. Ret
rieved 2010-02-03.
^ "What is Android?". Android Developers. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
^ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2010-02-02). "Android and the Linux kernel community". Ret
rieved 2010-02-03. "This means that any drivers written for Android hardware pla
tforms, cannot get merged into the main kernel tree because they have dependenci
es on code that only lives in Google's kernel tree, causing it to fail to build
in the kernel.org tree. Because of this, Google has now prevented a large chunk
of hardware drivers and platform code from ever getting merged into the main ker
nel tree. Effectively creating a kernel branch that a number of different vendor
s are now relying on.(...) But now they are stuck. Companies with Android-specif
ic platform and drivers cannot contribute upstream, which causes these companies
a much larger maintenance and development cycle."
^ "Android versus Linux?". www.h-online.com. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-
28.
^ "DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org". www.zdn
et.com. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ "Garrett's LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from Android/Kernel Saga".
Linux.com. 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Garrett, whose field of expertise
is power management at Red Hat, nonetheless admitted that when he first saw the
patch submitted by Android, he didn't even know what the patch was trying to fi
x and what specific functions were being called in the patch. New undefined term
s, such as "wakelock" and "earlysuspend," were intermixed in the original Januar
y 2009 patch submittal to the mainline kernel, making the patch very hard to und
erstand(...)There were questions about the very motivation of the patch: with th
e undefined terms, kernel developers were unsure what problem was being addresse
d and if the problem would even apply to the Linux kernel as a whole(...)As for
Android's patch, a minimal solution has been introduced to the mainline, but the
ir proposed changes are still pending."
^ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2010-12-09). "Android and the Linux kernel community". Ret
rieved 2011-01-02. "Google shows no sign of working to get their code upstream a
nymore. Some companies are trying to strip the Android-specific interfaces from
their codebase and push that upstream, but that causes a much larger engineering
effort, and is a pain that just should not be necessary(...)As for me, I think
I'll look into getting a Nokia N900. It looks much more open, with the code most
ly all upstream, and a much more active developer community.."
^ "Android/Linux kernel fight continues". Computerworld. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2
011-01-02. "Unfortunately, according to Ts'o, time is not something the Android
team has a lot of. They're too busy running to keep up with hardware requirement
s. Ts'o said that, although, "There's less than 64K of patch, there's been over
1,800 mail messages of discussion." Ts'o made it sound like the Android team is
getting fed up with the process. "Android is a small team. They feel that they'r
e spending a vast amount of time getting the code upstream (to the main Linux ke
rnel).""
^ James Niccolai (2010-08-12). "Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android". Re
trieved 2010-08-20.
^ "Oracle's complaint against Google for Java patent infringement". scribd.com.
Retrieved 2010-08-13.
^ Ed Burnette (August 12, 2010). "Oracle uses James Gosling patent to attack Goo
gle and Android developers". ZD Net. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
^ http://www.businessinsider.com/google-snags-java-inventor-james-gosling-2011-3
^ Ryan Singel (5 October 2010). "Calling Oracle Hypocritical, Google Denies Pate
nt Infringement". Wired News. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
^ "Google Answers Oracle, Counterclaims, and Moves to Dismiss Copyright Infringe
ment Claim". Groklaw. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
^ "Google Files Sizzling Answer to Oracle's Amended Complaint and its Opposition
to Motion to Dismiss - updated 2Xs". Groklaw. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 26 De
cember 2010.
^ Brett Smith (September 8, 2010). "FSF responds to Oracle v. Google and the thr
eat of software patents". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
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