Energv

y
&
I
This booklet is part of a Series of 6 Booklets on
Environmental Sustainability with a special focus
on Climate Change. Each booklet aims to motivate
individuals to take action to mitigate global warming
by providing basic information in an easy to
understand manner.
Energy
&
I
Copyright © 2008
Centre for Environmental Research and Education (CERE)

ISBN 978-81-902018-1-0

PUBLISHER - Centre for Environmental Research

and Education (CERE)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

copied, transmitted or reproduced in a retrieval
system in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the Publisher.

This booklet is printed using environmentally-friendly

materials. The inks used are vegetable oil-based inks and
the paper is wood-free and chlorine-free.
 JUST WHAT IS ENERGY?

Energy is more than just numbers on

your electricity bill. Energy is found
everywhere and drives all life on planet
earth. Energy lights our cities, runs our
buses and cars, powers our
factories, cooks our food, cools our
homes, runs our computers and
telephones, plays our music, and gives
us our serials and cricket matches on
television. To put it very simply, energy
is essential for human beings to
survive on planet Earth.

KNOW...
DID YOU

One of energy’s greatest benefits is that it can be

converted from one form to another which allows
human beings to do work. For example,
chemical energy stored in a flashlight’s
batteries becomes light energy when turned
on. Similarly, the food we eat contains
chemical energy that our bodies digest to do work
in the form of kinetic energy.

3
 Everything I do...

Bathe and
shower Travel Work

Eat Use
electronic
items

Exercise Cook
Wear clothes
DID YOU

KNOW...
Today, people across the world consume
1,117 x 1011 kilowatts (kW) per hour annually.

4
 ...I consume energy!

Petrol/
Diesel
Wind Food
energy energy

Gas
Coal

Solar Nuclear
energy energy
Hydropower
KNOW...
DID YOU

India is the world’s fifth largest energy

consumer. By 2030, it’s projected to surpass
Japan and Russia to take third place behind USA
and China.

5
 How Much Energy
do we Consume?
Energy

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (2007) & EIA (2005)

Population
Country consumed
(in millions)
(quadrillion Btu*)
China 1,322 67.09
India 1,130 16.20
USA 301 100.69
Brazil 190 9.33
Pakistan 164 2.25
Russia 141 30.29
Bangladesh 150 0.69
Japan 127 22.57
Nigeria 135 1.07
Mexico 108 6.88

* One Btu is the amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of one pound (454 grams) of water by
one degree farenheit (0.56 degree celsius).

6
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES
OF OUR ENERGY?
While energy is found everywhere not all of it
is easily captured for use in our
day-to-day activities. There are many different
sources of energy. These include: non
renewable sources like fossil fuels (petroleum,
kerosene, coal) and renewable sources like
wind energy, hydroelectric energy and solar
energy.

7
Fossil fuels: are our
largest source of
direct energy today.
Fossil fuels include
petroleum (crude
oil), coal and natural
gas. The combustion
of these fuels in
thermal power plants, car engines and even
gas stoves produces heat energy, which can
then be used to turn on a light, power a car or
cook food.

Fossil fuels are so called because they are

formed from the fossilised remains of dead
plants and animals, by exposure to heat and
pressure in the Earth’s crust, over hundreds of
millions of years.

India today produces

1,28,753 megawatts
(MW) of power, of which C T
84,020 MW comes from FA
thermal plants.

8
 Where are fossil fuels used?

Fossil fuels like

coal, petroleum and
gas are used in
thermal plants.

They are also used

by cars, buses,
motorbikes and
some trains.

Gas stoves and

vehicles running
on CNG or LPG
also use fossil fuels.

KNOW...
DID YOU

There is a finite amount of fossil fuels found

on Earth. In terms of years of production left,
Oil = 45 years, Gas = 72 years, Coal = 252 years.
This means our supply of non renewable fossil
fuels is very limited.

9
 Nuclear Energy is
produced by a controlled
nuclear chain reaction -
a process in which
nuclear fission (splitting
the nucleus of an atom)
is induced by a neutron
(a sub-atomic particle that make up the
nucleus) that releases further neutrons. This in
turn may cause further fission reactions and
ultimately creates heat that is used to boil
water, produce steam, and drive a steam
turbine. The turbine
can be used for
mechanical work and
also to generate
electricity.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Many studies indicate that coal-based power

plants actually release more
radioactive wastes into the environment than
nuclear power plants.

10
 THE NUCLEAR DEBATE
Is nuclear energy really the answer?

Nuclear Power is:

„ Expensive (40% more than wind energy).
„ At risk from natural calamities.
„ Radioactive toxic waste from nuclear plants
will remain on the Earth for thousands of years.
„ A global risk as countries can use these
plants to make nuclear weapons.
„ Is not free from carbon emissions, as
mining and transporting uranium, building
nuclear plants and storage of nuclear waste,
all produce carbon emissions.

The answer: Use renewable energy to

power the entire country. India has enough
renewable energy sources. They are a long-
term, safer, cleaner and, more cost effective
alternative to nuclear power.
KNOW...
DID YOU

Radioactive wastes cannot be disposed off

safely and permanently. Spent uranium must be
guarded for at least 15,000 years and plutonium
for about 75,000-100,000 years.

11
 Where does our electricity come from?
Around 90% of Delhi’s power supply
comes from fossil fuel based thermal
power plants such as the Rajghat Power
House and Indraprastha Power Station.

Between 80% to
85% of Mumbai’s
power supply comes
from fossil fuel
based thermal power
plants such as the
Tata Power Plant in
Trombay and Reliance Energy Power Plant
in Dahanu. Hydel power constitutes only
15% to 20%.

Most of our electricity comes from non-

renewable fossil fuels.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Ten states in India have made it compulsory that

0.5% to 10% of the power generated should
come from renewable energy sources.

12
 DOES MY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION AFFECT
THE ENVIRONMENT?

13
 Most of our energy is sourced from
non-renewable sources of energy like coal
and petroleum. The use of fossil fuels as a
major source of India’s energy has detrimental
effects on the local and global environment.

„ Air pollutants
produced by thermal
power plants pose a serious
threat to human health
and are responsible for
respiratory disorders
like asthma.

„ Thermal power plants produce toxic and

radioactive fly-ash as a by-product.

„ Mining and extraction of fossil fuels causes

habitat loss and destruction.
DID YOU

KNOW...
Power plants (especially coal-fired) are a major source
of air pollution. They are amongst the largest
polluters of toxic mercury pollution, largest
contributors of hazardous air toxins and also release
CO2, a prime contributor to global warming.

14
„ Thermal power plants also release air
pollutants like smoke, ash, sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

„ The SO2 and NOx released by power

plants lead to the creation of acid rain
which damages buildings and also harms
ecosystems and crops.
„ Deforestation leads to soil erosion.
„ The use of fossil fuels produces huge
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main
greenhouse gas, responsible for global
warming and climate change.

As we consume more energy our dependence

on fossil fuels increases. This leads to
further exploitation of the environment and
a depletion in fossil fuel reserves.

India releases over

1,100 million tons C T
of CO2 annually FA
from energy use.

15
 ENERGY AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
Global warming is the gradual increase in
global temperatures caused by the emission
of gases that trap the sun’s heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere. This leads to climate change.

Gases that contribute to global warming include

carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides and
halocarbons, which are called Greenhouse Gases
(GHG). Burning fossil fuels such as coal and
petroleum releases CO2 pollution, making energy
use the single largest source of GHG in the world.

Some radiation Greenhouse gases trap

is reflected by solar radiation within
the earth and the the earth’s atmosphere,
atmosphere. heating it.

Solar radiation
passes through
the atmosphere.
Some radiation is
absorbed by the earth’s
surface, warming it.

16
 HOW CAN I MAKE MY
ENERGY USE
SUSTAINABLE?

Sustainable
use of energy

WHAT energy HOW we

we use use energy

The choices we make about

WHAT source of energy we use and
HOW we use energy are the two most
important issues with regard to
sustainable use of energy.

17
 What energy source should we use?
We should use an energy source that does not
emit greenhouse gases or any pollutants and
whose supply will never be depleted.
Renewable energy is the answer. It is also
called green or non-conventional energy and
does not depend on fossil fuels like coal and oil.

Renewable vs. Non-renewable: Utilising

renewable sources of energy is important as
it has many advantages over traditional
non-renewable sources. Most importantly,
renewable sources of energy produce less
pollution and less CO2 as compared to coal
and petroleum.

BRain TEASE S
R

What activity creates maximum greenhouse

gases that lead to climate change?
CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
climate polluter, responsible for 37 % of global
Production of power is the world's biggest

18
 Renewables also ensure energy security and
reduce India’s dependence on other countries
for the supply of fossil fuels.

Solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy are

the main types of renewable energy. They do
not damage the earth, emit little or no
greenhouse gases and can never be
depleted.
KNOW...
DID YOU

India has one of the world’s largest

programs for Renewable Energy, covering all the
major sources such as solar, wind, small hydro and
biomass. More than 80,000 MW of power can be
generated from renewable energy sources.

19
 Hydroelectric Energy: Hydropower or
hydroelectricity uses the kinetic energy of
flowing water to do work or create other forms
of energy. In the olden days this meant using
flowing water to turn water wheels that were
used to grind flour or pound linen to make paper.
1. Dam creates a reservior
2. Dam elevates water
3. Water turns the turbine
4. Turbine produces electricity
5. Wires transmit electricty

1 2
4
3

KNOW...
DID YOU

Large scale hydroelectric projects have several

disadvantages. While they supply us with necessary
power and electricity, they also cause extensive
damage to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems both
upstream and downstream and also cause
the displacement of local populations. They are
not safe and rarely deliver the promised
amount of energy.

20
Today, large and small scale dams are used
to generate electricity. Water stored in dams
is released in a controlled manner to turn a
turbine, which then creates electricity
through a generator. India has many rivers
and streams and the Small Hydro Power
(SHP) sector has an estimated potential of
generating 15,000 MW. So far only about
10% of this has been utilised.

India gets 26% of its

total power from small
and large hydroelectric
projects.

FACT

21
Wind Energy: Wind, like water, has been
used as a source of energy since ancient
times. Wind can be used to generate energy
using the old wind mills or using modern
wind turbines. When the wind blows against
the blades of a windmill or turbine, the
movement of the spinning blades will
produce mechanical energy and electricity.

Wind energy potential

in India is 45,000 MW
per day with new high-
efficiency turbines.
FACT

22
 Setting the trend?
Actress Aishwarya Rai has
invested Rs. 11 crores in a wind
energy project at Kothari in the
Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan.
So far, she has earned a tax free
return of Rs. 83 lakhs on her
investment. Aishwarya Rai is so
impressed by the project that she
has secretly visited the project site at Kothari
twice already. Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar
has also invested in renewable energy.

Very few people in India know that

investing in Renewable Energy is a
tax-saving mechanism.
KNOW...
DID YOU

The worldwide installed capacity of wind

power is 78,728 MW as on 31st March 2007.
The top 5 wind power producing countries are
Germany, Spain, USA, India and Denmark. India
produces 7,230 MW of wind energy annually;
which is enough energy to power two large Indian
metropolitan cities for a year.

23
Solar Energy: The sun is the source of all
energy on the planet. The sun warms the Earth
and gives us light. Plants use sunlight to
manufacture food through the process of
photosynthesis. Humans have been using heat
from the sun to boil water and cook food.
Today, our use of solar energy has become
even more sophisticated through the use of
solar power plants and photo-voltaic cells,
which convert solar energy into electricity.

Solar irradiance
from the sun

Electric
current
Solar
panel(s)
Charge
Inverter and/or
controller
Battery
System
AC Power
DC Power

The working of a photo-voltaic cell

24
 KNOW...
DID YOU

Solar Water Heaters:

„ Return of investment in 3-4 years.
„ Provide uninterrupted source of water heating.
„ Have a long life span of 20 years.
„ Have low maintenance.
„ Are shock proof.
„ Saves up to 1,500 units of electricity in a year per
flat, for a consumption of 100 liters of hot water
per day per flat.

India receives over 5,000

trillion kWh/year of solar FACT
energy: far more than India’s
total energy consumption. Yet it
accounts for only 0.2% of the
total energy produced in India.

25
 Bio-fuels: Biofuels are fuels derived from
biomass which is organic material. Biofuels
are a renewable source of energy. Ethanol is
the most common biofuel worldwide. In
India, ethanol is derived from the molasses
of sugarcane. Biodiesel is also a biofuel but
one which is produced from vegetable oils.
In India, biodiesel is mainly obtained
through non-edible oil seeds like Karanj and
Jatropha.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Biofuels are not necessarily the answer to curbing

greenhouse gas emissions. A 2007 study has
reported that emissions from the burning of biofuels
derived from rapeseed and corn have been found to
produce more GHGs than they save. Growing
plants for biofuels also leads to more deforestation.

26
 ENERGY CONSERVATION?
The choices we make about how we use
energy, like turning off machines when we are
not using them or choosing energy efficient
appliances, impact our environment and our
lives. We can do many things to use less
energy and use it more wisely. These involve
energy conservation and energy efficiency.
Energy conservation is any behaviour that
results in the use of less energy. Energy
efficiency is the use of technology that uses
less energy for the same function.

Energy use occurs in four main sectors;

domestic, commercial, transportation and
industrial. We can reduce our energy
consumption in each of these sectors through
direct and indirect actions.
KNOW...
DID YOU

It takes the energy output of at least one

power station to keep the traffic lights in
the British Isles operating.

27
 How we use energy Washing Refrigerator
machine 6%
10%
Lighting
7% Heating &
cooling
45%

Water
Others heating
21% 11%

Domestic & Commercial:

Heating and Cooling: We use air-conditioners
to keep our homes and work spaces cool and
we use geysers to heat bath water. Both these
activities use a lot of energy. We can cut our
use of energy by using more energy efficient
appliances like fans instead of air conditioners
and using solar energy to heat water. We can
also design our buildings to become more
energy efficient.

For every degree you

raise your AC thermostat
above 22° C you can save
up to 5-7% on your
cooling costs. FACT

28
 Lighting: A significant part of our electricity bills
go towards lighting. And yet a lot of this
expenditure is unnecessary. We can easily cut
down on energy consumption for lighting by
turning off lights when not needed and switching
to energy efficient bulbs and tube lights.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(CFL) cost more but save
money in the long run as FACT
they use one-fourth the
energy of incandescent bulbs
and last 8-12 times longer.

KNOW...
DID YOU

If all households in Delhi replace 4 ordinary

60-watt bulbs with 4 CFLs of 15-watt, the
annual saving of resources and reduction in
pollution will be:
„ Saving of electricity - 757 million units
(1 unit is equal to 1kW per hour).
„ Amount of money saved - Rs 273 crores.
„ Reduction in greenhouse gases (CO2) - 7.55
lakh tonnes.
„ Water saving - 4,052 million litres per year
(equivalent to 11 million litres per day).

29
Appliances: We use all sorts of appliances in
our homes and workspaces. Everything from
mixers and TVs to washing machines and
microwaves consume energy. We can cut
down on our energy consumption by reducing
our dependence on electrical appliances and
by switching to more energy efficient options.
How much energy
does my appliance consume?
Appliance kilowatt/time unit
Refrigerator, frost-free 168 kWh/month
Refrigerator, manual frost 63 kWh/month
AC, 10 SEER* (per tonne) 1.2 kWh/tonne
AC, 14 SEER* (per tonne) 0.85 kWh/tonne
Microwave oven 0.75 kWh/hour
Television, 21-inch, colour 0.3 kWh/hour
Washing machine (excl. water) 0.25 KWh/load
Fan 0.2 kWh/hour
Stereo 0.15 kWh/hour
Light bulb 0.1 kWh/hour
PC with monitor (average) 0.09 kWh/hour
Toaster 0.04 kWh/serving
CFLs 0.02 to 0.03 kWh/hour
PC with monitor (sleep mode) 0.02 kWh/hour
*SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio

30
 You can save up to 30% of household energy
costs by using energy efficient appliances.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency

(BEE) has introduced a star
rating system for appliances.
When you are buying a
refrigerator, an AC or a
tubular fluorescent lamp
look for the stars on the
BEE label. The most energy
saving appliances have 5
stars. The least energy
efficient ones have 1 star.
Make an informed choice,
save on power costs and
help reverse Global SAMPLE
Warming. LOGO

BRain TEASE S
R

Name the ‘one small change’ that can make a

big difference to energy conservation in India?
their 60-watt bulbs with a 15-watt CFL.
if 200 million households replace
India can save 10,000 MW of power

31
 Transportation: India is a country on the
move and it consumes large volumes of
petrol and diesel to keep moving.
Transportation requires vast amounts of
energy. We can greatly decrease the amount
of energy and fuel we consume, by making
some simple straightforward changes in how
we get from place to place: by replacing
energy consuming modes of transport with
low impact options. For example, take a bus
instead of driving to work or if work is near
by, walk or cycle. You can also travel more
efficiently by carpooling with friends,
instead of taking your own car to work.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Today there are over 6,80,00,000 vehicles on

Indian roads. Indian roads are becoming more
and more congested every day.

32
 Industrial: In the industrial sector, market
forces drive energy efficiency and conservation
measures. By being a responsible consumer,
you can chose to buy only those items that are
energy efficient or don’t require a lot of energy
to manufacture. By choosing to do so you also
put pressure on manufacturers and industries to
make their products more eco-friendly.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Industries account for about one-third of

global energy demand. Most of that energy is used
to produce raw materials; such as chemicals, iron
and steel, non-metallic minerals, pulp and paper
and non-ferrous metals.

33
 HANDY TIPS

This section has some down-to-earth and

practical tips to conserve energy
that each of us can easily adopt in our
everyday lives.

34
 AT YOUR HOME

„ Whenever possible, use a fan or turn the

AC thermostat up by 1-2 °C.
„ Turn off appliances from the main switch
and do not leave your computer or TV on
stand-by.
„ Use a solar heater to heat your water
and do not use the geyser in summer.
„ Wash your clothes in cold water. If you
are using a washing machine, always
wash a full load.

SUCCESS STORY
Imagine an 80,000 square
foot college campus that
runs totally on solar power.
The Barefoot College
campus at Tilonia in
Rajasthan is totally self -
sufficient since 1986 with a
40 kilowatt solar energy unit meeting all its
energy needs. All the computers, lights and fans
in the college and adjoining hostel work on
solar power.

35
 IN THE KITCHEN
„ Don’t keep your fridge or freezer too cold.
„ Regularly defrost freezers. Frost build-up
increases energy needed by the motor.
„ Your gas stove flame should be blue.
Yellow means the gas is burning
inefficiently and wasting fuel.
„ When cooking food, cover utensils and
use as little liquid as possible - surplus
water requires more heating and so more
gas is used.
„ Use pressure cookers and microwave
ovens as they save energy by reducing
cooking time.
SUCCESS STORY
Aralvoimozhy, a small village
in Tamil Nadu, is on the
world map of renewable
energy. It has India’s largest
wind farms that generate 450
MW of energy while also creating thousands of new
jobs and changing the lives of the villagers. More
sites around the area have now been identified for
wind farms, which will increase the energy
generation capacity to an estimated 1,500 MW.

36
 AT SCHOOL & WORK
„ Turn off all unnecessary lights, especially in
unused offices, conference rooms and turn
down other lighting levels where possible.
„ Set computers, printers, copiers and all
office equipment to their energy saving
feature and turn them off at the end of the
day or when not in use.
„ Increase the temperature setting on ACs to
the most comfortable level.
„ Encourage employees to wear light and
loose clothing so that they are comfortable
at a slightly higher temperature.
„ Use task lighting to illuminate work areas.
„ Use laptop computers and ink jet printers
rather than desktop computers and laser
printers, as they use 90% less energy.
„ Implement paper-reducing strategies, such as
two-sided printing, re-using paper, and e-mail.

KNOW...
DID YOU

Recycled paper takes 60-70% less energy to

produce than paper from virgin pulp.

37
 WHILE TRAVELLING
„ Walk or ride a bicycle whenever possible.
„ Car pool whenever possible.
„ Use public transportation whenever possible.
„ Buy and use fuel efficient cars.
„ Choose hybrid/electric over a normal car.
„ Combine errands to reduce the number of trips.
WHILE DRIVING
„ Avoid rapid acceleration.
„ Keep your vehicle engine tuned and check
the air in your tyres for better fuel efficiency.
„ Avoid hard braking and sudden stops.
„ When starting out in your car, shift up to
the next gear as soon as possible.
„ Turn the engine off if you stop your vehicle
for more than a few minutes.
„ Reduce the use of the AC.

REVA is an Indian car

with a difference: it
runs on electricity. An
ideal city car, it is the
top selling electric car
in the world!
38
 IMPORTANT ‘GREEN’
ENERGY POLICIES
(i) Electricity from Renewables: The Electricity Act, 2003,
requires State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to specify
a percentage of electricity that the electricity distribution
companies must procure from renewable sources.

(ii) Enhancing Efficiency of Power Plants: The Electricity

Regulatory Commissions link tariffs to efficiency
enhancement, providing an incentive for renovation and
modernisation. New plants are being encouraged to adopt
more efficient and clean coal technologies.

(iii) Introduction of Labelling Programme for Appliances:

An energy labelling programme for appliances was
launched in 2006, and comparative star-based labelling has
been introduced for tubelights, ACs and transformers.

(iv) Energy Conservation Building Code: An Energy

Conservation Building Code (ECBC) was launched in May
2007, which addresses the design of new, large commercial
buildings to optimise the building’s energy demand.

(v) Energy Audits of Large Industrial Consumers: In

March 2007, it was made mandatory that energy audits
should be conducted in large energy-consuming units in
nine industrial sectors. These units, notified as ‘designated
consumers’ are also required to employ ‘certified energy
managers’, and report energy consumption and energy
conservation data annually.

39
 IMPORTANT RESOURCES

WEBSITES:
http://www.mnes.nic.in
„ This is Ministry of New and Renewable Energy website. It
provides a whole range of information about energy-related
initiatives being promoted by the Indian government.

http://www.wisein.org
„ The World Institute of Sustainable Energy website
provides a wealth of information on energy issues in India.

http://www.indiaenergyportal.org
„ India Energy Portal that has been developed by the
Indian Government and TERI. It provides data, news
updates and information related to energy in India.

http://www.iredaltd.com
„ The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
website provides information about the Indian
Government’s initiatives to promote and support renewable
energy and energy efficiency/conservation projects.

http://www.ashdenawards.org/schools/films
„ This site has films and information on different
communities around the world and how they have made a
difference to the environment by using sustainable energy
solutions.

40
 IMPORTANT RESOURCES
ORGANISATIONS:
Energy Efficiency: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Tel: +91-11-26179699, Fax: +91-11-26178352
Website: http://www.bee-india.nic.in

Energy Solutions: ABPS Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd

Tel: +91-22-2825 0050 / 6481, Fax: +91-22-2825 0051
Email: contact@abpsinfra.com
Website: http://www.abpsinfra.com

Practical Innovations: Barefoot College

Tel: +91-1463-288204, Fax +91-1463-288206
Email: barefootcollege@gmail.com
Website: http://www.barefootcollege.org

Wind Energy: Suzlon Energy

Tel : +91-20-4012 2000, Fax: +91-20-4012 2100
Email: pune@suzlon.com
Website: http://www.suzlon.com

Solar Energy: TATA BP

Tel: +91-80-2235 8465, 6660 1300
Website: http://www.tatabpsolar.com

For information, contact:

Centre for Environmental Research and Education
Email: cere_india@yahoo.co.in
Website: www.cere-india.org

41
This Series of 6 Information Booklets on
Environmental Sustainability includes the titles:

Waste & I
Water & I
Energy & I
Biodiversity & I
Citizenship & I
Climate Change & I

The Centre for Environmental Research and

Education (CERE) is a Mumbai-based non-profit
organisation that works to promote environmental
sustainability.
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