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(H4SO4)
USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and
potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by
plant.
2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.
3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.
4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their
component materials.
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STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid
i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum
H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)
Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.
SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is
vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid
fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
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Sulphur Oxygen
In the converter
S(s) + 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
O2(g)SO2(g) Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Unreacted
Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide
Oxyge 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
together with
SO2(g) +
oxygen
H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7(l) +
H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
SULPHURDIOXIDE
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the
earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur
trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.
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(NH3)
USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.
2. It uses:
i. In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia
nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
ii. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.
iii. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.
iv. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.
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NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus
aqueous ammonia solution:
i. Turns red litmus paper blue.
ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
4. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia
gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst
again in the reactor chamber.
5. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.
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The Haber Process
Nitrogen Hydrogen
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary
for growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is
abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from
soil through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt
which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.
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3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)
Ammonium phosphate
Force
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The shape of the
Force Matel are malleable metal change
WHAT ARE ALLOYS
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific
proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:
a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to
iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel
becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call
duralumin is produced.
b) Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,
18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make
stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is
known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearance
i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has
a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.
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Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon steel 99% iron Strong,hard and high • Making of cutting
1% carbon wear resistance tools, hammers and
chisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron Do not rust and • Making of surgical
0.4% carbon tarnish, strong and instrument, knives
18%chromium durable forks and spoons
1% nickel
Brass 70% copper Hard, do not rust, • Making of
30% zinc bright appearance ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze 90% copper Hard, do not corrode • For casting bells,
10% tin easily and durable medals, swords
and statues
Pewter 90% tin Ductile and • Making of
2.5% copper malleable, white ornaments,
0.5% antimony silvery appearance souvenirs and
mugs
Duralumin 95% aluminium Light, strong and • Making part of
4% copper durable aircrafts and racing
1%magnesium cars
Cupronickel 75%copper Attractive, silvery • Making of silver
25%nickel appearance, hard and coins
tough
Composition, properties and uses of alloys
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WHAT ARE POLYMER
1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar
units joined together repeatedly are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are
caller monomer.
3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form
a long chain polymer is called polymerisation.
4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural
polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural
polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.
5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are
additional polymerisation.
6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition
polymerisation.
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soluble in
– (foamed)
organic solvents
Polyacrylonit high-melting
rile –(CH2- acrylonitrile solid rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, CHCN)n– CH2=CHCN soluble in clothing
Acrilan) organic solvents
non-stick
Polytetrafluo tetrafluoroet
–(CF2- resistant, surfaces
roethylene hylene
CF2)n– smooth solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
Poly(methyl methyl
methacrylate –[CH2- methacrylat hard, lighting
) C(CH3)CO2 e transparent covers, signs
(PMMA, Lucite, CH3]n– CH2=C(CH3) solid skylights
Plexiglas) CO2CH3
vinyl
Poly(vinyl –(CH2-
acetate latex paints,
acetate) CHOCOCH3 soft, sticky solid
CH2=CHOCO adhesives
(PVAc) )n–
CH3
requires
cis- –[CH2- isoprene
vulcanization
Polyisoprene CH=C(CH3) CH2=CH- soft, sticky solid
for practical
natural rubber -CH2]n– C(CH3)=CH2
use
Polychloropr
–[CH2- chloroprene synthetic
ene (cis + tough, rubbery
CH=CCl- CH2=CH- rubber
trans) solid
CH2]n– CCl=CH2 oil resistant
(Neoprene)
Uses of synthetic polymers
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE
1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of
materials:
a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b. They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.
c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.
d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to
decay, rusting and chemical attacks.
2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:
a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic
polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce
causing air pollution.
b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are
discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the
environment.
c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect
rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the
addition of non-recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the
properties of the recycled polymers.
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WHAT ARE GLASS
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products
are made from glass because of its specials properties.
2. Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
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CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay
such as kaolin to a vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the
most useful materials in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c.Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks
cement, sinks, and toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high
resistant to heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they
do not tarnish easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall
tiles.
c.Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items
such as toasters, fridges and electrical plug.
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WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that
is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass,
ceramic and polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:
a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c.Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass
REINFORCES CONCRETE
SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of
electricity, but 20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat
during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of
electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity
transmission is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability
to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically
levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster
supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in high
speed data processing in internet communication.
FIBRE OPTIC
1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for
light wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
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a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by
fibre optic cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.
3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of
instrument which enable the investigation for internal body part
without having to perform surgery.
FIBRE GLASS
1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped
onto a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to
form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant
to fire and water but is brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre
glass reinforces plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass
and plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic
substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to
molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed.
2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when
exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.
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