Sei sulla pagina 1di 32

The Vector Control

Vector control technology

1.0 Vector control technology

2.0 Vector control

3.0 A mathematical control method

4.0 Vector control in uninterruptible power supply systems

5.0 Aspects of harmonic management on input and output of three-phase on line ups
1.0 Vector Control Technology.

The vector control technology (the “CU4” technology) started development by MGG in 1994
and by 1998 its application was being expanded onto various hardware platforms, which
were able to benefit from its implementation.

Since the acquisition of the MGG business, Chloride has sought to utilise the technology in
its products and thereby delivering a competitive advantage against almost all of its
competitors in the UPS market.

VECTOR CONTROL (Patent Nos. 95 P3875/3198/3879)


The technology within the CU4 for controlling 3 phase inverter products.

Patent Number Scope


95 P3875 Usage of a Drives Inverter for a UPS
application
96 P3198 Specific aspects of Vector Control
95 P3879 Special way of connection for a UPS
application

The advantages attaching to the deployment of leading edge technology. These are
considered to be as follows (against the existing technology/industry standards):

Use of the space vector overcomes the disadvantages of conventional controls. Vector
control gives technical advantages in terms of:

Performance New generation technology providing far superior sophistication


and performance, which the old technology could not provide
like the decoupling of the voltage regulation of the three output
phases. The three-phase system behaves as three semi-
independent voltage regulators, thus improving the
performance in specific unbalanced load conditions.

Parallel operations The perfect share of the load between the UPS in the parallel
system is guaranteed. The wide choice of possible output
power additions (up to 8) translates into an evident advantage
for the Customer, who can limit the initial investment and plan
future expansions only when needed.

Short circuit Sophisticated algorithms optimise the performance. This allows


behaviour to decouple the 3 phases (> 200kVA) therefore one phase
overcurrent doesn’t propagate to the others.

Non-linear load Sophisticated algorithms optimise the performance

Stable in time The output performance is not subjected to changes in time and
does not depend on external conditions

Customisation Special output requirements can be met with simple software


modifications and do not involve any complicated and costly
hardware changes
Build quality More robust and reliable, improving longevity

Build Costs Has lower costs of production against previous generation


products

Installation & running Quicker installation times and lower servicing and maintenance
cost efficiencies needs

2.0 Vector Control

Vector Control
Technology
Digital technology promotes the use of mathematic
transformation methods

Symmetrical properties of three-phase components are very


hard to deduce from the time signals of currents and
voltages. That’s why power engineering has used
mathematical transformation methods, which emphasize the
particular characteristics of those symmetrical components
for decades. Such transformation methods can also be
applied to the benefit of digital control, e.g. at the Vector
Control for the Chloride and Masterguard UPS.

To look at frequency and phase information in three-phase


systems, the so-called space vector transformation is most
suitable. With its help, a new set of elements is deduced from the
time-dependent values (voltages, currents) of the three phases: a
complex one (consisting of a real part and an imaginary part) and
a scalar one. The complex element is called space vector, the
scalar zero sequence component (short: zero com-ponent). The
zero component can be interpreted as an unsymmetrical part of
the supply lines, at certain configurations it disappears
completely. The large scale use of such transformations became
only possible through the digital technology as well as through
the use of micro controllers and digital signal processors (DSPs).
Sensitive loads such as computer-aided tomographs in
hospitals place high demands on the UPS.

UPS is Far More than Power Protection

The demands placed on uninterruptible power supplies have


grown enormously in the past few years.Former generations
were interested simply in load supply. Today’s generation
requires "pure" output voltages (caused by the increase in
sensitive loads) and safety of supply in extreme operating
situations. The applications reach from robust equipment, which
only needs to be powered down in a controlled manner, to highly
sensitive loads, such as communications systems, IT centres or
hospitals.

Various technologies (off-line, line-interactive, on-line) pay tribute


to the demands of various applications. UPS systems with on-
line-technology, i.e. with a permanently active inverter, belong to
the most demanding power protection systems. Their main
advantage lies in the fact that the supply of the load is almost
independent of the feeding mains. The control of the inverter is of
utmost importance for the quality of the output voltage, especially
in critical operating situations.

Better Performance
Thanks to Vector Control
Digital signal processors and micro controllers
create an abundance of new opportunities for
the control of three-phase drives, especially for
the inverter. The buzz word "Vector Control"
describes a control algorithm which uses
coordinate transformations with a characteristic
that is favourable for three-phase systems. UPS
systems with on-line technology whose core is
an inverter, use these qualities to increase the
performance of the power components and to
enable an active conditioning of the load supply
in a straightforward way.
UPS systems with double-conversion technology are mainly used
for sensitive loads. In this case, it is very important that the power
supply can be adapted as close as possible to the safety
requirements of the customer, in order to avoid expensive
oversized solutions. Especially at high output power systems,
flexibility is crucial with the possibility of paralleling the single
units. In case of failure of one or several UPS systems, the
remaining system can take over the load completely
(redundancy).

This fact is useful when planning the appropriate solution for the
operating situation. With this type of UPS, although when
operated with an existing input mains, the output voltage is still
generated by the inverter. Therefore, it is possible to provide the
load with almost harmonic-free voltages. This results in a longer
life-time of the loads and less strain on the mains supply
components. It is these tasks that challenge the inverter control.
In the parallel system,balancing currents between the single units
must be minimized since these are a strain on the system without
being any use. On the other hand, load stepping (as in the case
of failure of a parallel unit) must be compensated fast and
reliably. The manipulation of harmonics on the output voltage
requires an exact analysis of the actual values and consequently
a demanding control structure.

UPS and Vector Control

With regard to the above described "new tasks", it is evident that


especially space vector components can offer specific solutions.
Frequency and phase information can be deduced very easily
from the space vector. The processing is reduced to one single
vector, whereas the time signal system must always be
represented by three values.

Geometric interpretation of the space vector:


in the case of an ideal sinusoidal shape of the three time
signals, the vector outline is a circle.

The coordination between the three phases is automatically


implied within the space vector. This straightforward control over
phasing and frequency of all three phases leads especially with
parallel systems or with transient events ( load step output, the
load being taken over by feeding mains, switching to battery
mode) to minimized balancing currents and hence smooth
transitions with no unnecessary strain on the power supply
system.

Through the definition of rotating coordinate systems for space


vectors, specific harmonic components can be directly selected
and "fought" one at a time. This results in low harmonic distortion
at the output voltage and a generally load friendly curve shape.
The advantage: demanding and time-consuming methods for
selecting these components off the time signals are not
necessary.

The benefit: higher safety of supply and a higher lifetime of the


connected load. Further developments aim at using the power
components most efficiently and at guaranteeing an optimum of
power protection by the UPS also in critical operating situations.

23.0 A Mathematical control method

"A Mathematic Control Method"


Technology
Professor Dr. Gustav Vaupel has been teaching power
engineering at the University of Applied Sciences in
Hamburg since 1995. Before that he worked for several
years at Siemens in the UPS area among other things. For
one of his numerous publications, he received the VDE
literature prize of the Energietechnische Gesellschaft
(Power Engineering Association) in 1990. Our interview
with the acknowledged scientist and industry consultant
regarding the complex topic of Vector Control:

Chloride: Mr. Professor Vaupel, what is Vector Control based


Prof. G. Vaupel
on, and where is it used?

G.Vaupel:It is actually based on two milestones. First,on the


development of the space vector theory, starting 50 years ago
as a base for the invention of the control concept with the buzz
word "Vector Control". Second, it is based on the invention
and further development of micro and signal processors for the
digital calculation of coordinate transformations in real-time.
Let’s put it this way: Vector Control is a mathematical control
method whose processing of measured values and structure is
based on the space vector theory. Nowadays, it is not only
used for the speed control of three-phase a. c. machines, but
also in the electrical power distribution,as well as in power
supply systems.

Chloride: Where do you see the advantages, compared to the


classic processing of time signals?
G.Vaupel: Space vectors reduce the calculation time for the
solution of mathematical problems in three-phase systems and
additionally improve its vividness. Regarding the time
characteristics of current and voltage, no restrictions are
made, so non-sinusoidal and transient processes are included
as well. This is of utmost importance with the "typical" non-
linear loads of UPS systems, as for example power supply of
information and communications systems. Lab experiments
have proved that the application of Vector Control in UPS
systems, as opposed to a conventional, phase-related control,
especially shows advantages in case of the interaction of the
single phases. This normally happens with unsymmetrical and
non-linear load of UPS. If phase relations are important as in
the parallel mode, a Vector Control has advantages. In this
case the Vector Control provides the control unit with
information on amplitude, phase and frequency in a very
simple manner.

Chloride: Does Vector Control have an influence on the


inverter technology in that it makes it more flexible and open to
new applications?

G.Vaupel: At its beginning the space vector theory was used


as a further mathematical method of coordinate transformation
describing static and dynamic processes in 3-wire and 4-wire
systems. Later on, it developed into the essential mathematical
base of field-oriented control or Vector Control of a. c.
machines. In combination with modern digital technology
(which has been speeding up transformation caused
multiplications and computing operations), further applications
in the distribution and quality of electrical power have come to
life beyond the field of electrical drive technology. The UPS
with its high demands for dynamics, robustness and load-
independence needs a control concept like Vector Control for
full use of all advantages of new inverter technology.

Chloride: What are your prospects for the further


development in this area?

G.Vaupel: Modern information technology as well as high


availability of micro controllers and digital signal processors
provide us with the necessary tools to enable us to use the
above mentioned advantages even for lower cost products.
With the further development of the integration of such flexible
processing technologies, ever more complicated growing
solutions can be realized. Especially in the UPS area, the
development of new mathematical methods sets itself into the
main position for the optimal power supply in a wide range of
operating situations and automatic adapting to various loads.
4.0 Vector Control in Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems (UPS)

R Huempfner, G Vaupel

0. Introduction
To control the output voltage of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), instantaneous value
related methods are usually used. These are known for their restrictions (determined by the
system) at non-linear loads and in parallel operation. To meet the requirements, this basic
control concept therefore uses several additional complex components.

A mathematical representation specially suitable for calculations in three-wire and four-wire


systems is called “space vector”. Such systems often occur in power distribution engineering
and drive technology (distribution of electrical energy via three-phase systems, three-phase
transformers, three-string synchronous and asynchronous drives). A representation with the
help of space vectors allows a straightforward, clear and often illustrative description and
calculation of both stationary and dynamic processes in these fields. The space vector
transformation is a newer calculation method which has gained importance over the past few
years, especially when describing dynamic processes in three-phase a.c. machines.

This article is intended to show the advantages of using space vector representation in
controlling UPS. The above described disadvantages of conventional controls do not occur
when resorting to this approach.

1. Introducing the Terms of Vector Control


1.1. The Space Vector Transformation (SVT)

The SVT describes the coordinate transformation of three time-dependent values. The
resulting values consist of a complex element, the so-called space vector and a scalar zero
sequence component (short: zero component). The transformation equations are defined as
follows:
2
[
space vector : v(t ) = ⋅ vU (t ) + a ⋅ vV (t ) + a ⋅ vW (t )
3
2
]
2
(eq. 1-1)
1 j π
zero component : v Z (t ) = ⋅ [vU (t ) + vV (t ) + vW (t )] , with a = e 3
3

For the representation of the vector-valued space vector we have chosen the preferably used
underscore arrows.
To keep the different amplitude values comparable, the signals v R (t ), v S (t ) and vT (t ) refer to
the maximum value of a sinusoidal signal which has the rms value Vnom .

V X (t )
v X (t ) = , with X = R, S , T (eq. 1-2)
Vnom ⋅ 2

The spin operator a causes the time signals to be projected onto axes rotated by 120° or
2
π rad respectively.
3
Introducing the Terms of Vector Control

For the operator, the following relations appliy:


2
1+ a + a = 0
3n + i i
(eq. 1-3)
a = a , for n = 0,1,2...

The space vector is defined for any time signals. Compared to these when looking at three-
phase systems, the space vector transformed values have favourable characteristics. If one
assumes for example, purely sinusoidal time signals with the same amplitude and frequency
which are phase-shifted by 120° each,

vU (t ) = vˆ ⋅ cos(ωt ) = vˆ ⋅
2
(
1 jωt
e + e − jωt )
1  −j π 
2 2
 2  j π
vV (t ) = vˆ ⋅ cos ωt − π  = vˆ ⋅  e 3 ⋅ e jωt + e 3 ⋅ e − jωt  (eq. 1-4)
 3  2 
1 j π 
2 2
 2  −j π
vW (t ) = vˆ ⋅ cos ωt + π  = vˆ ⋅  e 3 ⋅ e jωt + e 3 ⋅ e − jωt 
 3  2 

the following is obtained for the space vector values:


2
[(
1
) (
v (t ) = ⋅ vˆ ⋅ 1 + a ⋅ a + a ⋅ a ⋅ e jωt + 1 + a ⋅ a + a ⋅ a ⋅ e − jωt = vˆ ⋅ e jωt
3 2
2 2 2 2
) ]
(eq. 1-5)
1
3
[(
1
) (
v Z (t ) = ⋅ vˆ ⋅ 1 + a + a ⋅ e jωt + 1 + a + a ⋅ e − jωt = 0
2
2 2
) ]
This shows that the space vector of a symmetrical, ideal sinusoidal three-phase system
during one period describes a 360 ° turn with a mathematical positive spin direction, whereas
the vector length is constant. The zero component in that case always equals zero.

This symmetrical case in three-phase systems is an ideal state for the use in power
engineering. The space vector representation is especially interesting, since in the
symmetrical case, the state of the system can be described with a single (complex) value.
Thus, three-phase relations can be represented in a well structured manner by means of
single-phase equivalent circuit diagrams. The space vector system contains complex value
voltages and currents, whereas the zero system contains scalar ones.
If the voltages are no longer purely sinusoidal, but contain harmonic components of higher
order, they can affect the space vector as well as the zero system. In the following we will be
discussing which important harmonics affect which part of the space vector components.

1.2. Zero Components in the Three-phase Systems

It depends first of all on the topology of the system used, if a zero component exists at all.
When for example, one looks at the line currents in the three-wire system, the following
condition must apply:
i R (t ) + i S (t ) + iT (t ) = 0 (eq. 1-6)
Introducing the Terms of Vector Control

This means that the zero component of the currents space vectors in this case always equals
zero. The above condition can also be valid in a system with a neutral line (four-wire system),
if the strain on the individual wires is symmetrical. Thus, the zero component is often called
the unsymmetrical part of the space vectors.

But, with symmetrical strain in the four-wire system, currents can also occur in the neutral
line which are caused by
harmonic components on
the fundamental frequency
current.
Some of these currents
usually occur in the zero
system. Figure 1 shows the
overlaying of the harmonic
current components at the
neutral line in a four-wire
system, depending on the
order. It is assumed that the
harmonic has, in relation to
its fundamental mode, the
same phasing in all three
time signals. (This is usually
true in practice.) One can
recognize that only the
multiples of three (3., 6., 9.,
etc.) provide values that are
different from zero.
Therefore it can be noted
Figure 1: Influence of the order of higher harmonics on the zero
that besides the
system in three-phase systems
unsymmetrical harmonic
components, usually
harmonics with an ordinal number being a multiple of three occur at the zero component.

1.3. Harmonic Components in the Space Vector

It is easy to see from the last paragraph that the space vector value (besides the
symmetrical harmonic components of the three-phase system) contains those harmonics that
are not a multiple of three (also assuming that the harmonic components have, in relation to
their fundamental mode, the same phasing in all three phases).

Figure 2 shows a simulation of a six-pulse current space vector which contains harmonic
components of the 5th and 7th harmonic. The locus has a typical hexagonal shape.
Introducing the Terms of Vector Control

Figure 2: Space vector simulation with harmonic components of the 5th and 7th order
harmonic

1.4. Adapted Coordinate Systems

A suitable coordinate system is necessary to be able to determine certain harmonic


components in the space vector. In a system rotating with a special angular frequency ω N ,
the harmonic component matched with this frequency constitutes a static vector which is
overlayed by other harmonic components that form a locus of the cumulative vector. Based
on the space vector representation in polar coordinates,
β (t )
v (t ) = α (t ) + β (t ) = v(t ) ⋅ e jϕ (t ) , with ϕ (t ) = arctan (eq. 1-7)
α (t )

the new space vector is:


vdq (t ) = v(t ) ⋅ e jϕ (t ) ⋅ e − jω N t (eq. 1-8)

By calculating the balance point vector of the locus, one obtains the harmonic component of
the harmonic rotating at the frequency ω N .
Vector Control in UPS Systems

β q

ν -jωNt
e
ϕ
U
α νN
d

Figure 3: Harmonic current marked space vector in steady and rotating coordinate systems

2. Vector Control in UPS Systems


2.1. Demands Placed on a UPS Inverter

An UPS must be able to prevent any irregularity in the power supply or bridge power outages
until the load can be powered down in a controlled manner. There are several ways of
realizing these possibilities: batteries serve as storage capacity for the bridging energy. To
bridge shorter periods, spin-mass energy storage is used.
One of the most demanding, yet most flexible concepts is the so-called on-line UPS with
double-conversion technology, i.e. with a permanently active inverter. Its main advantage lies
in the fact that the generation of the load voltage is independent of the feeding mains. Thus,
in addition to its original function, this system allows an active power conditioning, i.e. that
supply fluctuations (also short term ones) can be kept away from a sensitive load. The most
important element of such a system is the inverter which turns d.c. voltage into a three-
phase a.c. voltage at the UPS output.

Figure 4 illustrates the principle design of a three-phase on-line UPS with a pulse-width-
modulated inverter (PWM inverter). The representation of assumed time signals together
with the loci of the complex space vectors makes it clear how disturbances at the time values
affect the space vector. One turn corresponds to one fundamental wave period of the time
signals assumed as periodical.
Vector Control in UPS Systems

mains supply inverter load supply

IU3

time signals U3
U1

IU3

IV3

IW3

U1 V1 W1 U3 V3 W3

space vector

Figure 4: Simplified scheme of a UPS with a PWM inverter

What are the advantages of vector values for the use in UPS? First, one must look more in
detail at the functions of a modern UPS. The control of high quality UPS, and above all, the
control of the output inverter must meet the following requirements:

• compliance with a narrow static voltage tolerance at the output with as few harmonic
components as possible in all operating situations.
• phase-synchronous operation of the UPS output with the feeding mains to be able to
switch to it anytime without any switching gap.
• controlling inrush-currents of transformers (decreasing DC parts), non-linear loads,
motor loads.
• high short-circuit power und fast relaxation of output voltage (to ensure the selectivity of
load circuitry).
• redundancy through parallel operation (control of current balancing and synchronization
of the inverters).
• generation of voltages without a DC component for operation with transformers and
inductive loads.
• supression of voltage harmonics caused by non-linear loads (low output impedance
especially at the 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonic).

Figure 5 shows the detailed structure of a three-phase on-line UPS.


Vector Control in UPS Systems

autom. bypass

supply line only


with common

AC/AC converter

INV Manual
output filter switch Bypass
harmonic currents rectifier inverter (INV)
filter (optional)

coupling
battery
battery
Figure 5: Block diagram of an on-line UPS

On the mains part, controlled or uncontrolled rectifiers in 6-pulse or 12-pulse version are
used. To keep the mains feedback by non-sinusoidal input currents low, optional filter circuits
are inserted besides the commutating choke, especially at 6-pulse rectifiers. They are
inserted for the essential harmonic currents (with six-pulse bridges at a fundamental of 50
Hz, especially the 5th harmonic at 250 Hz).

The automatic bypass has to ensure that in case of problems with the inverter, the feeding
mains can be switched to quickly, and without any gap. In such a case the load supply is no
longer battery-buffered. But there is no immediate load cutoff, thus allowing for a reaction to
the malfunction. On the other hand in some operating situations,with an automatic bypass
the feeding mains can be used to support the inverter. This is especially useful in the case of
an overlaoad or short circuit, since the inverter can only carry a restricted maximum current.

The following values are “state of the art” for such systems:

at linear, symmetrical load:


static voltage tolerance 1%
Angular displacement < 1° el.
unbalanced load, unsymmetrical load:
voltage tolerance 4%
Angular displacement < 5° el.
at non-linear load according to [5]
harmonic distortion at the output voltage 5%
dynamics
control transition time in case of malfunction 10 %

2.2. Realization
2.2.1 Structure of the Vector Control
To determine a space vector of a three-phase system, you normally have to take into
account a minimum effort. It makes no sense e.g. for currents to measure all three values, if
Vector Control in UPS Systems

these values satisfy eq. 1-6. In practice, usually two voltages and two currents respectively
are measured.
actual value acquisition

vU,V,W(t)
output currents I U3 ,I V3 ,I W3
α,β

vU,V,W(t)
INV currents I WR_U ,I WR_V ,I WR_W
α,β

vU,V,W (t)
output voltages UU3 ,U V3 ,U W3
α,β

α,β
ν ,ϕ

Synchronisation ν ,ϕ
frequency, phase α,β master waveform
controller correction
ν ,ϕ Uref α ,U ref β
α,β
vU,V,W (t) IGBT-
input (mains) voltages UU1 ,U V1 ,U W1 driver
α,β

balancing currents vU,V,W (t) paralleling


I DT_U ,I DT_V ,I DT_W
parallel operation α,β controller

DC-voltages U ZK

Figure 6: UPS vector control structure

Figure 6 shows a possible control structure for an on-line UPS with an integrated automatic
bypass which uses coordinate transformation.
With the use of digital signal processors (DSP), the realization of very complex control
structures with flexible adapting mechanisms is possible. The instruction set of a DSP makes
it possible to realize a coordinate transformation (this is nothing more than a static
conversion of the actual value) with a few commands. Thus a representation suitable for the
task to be performed can be chosen in every part of the controller. The operating situation of
the three-phase UPS is influenced by many values. The parameters of main influence are
the output voltages; the manipulated variables at the PWM inverter are the pulse patterns for
the control of the semiconductor switches (mostly IGBTs).
The greatest influence on the output voltages is exerted by the output currents whose
waveform can be, depending on the loads, extremely non-linear distorted compared to the
voltages. The d.c. voltage at the input of the inverter acts as a disturbance variable. The
magnitude and the harmonic content of the d.c. voltage have a strong influence on the
actuacting reserve of the inverter. Additional voltage acquisitions, such as the PWM currents
at the output of the inverter (see Figure 4) and the balancing currents in parallel systems
provide additional information which can be used to protect the system as well as for better
control dynamics.
This great amount of actual values, most of them three-phase, creates enormous amounts of
data which, with a time-signal based control can only be mastered with difficulty. The vector
transformation reduces the data and concentrates control on the essential part of the
information without restricting the capability of influence on the system.

2.3. Mains Synchronous and Self-Clocked Operation


In mains synchronous operation, the control unit orients the output of the UPS regarding
frequency and phasing at the feeding mains to be able to support the output via the
automatic bypass, if needed, in the case of an overload or short circuit. The amplitude and
waveform are generated by an internal reference so the UPS works indepedently of input
Vector Control in UPS Systems

mains voltage distortions. This ensures low harmonic distortion at the output voltage.
Information on frequency and phasing are very easily extracted from the space vector
transformed actual values. With a representation in polar coordinates, ϕ is directly indicated.
The basic frequency can be calculated as a smoothed ∆ϕ / ∆t .
a utom . b yp as s

G
A C /A C co nverter

U1,V1,W1 U3,V3,W3

re ctifie r in v erte r (IN V )

U1 U3

battery
On-Line UPS synchronous to mains, bypass enabled

a utom . b yp as s

G
A C /A C co nverter

U1,V1,W1 U3,V3,W3

re ctifie r in v erte r (IN V )

U1 U3
battery

On-Line UPS self-clocked, bypass disabled


Figure 7: Mains synchronous and self-clocked on-line UPS

If the output voltage leaves its specified tolerance range (e.g. UNOM  15% regarding the
voltage and fNOM 3% regarding the frequency), the control unit switches to self-clocked
operation. This means that the UPS only orients itself by its internal reference (see Figure 7
below), which does not mean that energy is taken from the battery at this stage. For
example, if there are frequency fluctuations in the feeding mains, the mains is still able to
supply the loads from the viewpoint of the power flow, but in self-clocked mode an output
support by the feeding mains is not possible any more. The UPS prevents the modified
frequency from having negative effects on the loads. Though normally this does not occur
with public mains, since the load state of the mains is controlled by a very narrow frequency
bandwith. However, the above mentioned case can play an important role in diesel-driven
operation.
The mechanisms for identifying a power outage, i.e. when the feeding mains is no longer
able to supply enough energy for the loads, are different according to the UPS type. Some
systems orient themselves by the intermediate circuit d.c. voltage, others go by the three-
phase input mains.
Vector Control in UPS Systems

2.3.1 Redundant Systems


Applications that place extremely high demands on reliability need more than one UPS to
supply the overall load. Like with all other electronic devices, failures are possible. Therefore,
for such systems it is indispensable that the concept of the UPS provides for parallel
operation. On the one hand, higher output performances can be realized.On the other hand,
several single units can be connected to provide redundancy, e.g. (n+1) operation.
Therefore, a single unit can fail anytime without putting the customer at risk.
au tom . bypas s

A C /A C co nve rte r

re ctifie r in v erte r (IN V )

I U3_1 ,I V3_1 ,I W3_1

battery

U1,V1,W1 I DT_U ,I DT_V ,I DT_W U3,V3,W3


a utom . byp as s

I U3_2 ,I V3_2 ,I W3_2


A C /A C co nve rte r

re ctifie r in v erte r (IN V )


battery

Figure 8: Parallel UPS system, balancing current

The parallel connection allows a well directed adaption of the power supply concept to the
safety requirements of the UPS user. The existence of this possibility is of utmost importance
for any UPS system, and especially for those with higher performance. Figure 8illustrates the
basic configuration of two single UPS units into a parallel system. The output currents should
be equally distributed between the two single units. With the use of vector values the
handling of such constellations is simplified. It is especially the representation in polar
coordinates that always provides information regarding amplitudes and phasing of the values
in the parallel system.
The problem of parallel systems lies in the fact that component tolerances cause balancing
currents between the single units. These currents are a strain on the inverter without
contributing to the supply of the loads. The task of a paralleling controller (see Figure 6)
consists in keeping these currents to a minimum to optimize the usable performance of the
total system.
One approach to the parallel connection is the Master-Slave concept. One system takes on
the leading role, “Master” and the other parallel units, ”Slaves”, orient themselves by the
output voltage of the Master unit. The disadvantage of this concept lies as follows: in case of
Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

the failure of the Master unit, the system becomes “leaderless”, for example, load changes
(as they can occur with the failure of the unit, too) can result in a load cutoff.
By means of the Vector Control a paralleling concepts can be realized, where each unit
has the same status in the UPS system: when being hooked up, the single units can be led
to steady phase relations (synchronous operation), at which a simultaneous start of the
single blocks on the secure bus is possible, any unit being able to continue running smoothly
in case of failure. Additionally, by precisely setting the manipulated vectors of every inverter,
the balancing currents can be minimized and the strain on the output of the parallel system
can be reduced. This solution requires straightforward communication between the single
units.

2.3.2 Waveform Correction


The value set by the master controller (see Figure 6), is determined by an internal reference
signal (mains synchronous or self-clocked). Parallel systems additionally have to refer to
thebalancing currents. The design of this controller is most important for the dynamics of the
total system. Additional modules described as a waveform correction in Figure 6, ensure low
output harmonic distortion in stationary operation. These modules work dynamically with
higher time constants than the master controller to prevent any influence on the stability of
the control unit. The waveform of the set value is influenced in these modules. By knowing
the controlled system at the UPS output (neutral grounding transformer, PMW switching
frequency filter), the pulse pattern of the semiconductor can be influenced to keep harmonic
distortion low. Possible functions are:
! influencing certain harmonic components. By changing the coordinate
system, the harmonic components can be easily identified off the space
vector components (e.g. 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonic).
! realizing flexible control systems for high stability and accuracy (e.g. state
regulator, adaptive regulators).
The waveform correction can be undertaken according to various criteria. Its structure is
more complex than that of the master controller, but the manner of the correction has
enormous effects on the harmonic content of the output voltage.

3. Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

The direct comparison of UPS systems with or without Vector Control shows the advantages
of the presented concept compared to the conventional three-phase control. The measuring
was done during stationary operation with special load situations:
! linear unsymmetrical load
! non-linear load (according to [5], appendix M.5)
For the measurements, UPS systems with the same nominal power (20 kVA at a
performance factor of 0,8 inductive) and comparable application areas were used.
Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

3.1. Definition of THD (the value to describe the quality of electrical power)

A harmonic analysis (Fourier transformation) is used for the quantitative description of


electrical power quality. As a function of time, a non-sinusoidal Fourier series can be written
as follows (applies to the current similarily):
∧ ∞ ∧
v(t ) = V0 + v1 ⋅ sin ω t + ∑ vn ⋅ sin (n ⋅ ω t + ϕ n ) (eq. 3-1)
n=2


where fundamental wave v1 = v1 ⋅ sin ω t
angular frequency ω = 2 ⋅π ⋅ f
d.c.component V0 , arithmetic mean
ordinal number n.

The quality of electrical power is internationally judged by the value THD (total harmonic
distortion factor) of the voltage and the current respectively. The THD value is defined by, /7/:
50
∑Vn2
n=2
THD = (eq. 3-2)
V1

The reference value is the rms value of the fundamental sinewave.

3.2. Unsymmetrical linear load

The UPS is strained by an ohmic resistance between two wires. If one assumes the voltages
to be sinusoidal and the strain to be purely ohmic, the unsymmetrical load causes a counter
system for the currents. It is important to pay attention to the symmetry in phase and
amplitude of the three line voltages. Independent of the magnitude of the load, the
advantages of a control based on the space vector representation are found here. Even a
well optimized “instantaneous value control” with static magnitude controller shows a
tolerable deviation at high loads.

au to m . by pa s s

AC/AC converter
I U3
U3
U1 I V3
V3
V1
I W3 W3
W1
UU3 UV3 UW3
rectifier inverter (INV)

PEN N
battery

Figure 9: UPS with linear unsymmetrical load


Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

Figure 9 shows the experimental


setup. The ohmic load is
connected between the phases
U3 and V3 at the output. Thus the
phase U3 “sees” a load with
capacitive component, the phase
V3 “sees” a load with inductive
component. Phase W3 remains
unstrained. This kind of load puts
high demands on the unbalanced
load capability of the control. The
representation of the voltage
space vector for ca. 100 % load at
the output of the UPS (see Figure
10), shows the unsymmetrical
distribution of the three voltages
with an instantaneous value
control. The UPS controlled by
vector control shows an equal
amplitude distribution for all Figure 10: Voltage space vector at unsymmetrical load
phases which is confirmed by the
characteristic values in Table 1.
Especially at high loads, with actuating limits already complicating the control, the vectorial
processing shows its advantages. The equal distribution of most errors to all three phases
has its cause in the direct relation of phases through the space vector.

With instantaneous value control, to keep the effort for the control to a minimum, individual
phases are often left out, since symmetrical relations can usually be assumed on the whole
system. In those cases where this assumption does not apply, significant deviations that
cannot be compensated by the control unit can be seen at the output.

The detailed results of measurements with unsymmetrical linear load:

Load Amplitude Amplitude Phase deviation Phase deviation


deviation with deviation with with Chloride with static
Chloride static magnitude Vector Control in magnitude
Vector Control in controller in % ° controller in °
%
50 % 0,03 0,03 0,4; 0,1; 0,3 3,7; 0,3; 2,9
100 % 0,04 0,8 0,4; 0,5; 0,3 3,6; 0,5; 3,3
Table 1: Amplitude and phase deviation at unbalanced load

3.3. Non-linear symmetrical load

In this measurement a non-linear reference load according to ENV50091-3 (see [5],


appendix A) is connected to the output of the UPS. For three-phase systems, this load
consists of three single-phase B2 bridge circuits. For the experimental setup see Figure 11.
Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

au to m . by pa s s

AC/AC converter
I U3
U3
U1 I V3
V3
V1
I W3
W1 W3
UU3 UV3 UW3
rectifier inverter (IN V)

PEN
N

battery

Figure 11: UPS with non-linear standard load

Seen here is a significant distortion of


the waveform of the voltage space
vector towards a six-pulse system. The
space vector of the instantaneous value
control shows weakness in phase V
where the amplitude is significantly
smaller than at the other two phases. On
the whole, the space vector graph is
much closer to the ideal circle outline.
Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the time
signals of the output voltages and of an
output current (on the phase U3). The
current wave has a calculated Crest
Factor of 2.7 at the instantaneous value
control and 2.9 at the vectorcontrol
respectively. Figure 12: Voltage space vector. UPS with non-linear
load
Measurements and Comparison of Different Control Concepts

Figure 13: Time signals voltage-current, instantaneous value control with non-linear load

Especially in such operating conditions the advantages of the vector oriented control are
revealed. The instantaneous value control makes clear that by the time-signal- based
evaluation, the dynamics of the system distorts the voltage waveform.
In the phase range in which the load current flows, the voltage is distinctly distorted.
This is also proved by a rise in rms values. The waveform correction at the vector
control provides a result that is distinctly closer to the sinusoidal shape without
influencing the rms value of the voltage. The well directed influence on certain
harmonic components significantly reduces the harmonic content.

Figure 14: Time signals current-voltage, vector control with non-linear load
Summary and Outlook

This becomes clear at the THD as the characteristic value for the whole harmonic component
(see Table 2). With both control methods, there is a significant difference in the values of the
medium and high load range.

Load THD in THD in THD in THD in THD in THD in


string R in string S in string T in string R in string S in string T in
% % % % % %
CU4 based CU4 based CU4 based Convention Convention Convention
UPS UPS UPS al UPS al UPS al UPS
50 % 2,8 2,8 2,8 6,4 8,8 6,1
100 % 4,4 4,6 4,3 11,7 15,6 11,3
Table 2: voltage THD values at non-linear load

4. Summary and Outlook


The application of Vector Control in UPS systems, as opposed to a conventional, phase-
related control, especially shows advantages in case of the interaction between the single
phases.
Since the three-phase system (when neglecting the zero component) is represented by a
(even if complex) value, this context is system immanent. If phase relations are important as
in the parallel mode, a vector control has advantages. In this case, the vector control
provides the control unit with information on amplitude, phase and frequency in a very simple
manner.

Modern information technology as well as high availability of micro controllers and digital
signal processors provide us with the necessary tools to enable us to use the above
mentioned advantages even with lower cost products. With the further development of the
integration of such flexible processing technologies, more complicated growing solutions can
be realized. Especially in the UPS area, the development of new mathematical methods sets
itself into the main position for the optimal power supply in a wide range of operating
situations and automatic adapting to various loads.
Bibliography

Figures und Tables


Figure 1: Influence of the order of higher harmonics on the zero system in three-phase
systems ................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Space vector simulation with harmonic components of the 5th and 7th order
harmonic.................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 3: Harmonic current marked space vector in steady and rotating coordinate systems 5
Figure 4: Simplified scheme of a UPS with a PWM inverter.................................................... 6
Figure 5: Block diagram of an on-line UPS.............................................................................. 7
Figure 6: UPS vector control structure..................................................................................... 8
Figure 7: Mains synchronous and self-clocked on-line UPS ................................................... 9
Figure 8: Parallel UPS system, balancing current ................................................................. 10
Figure 9: UPS with linear unsymmetrical load ....................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Voltage space vector at unsymmetrical load ........................................................ 13
Figure 11: UPS with non-linear standard load ....................................................................... 14
Figure 12: Voltage space vector. UPS with non-linear load .................................................. 14
Figure 13: Time signals voltage-current, instantaneous value control with non-linear load .. 15
Figure 14: Time signals current-voltage, vector control with non-linear load......................... 15

Table 1: Amplitude and phase deviation at unbalanced load ................................................ 13


Table 2: voltage THD values at non-linear load..................................................................... 16

5. Bibliography
[1] Depenbrock, M.; Staudt, V.: Hyper Space Vectors: A New Four-Quantity-Extension of
Space Vector Theory, 4th Int. Workshop on Power Def. and Meas. under Nonsinusoidal
Cond., Milano, 1997, pp.1-7
[2] V. Staudt, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Erzeugung und Anwendungen.
Energie: "Raumzeiger" 2
[3] V. Staudt, Ein Beitrag zu Leistungsbegriffen und Kompensationsverfahren für
Mehrleitersysteme, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 21, Nr. 291, Bochum, 1998
[4] Kovacs, K. P.; Racz, I.: Transiente Vorgänge in Wechselstrommaschinen, Verlag der
Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Budapest, 1959
[5] DD ENV50091-3:1999; Unterbrechungsfreie Stromversorgungen. Teil 3:
Betriebsanforderungen und Prüfverfahren
[6] Hümpfner, Vaupel: "Aspects of harmonic management on in- and output of three-phase
on-line-ups“, 7th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applicatons (epe), Sept.
1997, Trondheim, S. 34 – 38 (late papers)
[7] IEEE 519: 1992 Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems
[8] Lutz, Holger; Wendt, Wolfgang: Taschenbuch der Regelungstechnik, Verlag Harri
Deutsch, 3. Auflage 2000
5.0 ASPECTS OF HARMONIC MANAGEMENT ON IN- AND OUTPUT OF THREE-PHASE
ON-LINE-UPS

R Huempfner, G Vaupel

Abstract: The dramatically increased use of uncontrolled rectifiers and other none linear loads
causing heavily distorted line currents had a major impact on the line voltage THD (total
harmonic distortion). An on-line UPS has to solve this aspect at its in and output. Depending
on the line impedance it should have a low distorted resistive input current. The output has to
supply a high crest factor current together with a low voltage distortion. This paper presents a
solution for a three-phase UPS.

Keywords: On-line UPS, harmonic management, filter, line disturbance, none linear loads,
closed loop control, zero sequence

INTRODUCTION power to the critical load is provided by the rectifier


and the inverter. In case of a line outage, power comes
from the battery bank through the inverter.
For supplying very critical loads (e.g. computers, Increasing use of UPS and other power electronic
medical equipment, measurement equipment, etc.) it equipment in the last years made it necessary to
may be necessary to use on-line uninterruptible power define national and international standards and
supplies (UPS). These systems provide protection guiding rules to limit distortion and disturbance of the
against power outages (blackouts), as well as voltage utility supply. The development of international
regulation during power line overvoltage and standards and matched units is an ongoing process.
undervoltage conditions. They are also excellent in Therefore prevalent units and solutions are generally
terms of suppressing incoming line transient and not fit for the new rules and standards. This paper is a
harmonic disturbances. The system will eliminate contribution for optimized and prospective harmonic
frequency variations in case of a weak supply e.g. management on input and output of UPS and shows
diesel generators. the separation of load harmonic current from the
An On-line UPS consists of rectifier, battery bank, utility supply.
inverter with filter. In normal mode of operation,

line
impedance
AC DC

AC
line DC
ouput
6-pulse Battery 3-phase transformer
diode load
IGBT
rectifier inverter
option for
low input current THD

Figure 1: Single Line System Overview


In a conventional arrangement a rectifier bridge on the
line side of UPS is used. The input currents have
HARMONICS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ON harmonics caused by rectification and these results in
LINE SIDE voltage drop at line impedance and distort line
voltage.

Basic Design of Input Filter


∑ rms 2
i
Results and Measurements

THD rms
= i=2
2
rmstotal
The system performance at the line side was proven on
THDrms Total harmonic distortion related total rms
a 40kVA UPS system with integrated tuned filter input
rms root means sqare (rms) value of waveform
(optional version of figure 2 at rated load condition.
rmsi harmonic rms of order i
The short circuit capability of the supply was
approximately 50MVA.
In [1] limits for the total harmonic distortion THD of
Volts
the input current are defined. Class 4 with line current
THD < 35 % and class 5 with < 10 % are of special 500 Current
Amps
interest for the aspects described in this paper. These
100
limits have to be fulfilled even under worst-case
Voltage
conditions of the whole system. To be efficient the 250
50
standard UPS should follow class 4 and the optional
one class 5. Calculations and simulations result in an time ms

0
optimal configuration for the UPS input as shown in 0 5 15

figure 2.
-50

L10 Option L11


-250

-100

-500

line
side rectifier Figure 3: Input Voltage and Current Waveforms

I harmonic
in % Input Current Spectrum
I rms
99,6%

10
9
8
7
LF 6
5
4
CF 3
2
1
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
LF and CF, tuned for 5th harmonic
Order of Harmonic

Figure 2: Input Filter Configuration of UPS V harmonic


in % Input Voltage Spectrum
V rms
The investigations have shown that L11 is necessary to 99,9%
neutralize the commutations of the rectifier from the 2
tuned filter. Otherwise THD of the line current would
exceed 10 %. A reason for that effect is the influence 1,5
of the filter circuit on commutation behaviour of the
rectifier. Capacitor and filter core increase the 1
effective short circuit ratio of the line [5]. The
harmonic components of the rectifier current are with 0,5
a tuned filter higher than without the option.
To reduce the described reaction of the tuned filter 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
L11 is added.
Order of Harmonic
L10 additionally has to reduce harmonic currents in
the filter caused by harmonic components of the line
Figure 4: Harmonic Spectrums of Input
voltage. The rms value of the filter current could be
under worst case conditions, line voltage as defined in
The biggest harmonic of input current is still the 5th
[7], 1.8 times higher than the nominal value.
with approximately 7.5% of total rms value. The total
harmonic distortion amounts to 9.3%. This level is
mainly influenced by the value of the 5th. The stiff
line represents then worst case condition concerning 2 1 1
Vout α = Vout L1 − Vout L2 − Vout L3 (1)
filter performance. If the line impedance goes up, the 3 3 3
input current THD will remarkably be reduced. 1 1
Vout β = Vout L2 − Vout L3 (2)
The line voltage in figure 3 has a 5th harmonic of 3 3
1.1% which is inherent in supply due to other loads 1 1 1
connected to the same line. This value is also Vout 0 = Vout L1 + Vout L2 + Vout L3 (3)
3 3 3
measured without loaded. UPS The input reactor L10
limits the 5th harmonic current driven by the line Vout L1 Output voltage Phase L1
voltage source into the tuned filter. It prevents the Vout L2 Output voltage Phase L2
filter from overload up to a 5th harmonic line voltage Vout L3 Output voltage Phase L3
level of 5%. This limit is defined in [7]. Vout α α − Component of output voltage
Vout α β − Component of output voltage
Vout 0 Zero sequence Component of output
HARMONIC MANAGEMENT ON THE LOAD
SIDE voltage

The result of this transformation contains the positive


Design and Analysis and negative sequence together in α − and
β − coordinates. The α − component is identical with
phase L1 without the zero sequence component. If
Generally a UPS faces a none linear load at its output, there is only a positive, which means right rotating
especially when the UPS is supposed to feed system the β − component has the same magnitude and
computers. Most of these devices have an uncontrolled is 90 degrees lagging. These two components are
rectifier feeding a switched mode power supply. This independent to a great extent. This means that the
represents a typical none linear load. The supply complex three-phase system is split into three almost
current spectrum contains a significant 3rd, 5th and completely decoupled systems. This is a big advantage
7th harmonic. Depending on the frequency response of for designing the closed loop control.
the output impedance the voltage THD can reach
values of more than 10 %. This is beyond limits for
various electrical equipment and will cause damages Zero Sequence Component. The zero sequence
in some cases if such voltage is supplied for a longer component of the output voltage is not controllable
time. with the shown transformer configuration in Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows an output circuit configuration of a The equivalent circuit of the zero sequence is mainly
three-phase UPS. In most cases of the high power dependent on the parameters of the output transformer
range the inverter consists of a puls width modulated of the system. The compensation capacitor is in ∆-
IGBT three-phase full-bridge and a ∆-Y output configuration hence it is not seen for this component.
transformer. Additional means are added for filtering
R prim Lprim Lsec R sec out
the switching frequency and compensate the load
displacement power factor. This filter together with
the output transformer has a critical pole causing a
high output impedance around the 5th and 7th Lmain R core
Vout
harmonic (see also figure 8) and defines the
requirements for the inverter control concept.

Filter for IsolationTransformer Compensation


Switching Frequency Capacitor Figure 6: Equivalent circuit for zero sequence

PWM
The designer of the UPS can keep the impedance for
IGBT
Bridge
Output the zero sequence significantly low by separating the
Phases
filter for the switching frequency from the transformer.
The output impedance of the zero sequence component
is independent of the filter inductor size. As an
Neutral approximation the impedance is determined by the
transformer leakage inductance an the copper losses.
Figure 5: Output circuit configuration The leakage inductance of the transformer can be
reduced to a minimum. Less than 1 % leakage
The output voltage system of a three-phase UPS inductance and copper losses about 1,5 % are
supplying a four wire load can be divided into three attainable with a standard El core starting from less
components: positive, negative and zero sequence. than 10kVA up to several 100 kVA.
unnecessary stress for the output circuit and load input
X ZERO ( ω ) = RCu + jω ⋅Lσ (4) component it does not make sense to remove a certain
harmonic fully. Therefore a damping on the harmonic
Xzero Zero sequence output impedance controllers is reasonable. Reduction of e.g. the 5th
Rcu Copper Resistance of the windings harmonic of three single phase rectifiers as UPS' load
Rcu = Rprim + Rsec reduces slightly the output voltage THD but rises the
Lσ Transformer leakage inductance crest factor of the load current significantly. Is the
Lσ = Lprim + Lsec voltage content of the 5th harmonic smaller the 2%
the crest factor of the output current is still rising
Lmain and Rcore have usually a high value and can be considerably but the output voltage THD is changing
neglected. The practically relevant components of the gradually. A sophisticated control will minimize the
zero sequence are the fundamental, caused by crest factor of the output current for a requested low
asymmetrical linear loads and the 3rd harmonic output voltage THD. This reduces the stress for load
caused by the symmetrical single phase rectifiers on and UPS components and improve the system
each phase. efficiency. Optimum result for the ratio between load
current crest factor and output voltage THD on three
single phase rectifier loads is at 60 degrees current
Positive and negative Component. flow per half cycle. The zero sequence component has
a dominant 3rd harmonic which is supplied by the
R filter L filter Rprim L prim Lsec Rsec I out output transformer with a low output impedance
(equation 4).

C filter Lmain R core Cout

Vin Results and Measurements


Vout

Figure 7: Equivalent circuit for positive and negative The output performance with a none linear load
sequence defined in [6] was tested on a 40kVA UPS. Three
diode bridges were connected phase to neutral on each
output phase. This load draws an input current with
crest factor about 2.8 on a stiff line (simulation result).
On the output of the presented UPS the current crest
factor of this type load is reduced to 2.4. Despite of
this low current crest factor the output voltage THD is
4.6%. The rms of output voltage is 231V. The error of
1 V rms is caused by the harmonic content of the
output voltage. The fundamental stays at the nominal
value. A peak voltage 316V is reached which is less
than 3% under regular value. The voltage level on the
DC side of the load rectifier has its nominal value. The
only difference to the stiff line is a wide angle of
current flow. Therefore the stress on all components in
the output circuit as well as in the load input
decreases.
Figure 8: Frequency response of output impedance Volts Amps
open loop 500
Output Voltage
200
The pole of the output impedance from the positive
and negative sequence can be removed by a state space 250
Output Current

controller. The complex output impedance of the 100

controlled output has a real value over the major


time/ms
frequency range. In order to fulfil the requirement of a 0 0
high static accuracy a controller with a pole at the 5 10 15
fundamental frequency is necessary in addition to the
state space controller. That means the output -100
-250
impedance at the fundamental frequency can be
adjusted to zero.
-200
To improve the performance on specific harmonics -500
further separate controllers with a pole at these
frequencies can be added. In order to avoid
Figure 9: Output Voltage and Current Waveforms for battery recharging is required in the proposed
concept.
I harmonic
in % Output Current Spectrum
I rms
The output performance, troublefree power supply
80 without harmonics, is reached without any additional
70 hardware. The control utilizes the current capability of
60 IGBT in an optimal way. Even with none linear loads
50 a minimum output current crest factor leads to a very
40
low voltage THD about 4% to 5%. However the power
30
circuit design must pay attention to mentioned criteria
20
for the output filter and transformer to reduce the
10
output impedance for the zero sequence.
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Modern UPS will supply a higher apparent power at
Order of Harmonic
their outputs as the draw on the input side.
V harmonic
in %
Despite of the limits in the developing standard, older
V rms UPS generations must be replaced with new concepts
Output Voltage Spectrum to fulfill future needs. This means UPS manufactures
99,9%
have to answer these requirements by updating their
5 designs.
4

3 References
2

1 1. VDEW German Guideline UPS on a utility supply


(Richtlinien für den Anschluß von USV-Anlagen in
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Drehstromtechnik im Leistungsbereich von 10 kVA
bis 1 MVA an das öffentliche Netz 1. Fassung, 1994
Order of Harmonic
herausgegeben von der Vereinigung Deutscher
Elektrizitätswerke VDEW e.V. und dem
Figure 10: Harmonic Spectrum of Output
Zentralverband der elektrischen und elektronischen
Industrie Deutschlands ZVEI)
The voltage and current spectrum shows that the
output impedance is very low at the fundamental, 3rd,
2. IEC 555-2: 1982 (= EN 60555-2 = VDE 0838, Teil
5th, 7th. However due to none linearity in the power
2) Disturbances in supply systems caused by household
circuit and the small values of harmonics a calculated
appliances and similar electrical equipment, Part 2:
output impedance of specific harmonics would have a
Harmonics
big error.
3. EN 61000-3-2 Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) Limits for harmonic current emissions
CONCLUSION
(equipment input current up to and including 16 A per
phase)
The presented concept of a filtered uncontrolled
4. IEC 555-4: 1994 Guide to harmonic limits for
rectifier can fulfill the demand an adaptable input
connection of equipment with input current exceeding
current THD depending on the line impedance. A
16 A to the public low-voltage supply system
single three phase inductor on the input achieves
reasonable current THD of less than 30%. In
5. IEEE Standard 519 - 1992
neighbourhood of a stiff line this will be acceptable.
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Usually the voltage THD on a stiff line is small and
Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
the influence UPS system is negligible. A series
resonant circuit together with another inductor
6. EN 50091-1 Uninterruptable power supplies
improves the current distortion to less than 10%. This
General and safety requirements
solution is applicable for weak lines. Another
advantage of this input rectifier is the fact that there
7. EN 50178 (VDE 0160 Ausrüstung von
are no commutation notches and no reactive power
Starkstromanlagen mit elektronischen Betriebsmitteln)
consumption caused by phase displacement as we can
find it on a controlled rectifier. In order to be able to
8. Albert Kloss, 1989, „Oberschwingungen“, VDE-
use an uncontrolled bridge a separate battery charge
Verlag, Germany
89 Mohan, Undeland, Robbins, 1989 „Power
Electronics“, John Wiley & Sons

10. Redl, Richard, New Techniques for Line-


Harmonics Reduction, PCIM 1997, Nürnberg
Chloride UPS Systems
WORLD HEADQUARTERS
Via Fornace 30
40023 Castel Guelfo (BO)
Italy
Telephone: +39 0542 632 111
Facsimile: +39 0542 632 120
enquiries@chloridepower.com

Closest Chloride Contact:

www.chloridepower.com

Cert No FM 10144

This publication is issued to provide outline


information only and is not deemed to form any
part of any offer and contract.The company has a
policy of continuous product development and
improvement, and we therefore reserve the right
to vary any information without prior notice.

MI/Solutions/ed.3/Dec 02/E

Potrebbero piacerti anche