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induced vibrations
M. Feldmann, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz, E. Caetano, A. Cunha, F. Galanti, A. Goldack,
O. Hechler, S. Hicks, A. Keil, M. Lukic, R. Obiala, M. Schlaich, G. Sedlacek, A. Smith, P. Waarts
Joint Report
Prepared under the JRC – ECCS cooperation agreement for the evolution of Eurocode 3
(programme of CEN / TC 250)
Editors: G. Sedlacek, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz
Joint Report
Prepared under the JRC – ECCS cooperation agreement for the evolution of Eurocode 3
(programme of CEN / TC 250)
Editors: G. Sedlacek, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
The European Convention for Constructional Steelworks (ECCS) is the federation of the National
Associations of Steelworks industries and covers a worldwide network of Industrial Companies,
Universities and Research Institutes.
http://www.steelconstruct.com/
Contact information
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E-mail: sed@stb.rwth-aachen.de
Tel.: +49 241 80 25177
Fax: +49 241 80 22140
http://ipsc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
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JRC 55118
EUR 24084 EN
ISBN 978-92-79-14094-5
ISSN 1018-5593
DOI 10.2788/4640
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
© European Communities, 2009
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Printed in Italy
Acknowledgements
This report is based on the results of two European research projects funded by
the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS), namely:
(2) They are the result of a long procedure of bringing together and
harmonizing the different design traditions in the Member States. In the
same time, the Member States keep exclusive competence and
responsibility for the levels of safety of works.
(4) So far for floor structures the Eurocodes give only recommendations for
estimated limits for eigenfrequencies, e.g. 3 Hz or 8 Hz depending on the
construction material, or they give reference to ISO-standards as ISO/DIS
10137 and ISO 2631, which give general criteria for the perception of
vibrations and could be the basis to develop more detailed design rules for
vibrations specific to particular structures and types of excitation.
(5) This report is intended to fill this gap and to provide an easy-to-use design
guide with background information that shall help to specify comfort
requirements for occupants and to perform a design that guarantees the
specified comfort.
(7) This report may be considered as a supplement to EN 1990 and may also
be used as a source of support to:
- further harmonization of the design rules across different
structural materials and construction procedures,
- further development of the Eurocodes.
(8) The rules for the “Design of floor structures for human induced vibrations”
given in this report are the result of two international projects, the VOF-
project and the HIVOSS-project, both funded by the Research Fund for
Coal and Steel (RFCS), initiated and carried out by a group of experts from
RWTH Aachen University, Germany, ArcelorMittal, Luxembourg, TNO, The
Netherlands, SCI, United Kingdom, CTICM, France, FEUP Porto, Portugal
and Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner, Germany [1], [2]
(9) The agreement of RFCS and the project partners to publish this report in
the series of the “JRC-Scientific and Technical Reports” in support of the
further development of the Eurocodes is highly appreciated.
(7) The examples given in this guideline mainly covers light-weight steel
structures, where the consideration of human induced vibrations is part of
the optimization strategy for sustainable constructions. Therefore, the
publication has been carried out in the context of the JRC-ECCS-
cooperation agreement in order to support the further harmonization of
National procedures and the further evolution of the Eurocodes.
Gerhard Sedlacek
ECCS-Director of Research
Frans Bijlaard
Chairman of CEN/TC 250/SC3
Jean-Armand Calgaro
Chairman of CEN/TC 250
1 Objective ........................................................................................... 5
2 General procedure .............................................................................. 6
3 Description of the loading..................................................................... 7
4 Dynamic floor response ......................................................................13
5 Comfort assessment of the floor structures ............................................17
6 Development of design charts ..............................................................26
7 Guidance for the design of floors for human induced vibrations using design
charts ....................................................................................................29
7.1 Scope ..........................................................................................29
7.2 Procedure.....................................................................................29
7.3 Determination of dynamic properties of floor structures ......................30
7.4 Values for eigenfrequency and modal mass .......................................31
7.4.1 Simple calculation formulas for isotropic plates and beams.............31
7.4.2 Simple calculation methods for eigenfrequencies of orthotropic floors34
7.4.3 Natural frequencies from the self-weight approach ........................35
7.4.4 Natural frequency from the Dunkerley approach ...........................36
7.4.5 Modal mass from mode shape ....................................................37
7.4.6 Eigenfrequencies and modal mass from FEM-analysis ....................39
7.5 Values for damping ........................................................................39
7.6 Determination of the appropriate OS-RM90-value................................40
7.7 Vibration performance assessment...................................................51
8 Design examples................................................................................52
8.1 Filigree slab with ACB-composite beams (office building).....................52
8.1.1 Description of the floor .............................................................52
8.1.2 Determination of dynamic floor characteristics .............................56
8.1.3 Assessment .............................................................................58
8.2 Three storey office building .............................................................58
8.2.1 Description of the floor .............................................................58
8.2.2 Determination of dynamic floor characteristics .............................60
8.2.3 Assessment .............................................................................63
9 References ........................................................................................64
1
Table of definitions and frequently used symbols
Definitions
The definitions given here are oriented on the application of this guideline.
1 K mod,i
fi
2 M mod,i
where:
2
Natural frequency f = Each mode of a structure has its specific dynamic
Eigenfrequency behaviour with regard to vibration mode shape and
period T [s] of a single oscillation. The frequency f is
the reciprocal of the oscillation period T (f = 1/T).
1 K
f
2 M
M is the mass
T
1 a Peak
a RMS a(t ) dt
2
T 0 2
3
Variables, units and symbols
a Acceleration [m/s²]
B Width [m]
Deflection [m]
K, k Stiffness [N/m]
l Length [m]
OS-RMS One step root mean square value of the effective [-]
velocity resp. acceleration
t Time [s]
t Thickness [m]
v Velocity [mm/s]
4
1 Objective
Sustainability requires multi-storey buildings built for flexible use concerning
space arrangement and usage. In consequence large span floor structures with a
minimum number of intermediate columns or walls are of interest.
These slender floor structures have in common, that their design is usually not
controlled by ultimate limit states but by serviceability criteria, i.e. deflections or
vibrations.
Whereas for ultimate limit state verifications and for the determination of
deflections design codes provide sufficient rules, the calculation and assessment
of floor vibrations in the design stage has still a number of uncertainties.
This report gives a procedure for the determination and assessment of floor
responses to walking of pedestrians which on one side takes account of the
complexity of the mechanical vibrations problem, but on the other side leads –
by appropriate working up-to easy-to-use design charts.
5
2 General procedure
The procedure for the determination of an acceptable floor response to excitation
induced by walking persons is based on the following:
6
3 Description of the loading
Walking of a person differs from running, because one foot keeps continuously
contact to the ground while the other foot moves. It can be described by the
time history of walking induced contact forces.
The movement phases of a single leg, as illustrated in Figure 3-1, are the
following:
a) The right foot touches the ground with the heel. This is the starting point
of the contact forces.
b) The right leg is stretched; it transmits the full body weight.
c) Rocking: the right foot rocks while the left leg swings forward.
d) The left foot touches the ground while the right leg swings forward.
a b c d
Right leg:
Ground contact Streched, Rocking Swing
full body weight
Original Signal
0
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time in s
Figure 3-2: Typical velocity response time history of a floor to walking loads
Due to the periodicity of the contact forces it is possible to consider the time
history of the contact force of a single step according to Figure 3-1 only and to
describe this force-time history in a normalised way.
7
Figure 3-3 gives an example for the time history of the contact forces for two
different step frequencies, where the amplitudes are normalized by relating them
to the body weight G of the person.
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
time in s
Figure 3-3: Example for the time history of the normalised contact forces for
two different step frequencies
8
Polynomial function for the contact force due to a single step:
F t
K 1t K 2 t 2 K 3 t 3 K 4 t 4 K 5 t 5 K 6 t 6 K 7 t 7 K 8 t 8
G
K1 -8 × fs + 38 24 × fs – 18 75 × fs - 120
9
2.5
Normalized force -
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time in s
Figure 3-5: Frequency distribution of body mass and step frequency for a
population of data of 700
10
Classes of step frequency fsm Classes of masses Mn
m = 1 35 n = 1 20
0,9714 2,44
0,9782 2,48
0,9834 2,52
0,9873 2,56
0,9903 2,60
0,9926 2,64
0,9944 2,68
0,9957 2,72
0,9967 2,76
0,9975 2,80
0,9981 2,84
0,9985 2,88
0,9988 2,92
0,9991 2,96
0,9993 3,00
Table 3-2: Cumulative probability distribution functions for step frequency fs.m
and body mass Mn
11
The functions for contact forces in Figure 3-3 and the distributions of step
frequency and body mass are the input data for calculating the dynamic
responses of floor structures. The 20 classes of body mass and the 35 classes of
step frequency as given in Table 3-2 were used (in total 700 combinations) to
develop design charts.
12
4 Dynamic floor response
The dynamic response of a floor structure to persons walking is controlled by the
loading characteristics, as described in Section 3, and by the structural dynamic
properties of the floor.
The dynamic properties of the floor structure relevant to the floor response are,
for each vibration mode i:
- the eigenfrequency fi ,
- the modal mass Mmod,i ,
- the damping value Di .
The various modes i are normally arrayed according to their energy contents.
The first mode (i = 1) needs the smallest energy content to be excited.
When the eigenfrequency of a mode and the frequency of steps are identical,
resonance can lead to very large response amplitudes. Resonance can also occur
for higher modes, i.e. where the multiple of the step frequency coincides with a
floor frequency.
- the mass of the floor structure. As the number of step impulses is limited
by the dimensions of the floor (walking distances), the ratio of the body
mass to the exited floor mass influences the vibration,
- the damping D that dissipates excitation energy. The damping Di consists
of the structural damping D1 , e.g. due to inner friction within the floor
structure or in connections of the floor to other structural components
such as supports, of the damping D2 from furniture and equipment and of
the damping D3 from further permanent installations and finishings.
Table 4-1 gives an overview on typical damping values as collected from various
sources of literature [6].
13
Type Damping
(% of critical damping)
Structural Damping D1
Wood 6%
Concrete 2%
Steel 1%
Composite 1%
Paperless office 0%
Library 1%
Houses 1%
Schools 0%
Gymnasium 0%
Swimming screed 1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
Figure 4-1 demonstrates by means of a flow chart how floor responses in terms
of time histories or frequency spectra of velocity have been calculated for various
floor systems k, which were used for further evaluation.
14
1 Floor system with index k
3 Body mass Mn
and associated probability HM
distribution function HM,n
30 ... 125 kg M
function
700
600
500
Fn,m(t)
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x( t ); x( t ); x( t )
7 … 11 Determination of
HOS-RMS
OS-RMS value, associate
with joint probability of
frequency and mass
HOS-RMS = HM,n * Hf,m OS-RMS
Figure 4-1: Flow chart for calculation of dynamic floor responses to walking
excitations by a person with the mass M n and the frequency f m , see also Figure
5-5
15
In these calculations the excitation point is assumed to be stationary , i.e. the
walking path is not taken into consideration. In general, the location of the
stationary excitation and hence the location of the response are selected where
the largest vibration amplitudes are expected (for regular floors it is usually the
middle of the floor span).
Apart from excitation by the regular walking also the excitation from single
impacts, e.g. from heel drop may occur that leads to transient vibrations. This
report only refers to excitation from regular walking because experience shows
that for floor structures with lowest eigenfrequency fs 7 Hz walking is the
relevant excitation type, whereas heel drop is only relevant for fundamental
eigenfrequencies fs > 7 Hz.
acceleration acceleration
time time
a) b)
Figure 4-2: Possible envelopes of dynamic responses of a floor to regular
excitation a) resonant response, b) transient response
If the excitation frequency is significantly lower than the natural frequency of the
floor, the response envelope shown in Figure 4-2 b) is typical, known as
transient response. In this case, the floor structure responds to the excitation as
if it is a series of impulses with the vibration due to one foot step dying away
before the next step impulse.
16
5 Comfort assessment of the floor structures
This comfort assessment implies the use of a single response parameter that
reflects both, the comfort perception of users and the dynamic response of the
floor structure.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
f in Hz
17
t Ts
x B2 t dt
1
RMS n ,m
Ts t
3. Definition of the time window T = Ts. If Ts is too long, the results are
smeared, if Ts is too short, the results are arbitrarily.
2
v in mm/s
Original Signal
0
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
v in mm/s
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time in s
Figure 5-2: Selection of the time window Ts for the RMS-value of the
weighted velocity response
This definition leads to the “one step-root mean square value”, so called
OS-RMS-value, which is independent on the step frequency and duration
of time interval:
1 t Ts 2
OS RMSn , m x B t dt
Ts t
Figure 5-3 gives as an example for a floor structure with the dynamic
properties f = 2.8 Hz, Mmod = 20000 kg, D = 3% the OS-RMS-value as a
function of the step frequency and of the body mass.
18
Figure 5-3: Example for OS-RMS-values as a function of step frequency
and body mass
The results in Figure 5-3 do however not yet consider effects of the
frequency distributions of the step frequency fs and of the body mass G.
4. Accounting for the frequency distribution Hfm of the step frequency fs and
the body mass G.
19
f = 2,8 Hz / M = 20 000 kg / D = 3 %
1
90%
0.8
accumulated frequency
0.6
0.4
distribution
OS-RMS90
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
OS-RMS
Figure 5-4: Cumulative frequency distribution of OS-RMS-values with and
without taking the frequency distribution Hfm into account
Figure 5-5 gives an overview of the various steps to obtain the OS-RMS90 values
by means of a flow chart.
20
6 Time step analysis
M k x( t ) D k x( t ) C k x( t ) F( t )
t
x( t ); x( t ); x( t )
7 Transformation from t
8 Frequency weighting
according to perception
1 1
XB(f ) X ( f ) f
v 0 1 ( f0 / f )2
v 0 1,0 mm / s ; f 0 5,6 Hz f
X B ( t ) x B ( f ) t
10 Determination of the
effective value for the
duration Ts of a single step OS-RMS
(OS-RMS-value) and and
allocation to a OS-RMS-
t
class
t Ts
x
1
OS RMS n ,m ( t ) dt
2
B
Ts t
HOS-RMS
11 Improvement of the
distribution function
HOS-RMS = HM,n * Hf,m
OS-RMS
Figure 5-5: Flow chart for the evaluation of dynamic floor-response to walking
excitations by a person with the mass Mn and the frequency fm to obtain the OS-
RMSn,m values and their distribution
21
The limits for the OS-RMS90-values for comfort are based on various standards for
standardizing human perception [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11].
In general, the perception and the individual judgement, whether vibrations are
disturbing or not (discomfort), are based on the same criteria but can lead to
different limits, as certain persons can detect vibrations without being
discomforted by them.
x
Supporting
surface
Supporting
surface
x
Supporting
surface y
22
Figure 5-7 gives examples for curves of same perception for z-axis vibration
( Wb curve) and x-and y-axis vibrations ( Wd curve); e.g. according to the Wb
curve a sine wave of 8 Hz is equivalent to a sine wave with 2.5 Hz or 32 Hz with
double amplitude.
1 1
Weighting factor
Weighting factor
0.1 0.1
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Wb Weighting Wd Weighting
23
OS-RMS90 Usage of the floor structure
Industrial Workshops
Residential buildings
Hospitals, surgeries
Residential building
Office buildings
Sports facilities
Senior citizens’
Meeting rooms
Critical areas
Upper limit
Lower limit
Class
Hotels
A 0.0 0.1
B 0.1 0.2
C 0.2 0.8
D 0.8 3.2
E 3.2 12.8
F 12.8 51.2
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
Table 5-2 gives the background to Table 5-2 from limits specified in ISO 10137
[6].
24
Usage Time Multiplying OS-RMS90
Factor equivalent
Night 2 0.2
Night 4 0.4
Night 8 0.8
Table 5-2: Vibration limits specified in ISO 10137 [6] for continuous vibration
25
6 Development of design charts
The procedure described in sections 2 to 5 may be used as assumed in this
report to calculate for other excitation mechanisms, e.g. for heel drop, the
structural response and the associated OS-RMS90-values. But it has been used for
the particular excitation by walking persons to develop design charts, which give
a relationship between
Figure 6-1 gives an example for such a design diagram for a damping ratio of
3 %.
Each point in this design chart is based on the statistical evaluation of 700
combination functions of step frequency and body mass.
26
Classification based
Klassifizierung bei on
eineraDämpfung
damping ratio of 3%
von 3%
20 10 1.61.4 0.1
3.2 2.6 0 .7
0. 6 0.4
19 9 5 4 2.8 1.2 1
11 7 2 1.8 0. 5
8 2.2 0. 8 0.2
18 2.4
3 0.3
6
17
16
15
12
13
10
9 5 4
3.2 2.6
2.8
1.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.4
0.1
A
7 2 1.8 1.2 0.5
17 11 1 0.2
8 2.2 0.8
14 2 .4
3 0.3
21 6
13 25
12
12 0.1
1137
29
13
10
9
7
5 4
3.2 2.6
2.8
1.6
2 1.8
1.4
1.2 1
0 .7 0.6
0.5
0.4 B
17 11 0.2
10 8
2.2 0.8
33 2.4 0.3
45
49 41 3
9 21 6
25 0.1
8
12
C
7,1 Hz 13
10 1.6 0.70.6 0 .4 0.2 0.1
3.2 2.6 1.4 0.5 0.3
7 5 4 1
37 9 1.2 0.2
2.8
Hz
in inHz
116 2 0.8
29 11 7 1.8
17
156136 8
6
D
2.2
der Decke
56 33 2.4
76 0.4
96 45 3 0.3
41
49
of floor
5 21 6 0.2
25 0.70.6 0.5
1 0 .8 0.4 0.3
216196 1.61.4 1.2
Eigenfrequenz
0.5 0.3
4
276
236
256 176 12
E 2.6
0.6
Eigen frequency
0.4
F 13
10
4 2.2
3.2
2 .8 2
1.8
0.8 0.6
0.7
0.50. 4 0.3
5 0 .3
0.2
2.4
3 1
0.7
9 0.5 0.4
0.3
3 1 .41.2
37 0.6
196
7 1.6 0. 8 0.7 0. 0.4
5
216
1 0.6
27 6 116 11 8 2 .6 21.8
2.8 22.4
.2 1.2
1.4
0.8
1
316 6 3.2 1.6
356 29 17 1.8
2 1.2
1.4
456 4 3
2.6 2.2 1.6
79
696
856 6 5 36 476 336 5
836
876
776756 616
676
576 416 296
816736
716 59 6496
636 396 2.8
2.4
2 656 436
556
516 376 136 1.8
3.2 2
156 1.6
3 2.2 1.4
33 12 2.6 1.8 1.2
7 2.4 2 1.6
256236 21 4
2.8 1.4 1
56 10 1 .2 0. 8
98 6 2.2 1.8 1
13 3.2 0.80.7 0.6
0.5
45 1.6
1.4 0.4
41 1.2 0.6
76 5
3 2.6 0.5
25 2 1
49 0.7
96 2.4
0.8
0.4 0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2 000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
17220 kg
Modale Masse der Decke in kg
Modal mass of floor in kg
Figure 6-1: Example of a design chart for the vibration assessment of floor
structures for a damping ratio D = 3 %
27
The design procedure based on these design charts provides the following steps,
see Figure 6-2:
If the floor response is characterized by more than one natural frequency, the
OS-RMS90-value should be determined as a combination of OS-RMS90-values
obtained for each mode of vibration i:
28
7 Guidance for the design of floors for human
induced vibrations using design charts
7.1 Scope
This guidance provides a simplified method for determining and verifying floor
design for vibrations due to walking developed with the procedure given in
Section 2 to 6.
The guidance focuses on the prediction and evaluation of vibration at the design
level.
7.2 Procedure
The procedure used in this guidance needs the determination of the following
values:
In case of very light floor structures also the mass from persons should
be included in the floor mass.
29
3. The relevant occupancy class or classes of the floor.
4. The requirement for comfort assessment.
Hence, this method is part of the package agreed between the designer and the
client in the design stage.
The eigenfrequency, modal mass and damping of this system can be obtained by
For the calculation of the stiffness of the structure and of the connections the
initial elastic stiffness should be used, e.g. for concrete the dynamic modulus of
elasticity should be considered to be 10 % larger than the static tangent modules
Ecm.
30
7.4 Values for eigenfrequency and modal mass
E t3
f ; M mod M tot
clamped hinged L2 12 (1 2 )
9.00
8.00
7.00 1.57 ( 1 2 )
6.00
5.00
B 4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
16.00
14.00
1 . 57 1 2 . 5 2 5 . 14 4
12.00
10.00
8.00
B
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
Table 7-1: Natural frequencies and modal mass for isotropic plates
31
Supporting Conditions: Frequency ; Modal Mass
E t3
f ; M mod M tot
clamped hinged L2 12 (1 2 )
14.00
12.00
1 . 57 5 . 14 2 . 92 2 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
B 6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
12.00
1 . 57 1 2 . 33 2 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
B
4.00
2.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
12.00 1 . 57 2 . 44 2 . 72 2 2 . 44 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
B
4.00
2.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
Table 7-1 (continued): Natural frequencies and modal mass for isotropic
plates
32
Supporting Conditions: Frequency ; Modal Mass
E t3
f ; M mod M tot
clamped hinged L2 12 (1 2 )
18.00
16.00 1 . 57 5 . 14 3 . 13 2 5 . 14 4
14.00
12.00
10.00
B 8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
L 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = L/B
Table 7-1 (continued): Natural frequencies and modal mass for isotropic plates
33
Supporting Conditions Natural Modal Mass
Frequency
4 3EI
f
0.37 l 4 M mod 0,41 l
l
2 3EI
f
0.2 l 4 M mod 0,45 l
l
2 3EI
f
0.49 l 4 M mod 0,5 l
l
1 3EI
f
2 0.24l 4 M mod 0,64 l
l
Table 7-2: Natural frequencies and modal mass for beams
b
y
l
x
z
Figure 7-1: Dimensions and axis of an orthotropic plate
The first natural frequency of the orthotropic plate being simply supported at all
four edges can be determined from
34
EI y b 2 b 4 EI x
f1 1 2
2 l4 l l EI y
where:
is the mass per m² in kg/m²,
1 K 1 4g 18
f
2 M 2 3 max max mm
M g
K 3
4 max
where:
35
7.4.4 Natural frequency from the Dunkerley approach
The Dunkerley approach is an approximation for the case that the relevant mode
shape is complex and can be considered as a superposition of simple modes, for
which the natural frequencies can be determined, e.g. according to section 7.4.1
and 7.4.2.
Figure 7-2 gives an example for a composite floor with two simply supported
beams and a concrete plate without stiff supports.
Initial System:
The expected mode shape may be divided into a beam mode with the frequency
f1 for the composite beam and a plate mode with the frequency f2 for the concrete
slab.
The natural frequency accounting for the interaction of the beam mode and the
plate mode would be
1 1 1
2 2
f 2
f1 f2
36
7.4.5 Modal mass from mode shape
Where an approximation of the mode shape by a normalized function x, y with
x, y max 1,0 is available, e.g. from calculation of deflection due to a
distribution of mass forces, see Figure 7-3, the modal mass may be obtained
from:
M mod μ δ 2(x,y) dF
F
where:
is the distribution of mass
(x,y) is the vertical deflection at location x, y
Application of loads:
Figure 7-3: Example for the application of mass load distributions to obtain an
approximation of mode shape
where:
i is the vertical deflection at node i (normalised to the maximum deflection)
dMi is the mass attributed to the node i of the floor.
Examples for the use of these approximations, that in the case of exact solution
for the mode shape give the exact modal mass, are given in Table 7-3.
37
Example Approximation of mode shape Mass Modal mass
distribution
x y M total M mod 2 x, y dF
1
Ly x, y sin sin ; x, y max 1,0
x y x y
M total 2 x
2 y M
x y ly lx x y dx dy 4total
sin sin
Lx
Ly Lx
2 Ly 1. 0 y
lx l
and l y x y l y
M total M mod 2 x, y dF
2 2 x y
x y M total x
, x / 2
x y
2 sin 2 dx dy
x y sin
x, y sin sin ; x, y max 1,0 2
Lx
x y x y
Ly >> Lx x , y x / 2
lx l x
y ly x M
dx dy total 2 x
2. sin
2
2 2 x 4 y
x
x, y sin 1,0 x, y max 1,0
x
3 Ly x, y
x x y y
sin sin sin ; x, y max 1,0
M total M mod 2 x, y dF
Lx x y x y 2
M x x y y
where:
x = deflection of the beam
total
x y x y dx dy
lx l y
sin sin
Plate and beams simply y = deflection of the slab x y
2 2
8 x y
supported
assuming stiff supports by
M total 2
2 2
2
the beams x 0
x y
Table 7-3: Examples for the determination of modal mass by hand calculation
38
7.4.6 Eigenfrequencies and modal mass from FEM-analysis
Various FEM-programs can perform dynamic calculations and offer tools for the
determination of natural frequencies. Many programs also calculate the modal
mass automatically in the frequency analysis.
If FEM is applied for determining the dynamic properties for vibration, it should
be considered that the FEM-model for this purpose may differ significantly from
that used for ultimate limit state verification as only small deflections in the
elastic range are expected.
39
Type Damping
(% of critical damping)
Structural Damping D1
Wood 6%
Concrete 2%
Steel 1%
Composite 1%
Paperless office 0%
Library 1%
Houses 1%
Schools 0%
Gymnastic 0%
Swimming screed 1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
When frequency and modal mass are determined, the OS-RMS90-value can be
obtained with the design charts given in Figure 7-4 to Figure 7-12. The
relevant diagram needs to be selected according to the damping characteristics
of the floor.
40
The diagrams also contain an allocation of OS-RMS90 values to the floor classes.
In case various natural frequencies are relevant, the total (combined) OS-RMS90-
value may be determined from
41
Classification based on a damping ratio of 1%
20 12
13 2.6 1.41.2 0.7
17 7 6 4 2.4 0.5
19 11
8
5 2.2 1.8 0.6
2 0.4 0.3 0.2
18 21 1 0.8 0.1
10 9 2.8 1.6
17
16 29
15 25
17
1312
8
7 6 4
3.2
3
2.4 1.8 1.41.2
2.6
2.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
A
11 5 2 0.4 0.2
1 0.8 0.3 0.1
14 21
41 33 2.8
37 109 1.6
13 45
49
3.2
3 0.1
12
11 56
29
25
17
1312
11
8
7 6
5
4 2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.41.2 0.7 0.5
0.6 0.4
0.3
0.2
B
76
21 1 0.8
10 0.1
41 33 2.8
10
9 37 9 1.6
96 45
49 0.2
8 29
3.2
3
0.7 0.5
C 0.3
0.1
0.4
12
13 7 6 1.41.2 0.2
4 2.62.4 0.6
7 8 1.8 1 0.8
96 17 0.3 0.2
56 25 2.2 2 0.4
11 5 0.5
176 0.3
76 0.7 0.6
276
256 216
236 1.6 0.4
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
6 21
196156
136
116
41
33
10
2.8
D
1.4
1.2 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.3
5
2.8
1.4
1.8 1.2
1
0.8
0.7
0.8 0.6
0.7
12 8 2 1.6 0.6
13 3 2.42.2
2.6
1.4 1 0.80.70.6 0.5 0.4
3.2
0.5 0.4 0.3
1.2 0.6
0.3
3
96
F 17
25
11
1.8
0.7
0.8
1 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
49 1.2
5 1 0.6
10 2.82.6 0.3
21 0.4
2 0.8
0.5
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
42
Classification based on a damping ratio of 2%
20 11 10 8 4
9 5
3.2
3
2.8 1.81.6 1 0.7 0.5 0.2
19 7 2.42.2 1.4
13 1.2 0.6
18 12 6 2 0.4
A
17 17 0.3
2.6 0.8 0.1
1621
1110 8 4 3.22.8 1.6 1 0.7
15 9 5 3 1.8 0.5 0.2
7 1.4
13 2.42.2 0.6
14 12 6 2 1.2 0.4
13 33 0.3 0.1
29 25 17
2.6
12
11 4137
21
1110 8
9 5
4
3.2
3
2.8 1.6
1.8
1
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.2
B
7 1.4
2.4 0.6
13 2.2
10 12 6 2 1.2 0.4
45 0.1
5649
0.3
9
C
33 25 17
29 2.6 0.8
0.2 0.1
8
21
0.7
11 10 8 4 1.6 1 0.5 0.1
76 3.2 2.8 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.3
7 0.2
4137 9 5 3 1.4
136 1.2 0.2
7 2.4
196 116 2.2 2 0.3
13
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
5
96 56
49
D 0.7
0.6 0.2
1 0.3
2.6 1.6 0.50.4 0.3
33 17 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.70.6
29 1.2
25 0.4
276216
336296
4 356316 196
236
256 176
E 4 2.8
3.23
2.42.2
2 1
0.8 0.7
0.6
0.50.4
0.5
21 8
11 5 0.3
10
1.6 1.4 1.2 0.60.5 0.4
0.3 0.2
0.7
3 76
F 9
7
1.8
2.6
1
0.8
0.60.5
0.4 0.3
4137 0.7 0.4
6 2 0.5
2.2 1.2 1 0.8 0.6
2.83 2.4
3.2 1.4
1.6 0.7
136 13 12 4 1.8
2 1.2 10.8
1.4
2.6 2.2 1.6
376 5 2.4 1.8
2.8
356 236 3
3.2 2
396
516 416
2.62.2
896
916
676596
556
616
576456 336 216 4 2.4
856
836736 536
696656
636 476 256
296 116 8 7 6
2 876 756
776
816 496436 2.8
796
716 3
45
17 10 9 3.2 2.62.4
11 2.2
276 5
316 4
2.8 2 1.8
156 49 32.6 2.4 1.6
1.4
3.2 2.2 1.8 1.2 1
56 2 1.61.4
6 2.82.4 1.2 1 0.8
1.8 0.8
0.7 0.5 0.6
196 96 7 2.62.2 1.6 1.4 0.4
25 3 0.6
1
21 12
33 29 0.5
2 1.2 0.4
13 5 0.8 0.3
8 4 0.7
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
43
Classification based on a damping ratio of 3%
20 10 1.61.4 0.1
3.2 2.6 0.70.6 0.4
19 9 5 4 2.8 1.2 1
11 7 2 1.8 0.5
8 2.2 0.8 0.2
18 2.4
3 0.3
6
17
16
15
12
13
10
9 5 4
3.2 2.6
2.8
1.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.4
0.1
A
7 2 1.8 1.2 0.5
17 11 1 0.2
14 8 2.2 0.8
2.4 0.3
21 3
13 25 6
12
12 0.1
11 37
29
13
10
9
11 7
5 4
3.2 2.6
2.8
2
1.6
1.4
1.2 1
0.7 0.6
0.5
0.4 B
17 1.8 0.2
10 8
2.2 0.8
33 2.4 0.3
45
49 41 3
9 21 6
25 0.1
8
12
13
C
0.2 0.1
10 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.4
3.2 2.6 0.5 0.3
7 5 4 1
37 9 2.8 1.2 0.2
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
116 2 0.8
29 11 7 1.8
136 17 8
6
156
96
76
56
45
41
33
3
2.4 D
2.2
0.4
0.3
49
5 21 6 0.2
25 0.70.6 0.5
1 0.8 0.4 0.3
216
196 1.61.4 1.2
0.5 0.3
4
276
236
256 176 12
E 2.6 0.6
0.4
F 13
10
4
3.2
2.8
2.2
2
1.8
0.8 0.6
0.7
0.50.4
0.3
0.3
5 0.2
2.4
3 1
0.7
9 0.5 0.4 0.3
3 1.41.2
37 0.6
196
7 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.50.4
216
1 0.6
276 116 11 8 2.6 21.8
2.8 2.2 1.2
1.4 0.8
1
316 6 3.2 2.4 1.6
356 29 17 1.8
2 1.2
1.4
4 3
456 2.6 2.2 1.6
876
796
696 576
856
836
776756 536 476
616
676 416336296
5
816
736
716 596 496
636 396 2.8
2.4
2 656 436
556
516 376 136 1.8
3.2 2
156 1.6
3 2.2 1.4
33 12 2.6 1.8
7 2.4 2 1.6 1.2
256236 21 10
4
2.8 1.4 1
56 1.2 0.8
98 6 2.2 1.8 1
13 3.2 0.80.7 0.60.5
45 1.6
1.4 0.4
76 41 1.2 0.6
5
3 2.6 0.5
25 2 1
49 0.7
96 2.4
0.8
0.4 0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
44
Classification based on a damping ratio of 4%
20
2.6 2 1.6 1.2
8 7 4 2.4 1 0.60.5
19 9 6 5 3.2 2.2 0.80.7 0.4
18 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.2
3
17 12 2.8 0.1
11
13
A
16 10
7 2.6 2 1.6 1.21
15 17 98 5
4 2.4 0.6 0.5
6 3.2 2.2 0.4
0.80.7
14 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.2
21 3
13 12 0.1
2.8
11
12 13
10
11
17 98
7
6 5
4
2.6 2 1.6
3.2
2.4
1.2 1 0.6
0.5
B
2.2 0.80.7 0.4
10 0.2
1.8 1.4 0.3
29
37 25 0.1
41 33 3
9 21
1211
8 49
45
13
10
2.8
C
0.1
2 0.2
2.6 1.6 1.21 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1
7 87 4 0.7
9 2.4 0.8
56 17 5
96 6 3.2 0.2
2.2
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
116
6
76
1.8 1.4
37
29
41 33
25
3
D
5
21 0.3
0.4 0.2
2.8 0.60.5
12 1 0.7 0.3
11 0.8
196 1.2
4
236
216
156
176
4945 13
10
E 2 1.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
2.6
2.4 0.6
2.2 0.4
0.3
7 0.2
3 8 0.8 0.5
9 5 3.2 1 0.6 0.4 0.3
6 1.2
176 0.7 0.5 0.4
17 3 0.8 0.6
2.8 2 1.6 1
1.4 0.7
56 2.4
2.6 2.21.8 1.2 0.8
1
196 96
1.6 1.4 1.2
356 2
3.2
476416
396 1.8
816
796 556
616 436
576 496 376 296236 4
736
836 636 456
776
716
696
2 656 536
676 336 3
596516 2.8 2.2
276 116 1.61.4
316 2.4
76 2.6 1.2
256
5
136 29 1211 2
1.8 1
216 6 1.6 1.41.2 0.8
25 10 7
3.2 2.2 1
8 0.80.7 0.6
37 32.8 2.4 1.2 0.50.4
21
33 2.6 21.8 1.4 0.6
41 9 4 0.7
13 0.5
1 0.8 0.4
0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
45
Classification based on a damping ratio of 5%
20 1.6 1.4 1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.1
8 7 4 3.2 2.8
19 3 2.21.8 1.2 0.5
6 5 0.4
2.4
18 2.6 2 0.2
0.3
17 10
11
16 13
15
9
87
6 5
4 3.2
3 2.8
1.6
2.2 1.8
1 0.80.7 0.6
1.4 1.2
0.5
0.4
0.1
A
2.4
14 17 2.6 2 0.2
12
13 0.3
10
11
12 9
11
25
13
8 7
6 5
4 3.2
3 2.8
2.2
1.6
1.8
1.4
1
1.2
0.80.7 0.6
0.5
B 0.1
29 0.4
10 21 17 2.42 0.2
2.6
33 12
0.3
9
C
0.1
10
11
8 9
13
1.6 1 0.80.7 0.6 0.2 0.1
7 87 4 3.2
3 2.8 1.4 0.5 0.4
76 1.2
49 0.3
45 37 25 6 2.2 1.8
96 56 5
29
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
2.4 2
6 21 17 0.2
41
5
33
12
2.6
D
0.4 0.3 0.2
0.70.6 0.5
0.8
10 1
176
4 196 11
1.6 0.3
9
E
1.4
13 1.2 0.4
1.8 0.5
3.2
3
156
136
F 8
7 4 3 2.8 2.2
2
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.4
76 0.8 0.3
2.4 1 0.5
49 6 5 2.6 0.6 0.4
196 0.7 0.5
1.61.41.2 0.8 0.6
37 25 1.8 1 0.7
45
2.22 1.2
416 2.8 1.4 1
276 3 2.4 1.6
556
596
516 56 3.2
496
536 356 96 29
476436396
336
21
17
616 456
636 216
2 576 2.6
376 296 12 1.8 1.2
4
316 256
1.4 1
176 2
236 41 2.2 1.6 0.8
10 1.2
5 1
9 2.4 1.8 1.4 0.80.7
116 7 2.8 0.6
0.5 0.4
3
2.6
33 1.2 1
11 1.6 0.3
8 6 3.2 0.7 0.4
0.8
2 0.6
0.5
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
46
Classification based on a damping ratio of 6%
20 7 2.6
6 2.2 1.2 0.3
19 5 2.4 1.6 0.8
1.8 0.6 0.4
3.2 2.8 0.2 0.1
18 4 1
8 2
17 10 1.4
3 0.7
9 0.5
16
15 13
12
7 6
5
2.6
2.2
2.4
3.22.8
1.6
1.8
1.2 0.8
0.6 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
A
14 4 1
8 2
17
13 1110 1.4
3 0.7
9 0.5
12
21 7 6 2.6
B
2.2 0.3
11 13 1.2 0.8
12 5 2.4 1.6 0.6 0.1
1.8 0.4 0.2
10 3.22.8
25 4
2 1
29 8
17
9 1110
41 1.4
37 0.7
3
9 0.5
8
49 21 7
6 2.6
C 0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
7 13 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4
5
76 12 2.4 1.6
1.8
6 3.22.8
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
96
56
45
3329
25
8
4
2 D 1
0.2
11 1.4
41 10 0.4 0.2
3
37 0.6 0.3
9 0.8
4
176 E 1.2
0.2
7 2.6 0.5
156 1.6
6
F
49 21 2.2 0.4
3 0.3 0.2
1.8 1 0.7
13 2.4 0.6
5
2 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
2.8
3.2 0.7 0.6 0.5
12 4
256 1.2 1
196
216 0.8
236 1.6 0.7
3 1.8 1.4
316 2.2 1.2 1
456 356 76 2.6
436
596
636 8 2.4
576
496
556476 336 116
536
616
516 416
396 2
2 376
136 1
296 1.6
276 25 2.8 0.8
56 1.41.2
3.2 1.8
1 0.7
176 45 0.8 0.6
2.2 0.5
0.4
11 10 6
2
96 0.7
4 3 1.2 0.6
33 17 9 1.6 0.5
29 7 5 1.4
2.6 0.4
2.4
0.8
1 0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
47
Classification based on a damping ratio of 7%
20 2.2 0.1
6 5 4 2.4 1.4 1 0.7 0.5 0.2
19 2.8 1.8
2 1.2
18 3
3.2 2.6 0.3
17 9 7
1.6 0.8 0.6 0.4
8
16
0.1
15
14
13
11
12 10
6 5 4
2.8
3
2.2
2.4
3.2 2.6
2
1.8
1.4 1
1.2
0.7 0.5
0.3
0.2
A
17 0.6
1.6 0.8 0.4
13 7
9
8
12
0.1
6 5 2.2 0.5 0.2
B
4 1.4 0.7
11 11 2.4 1
13 2.8 1.8
12 2
10 21 10 3 1.2
2.6 0.3
25 3.2
29
17 0.6
9 1.6 0.4
7 0.8
9
0.1
8
C
8
4133 0.2
5649 0.5
6 5 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.1
7 37 11 4 1
2.4 0.3
13 2.8 1.8
2
45 12
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
96
76
25
29
21
10 3
3.2
2.6
D 1.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
17 0.8
5 1.6
7
0.5 0.3 0.2
9
116
E
8 0.7
4
0.4
33 1.4 1
41
49
0.2
3
136
56
F 6 5
4
2.2
2.4 1.8
1.2
0.6
0.8 0.5
0.3
37 11 2 0.4
2.8 0.3
0.7
3 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
2.6 1
13 3.2 0.8
1.4 1.2 0.7 0.6
256
416 296 1.8 1 0.8
176 2.2
376336 236196 12 10
516
616496 356 1.6
576
476
536 2
396 276 45
556456
2 216
436 2.4
156
316 76 21 7 0.8
1.4 1.2
2.8 1 0.7
2.6 0.8 0.6
25 4 3 1.8 0.7 0.5
1.6 1.2 0.4
1
17 8 5
29 9 1.4 0.6
3.2 0.3
96
0.8
2
6
0.5 0.4
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
48
Classification based on a damping ratio of 8%
20 3.2 0.1
5 4 2 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.2
197 6 3 1.6 1.21 0.7 0.3
2.4
2.6
2.8 0.8 0.6
18
1.4
17 9
8 2.2
16
15 13
10
7 6
5 4
3.2
3
2
2.4
2.6
2.8
1.81.6
1.21 0.7
0.8
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.2 0.1
A
14 0.6
11
12 1.4
13
98
2.2
12
17 3.2 2 0.1
5 4 0.5 0.4 0.2
11 21 3 1.8 1.6 1
13 7 6 1.2
2.4 0.7 0.3
10 2.6
10 2.8 0.8
B
0.6
11
25
12 1.4
9
98
2.2 0.1
8 4137
0.2
7
49
56
29
17
21 7
5
6
4
3.2
3
2
1.8
1.6
1
0.5 0.4
0.7
C 0.3 0.1
45 13 2.4 1.2
10 2.6
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
76
6 0.8 0.6
33
2.8
0.1
D
11 0.2
25
1.4
5 12
0.4 0.3
9 8 0.5 0.2
2.2
4
4137
96
E 2 1 0.7
3.2
17 5 0.6
3 49 1.81.6 1.2 0.3 0.2
F
4 3 0.8
29 0.4
0.5
56 7 6 2.4 0.3
21 2.6 1.4 0.4
0.70.6
13 2.8 0.5
1 0.8
45 1.2 0.6
216 10 0.7
2.2 1.6
356 21.8 0.8
316
496 1
596 436
416
396 296
476 376 176 1.4
576
556
516
536
2 76
456 0.8
336 256
236 33
196
276 136 1.2 0.7
11 3.2 2.4
3 0.6
1 0.8
2.6
0.7 0.5
156 1.6 0.4
116 1.4
0.6
2.8
4 0.3
12 1.8
25 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.5
8 0.4
5
9 2
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
49
Classification based on a damping ratio of 9%
20 5 0.2
4 3.2 2.82.6 2.2 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1
2.4 1.4 1.2 1 0.8
19 3 0.6 0.5
18 1.8 0.7
6 2
17 8 7
9
16
5 4 3.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
11 2.2
2.62.4
2.8 1.61.4 1.2
15 0.8
A
1 0.5
13 12 10 3 0.6
14 1.8
0.7
6 2
13 8 7
9
12
17 5 4 0.2 0.1
11 3.2 0.4 0.3
11 2.6
2.8 2.2 1.6 1.2
2.4 1.4 1 0.8 0.5
13 10 3 0.6
12
10 1.8
9
25 21
87
6 2
0.7
B
9 0.1
8
0.2
29 0.4 0.3
45 17 5 4 3.2
7 11 0.5 0.1
2.62.2 1.6
49 2.8 2.4 1.41.2 1 0.8
0.6
76 41
3733
13
12 10
3
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
6
56
1.8 0.7
21
25
0.2 0.1
2
5 6
87 0.3
0.4
4
9
D 0.2
29
E 0.5
0.6
3
45
F 17
11
5
4
3.2
2.2
2.6
1.2 1 0.8
1.6 1.4
0.7
0.3
0.4
2.8 2.4
3 0.5 0.3
1.8 0.6 0.4
136 49 2 0.80.7
1 0.5
236 1.2 0.6
13 10 1.4 0.7
0.8
356
336 1.6
416
256 12
396 76 41
476
456 296
2 436376 196156
316 33
116 96 37 6
276 1
56
176 2.21.8 0.6
216 1.2 0.8 0.5
21 0.7
2.62.4
2
7 3.2 2.8 1.4 0.6 0.4
25 0.5
1
3
8 4 0.3
1.6 0.8
0.7 0.4
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
50
7.7 Vibration performance assessment
Residential
Class
Education
Industrial
Meeting
Health
Prison
Office
Retail
Sport
Hotel
A 0.0 0.1
B 0.1 0.2
C 0.2 0.8
D 0.8 3.2
E 3.2 12.8
F 12.8 51.2
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
51
8 Design examples
In the first worked example a filigree slab with false-floor in an open plan office
is checked for footfall induced vibrations.
It is spanning one way over 4.2 m between main beams. Its overall thickness is
160 mm. The main beams are Arcelor Cellular Beams (ACB) which act as
composite beams. They are attached to the vertical columns by a full moment
connection. The floor plan is shown in Figure 8-2. In Figure 8-2 the part of the
52
floor which will be considered for the vibration analysis is indicated by the
hatched area.
For the main beams with a span of 16.8 m ACB/HEM400 profiles made of
material S460 have been used. The main beams with the shorter span of 4.2 m
are ACB/HEM360 made of S460.
The cross beams which are spanning in global x-direction may be neglected for
the further calculations, as they do not contribute to the load transfer of the
structure.
The nominal material properties are
53
As required in section 7 of these guidance the nominal Elastic modulus of the
concrete will be increased for the dynamic calculations:
The expected mode shape of the part of the floor considered which corresponds
to the first eigenfrequency is shown in Figure 8-4. From the mode shape it can
be concluded that each field of the concrete slab may be assumed to be simply
supported for the further dynamic calculations. Regarding the boundary
conditions of the main beams (see beam to column connection, Figure 8-3), it is
assumed that for small amplitudes as they occur in vibration analysis the beam-
column connection provides sufficient rotational restraint, so that the main
beams may be considered to be fully clamped.
54
Figure 8-4: Mode shape expected for the part of the floor considered
corresponding to the first eigenfrequency
Section properties
- Slab:
The relevant section properties of the slab in global x-direction are:
mm 2
Ac , x 160
mm
mm 4
I c , x 3.41 10 5
mm
- Main beam:
Assuming the first vibration mode described above the effective width of
the composite beam may be obtained from the following equation:
l0 l0 0.7 16.8
beff beff ,1 beff , 2 2 2.94 m
8 8 8
The relevant section properties of the main beam for serviceability limit
state (no cracking) are:
Aa ,netto 21936mm 2
Aa brutto 29214 mm 2
Ai 98320 mm 2
55
I i 5.149 10 9 mm 4
Loads
- Slab:
Self-weight (includes 1.0 kN/m² for false floor):
kN
g slab 160 10 3 25 1.0 5
m2
Live load: Usually a characteristic live load of 3 kN/m² is
recommended for floors in office buildings. The fraction of the
live load considered for the dynamic calculation is assumed to
be approx. 10% of the full live load, i.e. for the vibration
check it is assumed that
kN
q slab 0.1 3.0 0.3
m2
- Main beam:
Self-weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
4.2 kN
g beam 5.0 2 2.0 23.00
2 m
Live load:
4.2 kN
q slab 0.3 2 1.26
2 m
Eigenfrequency
with
56
1 (23.0 1,26) 16800 4
beam 4.5mm
384 210000 5.149 10 9
Thus, the first eigenfrequency may be obtained from the self-weight approach
(section 7.4.3):
18
f1 7.1 Hz
6.4
Modal mass
According to Table 7-3, example 3, the modal mass of the slab considered may
be calculated as
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to Table 7-4:
D D1 D2 D3 1% 1% 1% 3 %
with
57
D1 = 1.0 % (composite slab)
D2 = 1.0 % (open plan office)
D3 = 1.0 % (false floor)
8.1.3 Assessment
Based on the modal properties calculated above, the floor is classified as class C
(Figure 7-6). The expected OS-RMS90 value is approx. 0.5 mm/s.
According to Table 7-5 class C is classified as being suitable for office buildings,
i.e. the requirements are fulfilled.
The floor of this office building, Figure 8-5, has a span of 15 m from edge beam
to edge beam. In the regular area these secondary floor beams have IPE600
sections and are laying in a distance of 2.5 m. Primary edge beam which span
7.5 m from column to column have also IPE600 sections, see Figure 8-6.
58
Figure 8-6: Steel section of the floor
The floor is a composite plate with steel sheets COFRASTRA 70 with a total
thickness of 15 cm, as represented in Figure 8-7.
Section properties
59
- Slab (transversal to beam):
A = 1170 cm²/m
I = 20 355 cm4/m
g = 3.5 kN/m²
g = 0.5 kN/m²
Loads
Supporting conditions
The secondary beams are connected to the primary beams which have open
sections with low torsional stiffness. Thus these beams may be assumed to be
simple supported.
Eigenfrequency
For this example the supporting conditions are determined in two ways.
60
The first method is the application of the beam formula neglecting the
transversal stiffness of the floor.
EI y b 2 b 4 EI
f1 1 2 x
2 l4 l l EI y
210000 10 6 270089 10 8 2.5 2 2.5 4 3410 20355
1 2
2 1220 15 4 15 15 21000 270089
4.76 1.00 4.76 Hz
18
f1 4.78 Hz
14.2
Modal mass
The determination of the eigenfrequency, as presented above, shows that the
load bearing behaviour of the floor can be approximated by a simple beam
61
model. Thus, this model is taken for the determination of the modal mass; see
Figure 7-2:
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to Table 7-4:
D D1 D2 D3 1% 1% 1% 3 %
with
D1 = 1.0 % (composite slab)
D2 = 1.0 % (open plan office)
D3 = 1.0 % (ceiling under floor)
62
8.2.3 Assessment
Based on the modal properties calculated above, the floor is classified as class D
(Figure 7-6). The expected OS-RMS90 value is approx. 3.2 mm/s.
According to Table 7-5 class D is classified as being suitable for office buildings,
i.e. the requirements are fulfilled.
63
9 References
[1] G. Sedlacek, Chr. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz, B. Völling, S. Hicks, P. Waarts, F. van
Duin, T. Demarco: “Generalisation of criteria for floor vibrations for industrial, office
and public buildings and gymnastic halls - VOF”, RFCS Report EUR 21972 EN, 2006,
ISBN 92-76-01705-5, http://europa.eu.int.
[4] Waarts, P. “Trillingen van vloeren door lopen: Richtlijn voor het voorspellen, meten en
beoordeelen”, SBR, September 2005.
[5] A. Smith, S. Hicks, P. Devine: “Design of Floors for Vibration: A new Approach”, SCI-
Publication P354, ISBN 10:1-85942-176-8, ISBN 13:978-1-85942-176-5, 2007.
[6] ISO/DIS 10137: “Basis for design of structures – Serviceability of buildings and
walkways against vibrations”, International Organisation for Standardisation, 2007.
[7] ISO 2631-1: Mechanical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to
whole body vibration; Part 1: General requirements, 1997 International Organisation
for Standardisation.
[8] ISO 2631-2: Mechanical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to
whole body vibration: Part 2. Vibration in buildings (1 Hz-80 Hz), April 2003.
[10] NS 8176 E ”Vibration and shock – Measurement of vibration in buildings from land
based transports and guidance to evaluation of its effect on human beings“,
Standards Norway (1999, 2005).
64
European Commission
EUR 24084 EN – Joint Research Centre – Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
Abstract
In recent years, the introduction of new structural materials and innovative
construction processes, associated to architectural and space arrangement
requirements, in multi-storey buildings construction have produced significantly
more flexible floor structural systems. The design of these floor systems is
usually controlled by serviceability criteria, deflections or vibrations. Recognizing
a gap in the design codes, this report gives a procedure for the determination
and assessment of floor response for human induced vibrations.
First, the proposed procedure is presented, giving particular attention to the
human induced loading characterization, dynamic properties and the comfort
criteria for the verification of floor structural systems. Design charts are derived.
Finally, it is presented a guidance manual to use the simplified procedure
proposed for the design of building floors for human induced vibrations. Two
worked examples of the proposed design procedure are given, namely a filigree
slab with ACB-composite beams and a composite slab with steel beams.
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