Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
By
Imtiyaz Pasha
LINKÖPING 2006
Abstract
For emergency service providers, giving their service in least time shows their
best performance. Emergency hospitals will be at their best if the ambulance
reaches the site in Golden hour where life of injured persons can be saved.
Ambulance uses the road network to reach the accident site. Today there are
many GIS based systems being developed for routing of ambulance using GPS
and other real-time technologies. These systems are useful and play a major
role in solving the routing problem. But now roads are so congested that it
difficult for the Ambulance drivers to travel and reach the accident.
In this thesis present study area is studied and problems faced by emergency
service providers on road network are identified. In this thesis GIS/GPS/GSM
based prototype system has been developed for routing of ambulance on road
network of Hyderabad city (AMS). This prototype is designed such that it finds
the accident location on the road network and locates the nearest ambulance
to incident site using the real-time technologies (GPS/GSM). AMS creates the
fastest route from nearest ambulance to accident site, and from there to
nearest hospital. Congestion on roads during peak hours is considered, and the
fastest route on both major and minor roads is created.
In this thesis AMS user interface has been developed using VBA, ArcGIS
(network analyst). This Ambulance management system has been developed
using software engineering model rapid prototyping model and has been
evaluated by GIS users.
Work ......................................................................................................................
Appendix ..................................................................................................
.............................. 71
.....................................78
Bibliography ....................................................................................
.............................................72
List of Figures
3.1 AMS
2.5 ArcGIS
extensions……………………………………………………………………………20
database…………………………………………………………………………….33-34
Introduction
1.1 Motivation
In today’s traffic world, ambulance plays a major role when accident occurs on
the road network and need arises to save valuable human life. Transportation
of 3.2 AMS Menus………………………………………………………………………………49-50
a patient to emergency hospital seems quite simple but in actual it is quite
3.3 AMS
difficult Tools………………………………………………………………………………..50-51
and gets more difficult during peak hours. Hyderabad is a growing
metropolitan city with rapid increase in the number of vehicles, traffic jams,
lack of footpaths and unsafe roads for people to walk or to cross. Advanced
Traveller Information System (ATIS) by (Kumar .P et al 2003) for Hyderabad city
is really a great work indeed, but there is no Advance travelling system for
ambulance movement. This ATIS is developed using ArcView3.1, Network
Analyst 1.1b and Avenue programming language. It can be re-designed using
more advanced GIS technologies and programming languages. National Center
of Immediate Assistance (EKAB) [Derekenaris .G 2000] has designed
GIS/GPS/GSM (G3) system for the ambulance management. G3 system is used
to track low flying aircrafts and vehicles on a digital map in real-time. This G3
system was a combination of GPS, GIS, and GPRS (which is based on GSM
technology) [Lin et al 2003]. These technologies really motivated to be
implemented in the more densely congested roads of Hyderabad city. In this
thesis GIS-based efficient ambulance routing system is developed using
ArcGIS9.1 (Network Analyst extension), real-time positioning techniques
1.2 Problem
(GPS/GSM) Statement
and VBA. This proposed prototype model will try to solve the routing
problem of Ambulance (ambulance- accident location-emergency hospital).
Metropolitan areas across India are facing the problem of increase in
congestion. Every year due to traffic congestion millions of hours of vehicle
delay increases in fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Recurrent
congestion is due to two major reasons.
High levels of traffic demand during peak travel hours cause reduction in
the available roadway capacity.
Traffic accidents and other incidents cause an unanticipated reduction in
road capacity.
quality of life [Reddy J.S., 2006]. Andhra Pradesh government took loans from
World Bank and roads were widened but didn’t help in a few places, lack (or
disappearance) of footpaths resulted in use of personal vehicles even for short
distances by the commuters. It is difficult for people to cross the roads during
peak hours because more vehicles are moving on the roads. If a vehicle travels
from origin to destination during peak hours it takes longer time compared to
normal time. city there are three Emergency service providers of the state
In Hyderabad
government i.e. police, hospitals and fire bridges. Most of the emergency
hospital ambulances are equipped with paramedics, even though they are
unable to reach the incident site because of huge traffic at junctions. Once the
ambulance gets struck in traffic, it takes more-time to reach the incident and it
is obvious what happens to the patient till the ambulance reaches? Due to lack
of verification sometimes ambulance driver is unable to find the accident site as
reported. Location, identity, time and activity have been identified as primary
context types for characterizing the situation of an accident [Arrington& Cahill
2004]. Andhra Pradesh transport authorities have detailed information on
current features of the road network such as location, type, width, curvature,
altitude, slope etc, and will be stored in databases. This database must be
updated frequently so that it should be practically feasible. Dynamic data
relevant to route performance includes details such as current traffic flow or
speed, weather, road surface conditions and variations in road usage patterns
due to events such as accidents, road maintenance or sports fixtures
[Arrington& Cahill 2004] should be provided to emergency service providers.
1. 3database
This Purpose/Goal
and GIS together can be helpful in finding the accidents on the
road networks and the shortest & fastest route to the accident site.
The main objective of this thesis is to build a GIS based prototype for the
ambulance management when an accident occurs on Hyderabad road networks.
This Ambulance Management System (AMS) is an integration of GIS (ArcGIS9.1
network analyst, GPS/GSM) used for solving the routing and accident location
problems during normal & peak hours such as.
1) To identify the accident on the road
2) To identify the ambulance locations on the road network in real-time using GPS
network.
coordinates.
3) To find the fastest routes through which all the ambulances can reach the
4) To find
accident the ambulance which can immediately reach the accident site as
site.
other ambulances
compared to is analysed.
5) After finding fastest route from the nearest ambulance to the accident location
Traffic
then incidents
fastest
the route are from
main the
cause for the site
accident problem of nearest
to the recurrenthospital
congestion
is
especially
6) If when they occur during peak hours. Incidents
more than one accident occurred on the road network,
calculated. occur randomly
we haveduring
to find the
peak hour
through
fastest which
routes may contribute
which ambulances to can
an increased
travel tooccurrence
reach all ofthecertain types of
traffic incidents
7) accidents.
To find the[Maas et alroutes
fastest 1998].from
Different approaches
all the accidents to tosolve
reachproblem of
the hospital
recurrent
8) During the peak hours roads are congested, how ambulances as
congestion
immediately. have been proposed and are being implemented such
road capacity
should expansion can alleviate congestion problems but may not be a
travel.
solution that is sustainable in the long run [Reddy J.S., 2006]. In Hyderabad city
1.4 Limitations
many flyovers have been built in the last few years, but didn’t help in reducing
traffic congestion. Construction of flyovers at Secretariat, Narayanaguda and
AMS
Masab(Ambulance
Tank were major Management System) to
cause of obstructions will
theprovide
free flowspeedy
of vehicles
transportation
[Reddy J.S., 2006]. ofWith
a patient when
the present an rate the vehicular population of
growth
Hyderabad is expected to cross 20 lakh (2 million) by 2010, having serious
implications on emissions and
accident occurs in Hyderabad city. AMS can be used for city wide, if the whole
city street network and hospitals database is available. This prototype for
ambulance management is studied on a small geographical area of Hyderabad
city due to lack of data. This system can be developed as whole model, but we
need sufficient funding from Andhra Pradesh state government. According to
(Kumar P et al 2003), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) should be cost
effective, efficient and at the same time it should be compatible with present
level of development in the related fields. Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS) for life saving costs more to government than whom should be
responsible. Private sector companies should come forward to have a part in
1.5 Thesis of
development Outline
the country.
Theoretical Frame
Hyderabad is a capital city of Andhra Pradesh (India) and also India’s fifth
largest city .It has been the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh since 400
years [Ali Akhter 2004]. It is well known as hub of information technology and
the city of the future. It is growing along the highways which connect the city to
Mumbai, Delhi, and various cities& district headquarters respectively. Thus
urban-industrial-transportation development seems to go hand in hand in these
areas and this is a significant post independence phenomenon [Ali Akhter
2004]. Hyderabad city is located in the centre of the Deccan Plateau at an
average height of 540 meters (1760 feet’s) above mean sea level. Hyderabad
has Nagpur city on the North, Bangalore city on the South, Vishakhapatnam
city on the East, Mumbai city on the West beside many other cities around. The
city is located at 17° 20’ North latitude and 78° 30’ East longitude, covering an
area of 240 SqKms, at present city consists of 35 municipal wards including 12
wards of Secundrabad [Ali Akhter 2004]. Musi River is a tributary of river
2.1.1
Krishna Population
and passing through centre of the city dividing the city into north
Hyderabad and south Hyderabad. Year
Population
Hyderabad city was the fifth largest metropolis of India with a population of
1901
5,434,347 according to 2001 census. The gradual increase in population of
Hyderabad is mentioned below [Ali Akhter 0.448 millions
2004].
1911
0.502 millions
1921
0.406 millions
1931
0.447 millions
1941
0.739 millions
1951
1.28 million
1961
1.429 million
1971
1.796 million
1981
2.759 millions
1991
4.34 millions
2001
5.43 millions
• Loss of productive agricultural
lands.
• Loss of green open
spaces.
• Loss of surface water
bodies.
• Depletion of groundwater aquifers
zones.
• Causing air
pollution.
• Contamination of
water.
• Health
hazards
• Micro-climatic
changes.
To solve this problem we need accurate data at regular intervals about urban
land use, environment, sprawl, infrastructure and resources.
Old city being unplanned and oldest due to which roads are narrow and most of
the road side rules are violated. Police & Fire stations are not properly located
in the Hyderabad city as shown in figure 2.2. Hyderabad city was founded by
Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 AD. Historical aspects and geography of
the urban development Hyderabad city has been such that rapid development
has taken place in a few areas on one hand and on the other hand few areas
have declined since decades, especially the old city area [Ali Akhter 2004]. City
was built to provide shelter for about 5 lakh population but now it is increased
to 50 lakhs. In the present situation emergency service providers were unable
to provide services to current population.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00da0000ffe20c
584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f
021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090
00600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207
35247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100
000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000011637072740000015000
00003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f
000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000
00218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a
0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000
146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000
0000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c
0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000
000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865
776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000
Figure 2.2: Hyderabad police and fire station [Ali
06465736300000000000000127352474220494543363
Akhter 2004]
13936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2.1.4 Increase in Vehicles
Total 383392.3:
Table 38937 34826
Bus 34133
fleet and28902
No. 11076 11046 9679 9523
of passengers 8248 per
carried 53666 56439
day 47477–46808
[HATS DB II-
37931 2002, APSRTC]
Table 2.4: Number of accident A.P [Misra Ajay
2005]
2.2 GIS
Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the storage and analysis of
spatial information. GIS gives more emphasis on analysis of geographic
information, in contrast with other graphic or management systems more
directed at the representation of geographic data or its storage [Cowen, D.J
1988]. Today different disciplines use Information Technology(IT) to
process the geographic information (remote sensing, geography, civil
engineering, cartography, topology, geodesy, photogrammetry, ecology,
architecture, computer science etc) [Pons & Perez 2003].Transport networks are
used for movement of people, goods, and energy. The features such as form,
efficiency and capacity of these networks make an impact on our quality of life
and improve our perception of the world. When GIS is applied to transport, this
is more than just a sphere of application of their generic functionality [Thill
2000]. L.Downey, Deputy Secretary for Transportation said “We see the
geographical Information Systems as a real opportunity to unify transportation
planning with the vast data processing capabilities inherent to today’s
technology” and also Xu(2000) said “telematic products and services for
individual means of transport are based on the integration of digital maps,
RDS/TMC ( radio data systems/ traffic message channels) for the transmission of
traffic data, GPS(Global Positioning Systems) and GSM( Global System for
Mobile Communications) for the transmission of travel data, and mobile
telephone communications and other additional sensors are needed to collect
2.2.2 Database
travelling role in
information inreal-time”.
GIS-T
Creating spatial databases for GIS based transportation is one of the most
costly tasks from perspective of economy and time. The steps are followed to
create geographic database [Pons & Perez 2003].
1) transport planning :
3) management of infrastructure:
ArcMap is the ArcGIS application used to perform the following task with
To performdata.
geographical analysis
Explore and edit
Create maps, graphs and reports,
etc
users to expand the functional capabilities of ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo
with specialized GIS tools for raster geoprocessing, three-dimensional
visualization, geostatistical analysis, etc.
Extension
Use
ArcGIS 3D Analyst
3-dimensional visualization and analysis
ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst
Statistical tools and models for data exploration, modelling and probabilistic mapping
ArcGIS Network Analyst
Routing closest facility, and service area analysis
ArcGIS Schematics
Automatic schematics generation for ArcGIS
ArcGIS spatial Analyst
Advanced raster GIS analysis
ArcGIS Survey Analyst
Integrated survey management for ArcGIS
ArcGIS Tracking Analyst
Time-based data visualization and analysis
Table 2.5: ArcGIS extensions
The ArcMap working model consists of the map display area, table of contents,
number of toolbars and menus for working with map and its attribute data.
ArcGIS extensions allows GIS
ArcGIS 9.1 contain some of the improved functionalities, which are note
available in old versions [Elizabeth Shafer 2005].
The main key features are routing (Multipoint routing, time windows supported
on stops and travelling salesperson), service areas (Complex polygon
generation, allocation across networks), closest facility (fixed and mobile asset
routing, emergency response) and driving directions (expandable inset maps,
Auto generation capability). Network Analyst will benefit the organisations like
transport, public safety, local government, business and health care.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100df00df0000ffe20
c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c69
6e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000
20009000600310000616373704d534654000000004
945432073524742000000000000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000116
370727400000150000000336465736300000184000
0006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000
204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595
a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000146
46d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4000
00088767565640000034c000000867669657700000
3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65617
30000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7
Figure 2.4 Functionalities of ArcGIS9.1 Network Analyst Extension [Elizabeth
Shafer 2005] 25452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000
2.4 Global Positioning
0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000
System 000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204
865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a developing technology used to locate an
accurate positione79000064657363000000000000001273524742204
on earth using satellite signals. Today GPS is used in different
9454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
industries as a decision making tool. The development of GPS technology was
00012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000
started with TRANSIT system, the first satellite-based system was called transit,
which came into000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
existence in 1964. TRANSIT system had no timing devices on
000000000
the satellites and the time took by the receiver to calculate its position was
about 15 minutes. In the early 70's, the United States military began a program
that would later be known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and
Ranging System) GPS program [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. NAVSTAR was actually
used in military positioning, navigation and weapons aiming system. The
information regarding the speed (dx/dt, dy/dt, and dz/dt) of vehicle, ship etc. is
also obtained all over the world at any time, and in any climatic conditions
[Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. The life span of each GPS satellite is 7.5 years. GPS
receiver can be hand carried or installed on airplane, ship, buses, submarines,
car and trucks. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers detect, decode, and
process satellite signals to know the real-time position. The typical hand-held
receiver is about the size of a cellular telephone, and the newer models are
even smaller weighed only 28 ounces [Jason Dykes] Global Positioning System
(GPS) applications are nowadays widely used in different scientific fields such
as India
In topography,
use of geodesy, hydrography,
GPS/GIS technology photogrammetry,
in road etc
and railway transportation can
[Mintsis. G
improve theet efficiency
al, 2004]. Transportation of people
of operations while and same
at the goods time
from it
one place
can to
make
another playsto
contribution a vital rolenatural
safety in everydisasters
aspect of and
the country’s
man-made economy.
disasters. GPS/GIS
applications in the land transportation system are divided into four main
categories that are as follows [Mintsis. G et al, 2004].
1. Vehicle fleet
2. How GPS use in Data collection and
management
3.
mapping. Incident
management
4. Vehicle navigation
systems
2.4.1 Fleet management
Vehicle navigation system was used to guide the drivers on roads to reach
their destination where as vehicle location systems (VLS) are used for
managing a fleet of vehicle. The vehicles of a fleet are fitted with GPS, which
usually transmit the positional data of the vehicle to a central station.
Public transportation have been improved by implementing a GPS-based
vehicle location system, as in Paris (Ampelas & Daguerregaray, 1999)
passengers are better informed about the intervals between buses and display
information on Light Emitting Diode display and increasing the security of the
service [Zarazaga-Soria et al,2000]. An over-the-head study of visual-manual
destination entry using an originally equipment GPS-based navigation system
was used in traffic on urban streets and motorways [Chiang .P, 2004]. In 1993,
TravTek test [V. Inman et al 1996] was conducted in Orlando, Florida. The aim
of this test is to provide in-vehicle navigation and dynamic route guidance
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
system with real time traffic information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When a call comes from accident site to traffic control room, the controller
informs this information to nearest emergency hospital, police station and fire
station (if any fire occurs on the spot). Emergency hospitals will use Ambulance
management system (AMS) to find the accident site on the road network
(nearest road segment and landmark) and find nearest ambulance to accident
site and allocate that ambulance to accident site. AMS tools are used to find the
fastest path from nearest ambulance location to accident site; from accident
site to nearest hospital; route map and directions are sent to ambulance driver.
Also some other information is also provided to ambulance driver such as.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006a006a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450
Map data: Map data is collected from GIS professionals of Hyderabad city.
0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006
Map data consist of major roads, minor roads, hospitals, fire stations,
00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000
landmarks and police stations.
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000
Spatial data: In AMS real-time location of an ambulance can be tracked using
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116370
GPS/GSM (Global Positioning System).
7274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014
626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000
Police/Transport Authority reports: When an incident occurs on road network
00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4
information about incident is recorded by police authority in the form of
00000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d690000
reports. Transport authority’s record the information about the major/minor
03f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243
road networks
0000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465
3.1.2 GIS database
787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50
61636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049
GIS database is developed combing these three map, spatial and police/
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139
transport data.
36362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Major roads are connected together to form road network of Hyderabad city.
This road network is used by vehicles for transport where the traffic flow is
steady and cause for traffic congestion. These major roads are represented
as chain of lines in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface.
Minor road networks are small streets in-between buildings. These are used
for walking, cycling and even ambulance can use if there is a congestion on
major roads. Minor road is represented as line feature in Ambulance
Management System (AMS) user interface.
Emergency hospitals in the city are responsible for allocating ambulances to
accident area and take it back for providing medical care. Emergency
Hospital is represented as point feature in Ambulance management system
(AMS) user interface.
Police & fire stations in the city are responsible for recording incidents on
the road networks and providing the safety to public. Police & fire station is
represented
Spatial Data: as point feature in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user
interface.
In AMS real-time location of an ambulance will be tracked using GPS (Global
Positioning System).GPS technology is spatially used in mapping of
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d500e20000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
transportation network to complete the work quickly and reduces the cost. A
4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200
GPS device will be installed on each and every ambulance, and signals of this
09000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000
GPS will be sent to control room (Emergency hospital). The data collected from
00000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000
GPS will be stored in database as x, y co-ordinates of the ambulance location
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
on0000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777470
the earth surface. The location of the ambulance is represented as point (x,
y co-ordinates) feature on the road map.
74000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001
46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254
Police/ Transport Authority reports:
00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770
00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474
When an incident occurs on road network, following information about
656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000
incident will be recorded by police authority such as.
0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202
Patient details.
863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900
Incident type.
00646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
Location information.
0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000
Hospital to which patient has been
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
transported.
Using these records we can find out where and on which road network
accidents occur frequently and cause of the accident. Transport authorities
record the information about the major/minor road networks such as,
Demographic data
Road network
Speed limits
Length of road segments
Junctions Figure 3.3: GIS database for analysis in
ArcMap9.1
3.1.2.1 Database Design and Analysis
Below figure shows how data is stored in a database and accessed by the
emergency service providers. Database regarding the roads, incidents and
facilities are available at police stations, hospitals and fire stations. In our AMS
user interface database is collected from these emergency service providers
(police, fire and hospitals) and from the real-time (GPS/GSM) movement of
ambulances on the road network. When there is a call for service (ambulance)
GIS operator at dispatch centre uses AMS user interface to inform the
ambulance regarding the work it has to perform. This same prototype can be
used by the police and fire authorities to perform the following functionalities.
Find fastest route from nearest police vehicle to crime area and finding the
crime occurred area on the city digital map and also back to nearest police
station
Find the fire spot on digital map and allocating the fire vehicles on fastest
route to reach the fire spot.
3.1.3 Analysis (GIS/GPS/GSM)
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247 Call back
Finding 422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000
Emergency
the Number to
616373704d53465400000000494543207352 informer
ambulanc 47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60
When e you witness an accident at Charminar road and victim is bleeding first
00100000000d32d485020200000000000000
you want to help him and save his life. The first question arises ‘what do you
do?’ first you want 000000000000000000000000000000000000
to call the emergency number. Although there are various
numbers for different 000000000000000000000000000000000000
emergency services, but the number 108 is a centralised
000000000116370727400000150000000336
one. Let the emergency may be of any kind police, fire and medical just dial
Some examples of call screening methods such as HNIT Limited., one of the
108. In Hyderabad4657363000001840000006c7774707400000
city emergency service providing company EMRI developed
leading GIS consulting in Iceland, joined hands for the development of an
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sensereach-care paradigm for emergency management [Changavalli Venkat,
emergency response computing system, which includes computer telephony,
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2005] on August 15, 2005. The call centre of 108 at Byrraju foundation on
RDMS, GIS and different protocols for SMS and pagers. When anyone needs
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Medchal road receives on an average 2,200 calls per day from twin cities.
emergency service just need to dial 112 in Iceland, then the telephone
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3.1.4.1 Incident location finding
operators dispatch service from more than 200 different response agencies
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(fire, police, and96577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8
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Keenan
ambulance location on the city map using the GPS/GSM.
P. 1998]. AMS has capability to analyze spatial networks; it is a decision making
tool for districting and routing of vehicles. Ambulance management system
(AMS) prototype is the motivated from [Derekenaris .G 2000, Tsai et al.
2002].The AMS prototype architecture is an integration of GIS, GPS and GSM
technologies but the way it deals with the ambulance routing problem is
completely different. In AMS more routing solution network analysis tools are
used to solve the targeted problem. In each ambulance a GPS receiver is
installed to determine its exact position based on the signal transmitted by
satellite and a GSM modem in order to transmit its position to a base station,
this can be achieved by GSM network. The primary functions performed by the
AMS [Derekenaris .G 2000].
Tracing the ambulance positions and hospital location on the city map
Finding the accident site using the road and nearest landmark
information
Allocating the nearest ambulance on the fastest route
Fastest routing of a nearest ambulance to the incident site and from
there to the closest emergency hospital.
Incidents data is stored for generation of statistics regarding incidents
Ambulance Management System(AMS) considers these facts and provides
fastest routes for the ambulance (considering congestions)
Using the AMS, GIS operator at the hospital can create the route, which is
quickest, shortest or scenic depending on the constraints. Because the
travelling of ambulance to reach the incident in short duration is important and
not the distance, so the constraint is time when the route is the quickest route.
Any speed limit or driving time attribute serves as the impedance when
determining the best route.
Increase in attributes plays no role when computing the solution. For example ,
if you choose time as impedance attribute and also want to accumulate
distance also an impedance attribute, but only time attribute is used to
optimize the solution
The route analysis layer consists of different components
such as.
Stop feature layer(ambulance, accident, hospital)
Barrier feature layer(congested areas where ambulance can’t
travel)
Route feature layer(generated route from ambulance-accident-
hospital)
3.2.3 Nearest closest
facility
Using the AMS UI, we can find the closest facilities such as hospitals &
ambulances and the directions of travel towards or away from the city. After
finding the best route to or from ambulance to accident and accident to
hospital, it will display directions to travel in direction window.
Using AMS, when finding facilities (ambulance, hospital), we can give the cut-
off value beyond which AMS should not search for a facility (ambulance,
hospital). For example, any hospital that takes not longer than 15 minutes to
reach from incident spot will not be included in the results.
AMS UI allows you to perform multiple closest analyses simultaneously, that
means we can have multiple incidents and find the closest facilities (hospitals,
ambulances) to each incident.
The Closest facility analysis layer consist of different components
such as
Facilities feature layer(ambulances or hospitals)
Incidents feature(accident spots)
Barrier feature layer(congested areas where ambulance can’t
travel)
Route feature layer(generated route from ambulance-accident-
hospital
equivalent of a product. The rapid prototyping model of AMS is target to let the
clients (Hospital authorities) to interact with the system and experiment with it.
Many of the software developers use the rapid prototyping model because the
rapid prototyping model has been validated by the client (GIS user) himself. In
the AMS prototyping system preliminary working model has been created that
lessen the need to repair the design during or after the implementation of the
system. The main thing is that AMS prototype builds rapidly and, modified
rapidly to reflect the GIS user’s needed. Thus, speed is the essence of AMS
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
prototype development.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In rapid prototyping model most of the time, the developer reuse the modules
of the previously successful system. Using the coding and design of previous
system, we can save the design and coding time. In our Ambulance
Management System (AMS), we used the modules from the ArcGIS 9.1, to
create our model. Once the AMS prototype is created and tested, then it is
forwarded to operation mode. In operation mode client experiment with the
prototype and if the client is not satisfied than again developer tries to design &
code. After refining & testing the prototype, again client is asked to use it. This
rapid prototyping process continues until the client is satisfied.
3.2.5 Software development for AMS of
3.2.4 Rapid prototyping model for
Hyderabad City
AMS
In the development of Ambulance Management System (AMS) following
The desire not to ‘waste’ of software developers laid to rapid prototyping. The
ArcGIS is
software version
used. 9.1
management of the company decides before the rapid prototype is built that
ArcGIS extension Network Analyst
portions may be utilized in the final GIS interface, provided that thus portions
Visual Basic 6.0 programming language
pass the same quality assurance test as the other software components. AMS
rapid prototype model is a working model that is functionally
3.2.5.1 ArcMap 9.1
Point-to-point routing
Drive-time Analysis
Route directions
Shortest path
Optimum route
Origin destination
Closest facility
Service area definition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1. Network
dataset
2. Roads with one-
3. Driving speed limit on
way
roads
4. Names of all available
5. Emergency
roads
Hospitals
6. Real-time Ambulance
7. Accident on
position
road
8. Topographical map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/
9. Topographical
7 / NE map at scale 1:25000 numbered
10.
56-K/Topographical
7 / SE map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/
11. Topographical
7 / NW map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/ 7 / SW
The different spatial features of Hyderabad city in the form of different themes
are added to the project according to there use. Themes which are used for
Ambulance management System (AMS) are added to the current project. The
available themes are as follows.
Road Network with system generated
junctions
Emergency hospitals
Ambulances (real-time technology)
Lakes
Rivers
Minor Road Network
Study Area
view Print Map Properties Exit
analysis Save the analysis with any other name To add new themes Print layout of the data Printing the
y the selected data Cut the selected data Paste the data which is copied or cut Delete the data Find a s
r map view for exploring, displaying, and querying the data on your map To zoom in or out on Layout vie
Reports ArcCatolog
3.2.9 ArcToolBox
Designed Interface of
a small areaAMS
To see contents of layers To create graph from the current layer To create report from the
3.2.9.1 Menus
Usability Test
(Evaluation)
A team of five GIS users was formed; these GIS users have good knowledge of
analysing the data and getting results. They were asked to use the Ambulance
Management System user Interface (AMS). The AMS evaluation test was
conducted at Linköpings University on Thursday 11th of May 2006 at 4:00 PM.
Before starting the testing, AMS is briefly described and it’s uses in emergency
situations. During the testing each and every GIS user is constantly observed
and how well they were operating the system. The testing of AMS continued till
5:00 pm. After testing the user interface, questionnaires were distributed for
feedback. From the GIS users feedback it was found that
They were satisfied with the present user interface
Minor changes needed to be done regarding design
This UI will need some changes , when it is implemented in the real-
world
Funding will be the difficult task for the whole, considering the
Thestudy
data area.
types created in the database are similar to the classes implemented
in As
VB.net or Java.
a whole, The types,
methodology thegood
is quite classes and the tables have a similar
description.
Lessen the The data
time types the
to reach created in the
accident site database
to hospitalare same that the data
types described
Model by solution
is a really the OMTfordesign. With this AMS prototype interoperability
peak hours.
and the data exchange can be improved by this representation of OOGIS.
4.1 User Test
GIS user is asked to use the Ambulance management system (AMS) user
interface to perform the following task.
5.2.2 Interviews
During the testing each GIS user is interviewed regarding the AMS UI
performance. After completion of the testing all the GIS users were
interviewed together regarding the usage and design.
4.2.1 Observations
How well GIS users uses the Ambulance Management System (AMS) user
interface to perform the following needs were observed.
The figure 4.1 shows the feedback from the GIS-users. The feedback was taken
in terms of six parameters i.e. performance, interactivity, GIS role, GPS/GSM,
Output and Future Usage. The graph describes that most of the GIS-users had
positive response for Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface.
Three users appreciated the performance of the application, while the
interactive interface design appealed to 4 users; 3 users supported and
appreciated the use of GIS, GPS and GSM technologies used in the model. All
of the users were satisfied by the results obtained by the system. 4 users gave
a positive reply on implementing the model in future for a real time scenario.
There were some suggestions to eliminate few errors identified by the users
and improve the interface.
5.2.3 Questionnaires
Results
Creating a network dataset in ArcGIS 9.1 Network analyst tool enables us to
perform network analysis. Network dataset is a type of network data which
is specially needed for network analysis.
Using the AMS UI Create Network dataset tool we create network dataset
using road Network shape file (polyline). The network dataset which has
Road
been segments
created as of
consist polyline feature (edges)
three layers
Junctions as point feature(system generated
junctions)
Road Network itself
1) After creation of network dataset following spatial features are added to
theNetwork
ArcMap.dataset (junctions, edges)
Accident location (which is known from a informer located using the
nearest landmark)
Ambulance location is located on the road network using the GPS
(ArcGIS9.1 extension Tracking Analyst)
All emergency hospital which are available are added
1) Using the AMS UI to identify the accident on the road
network.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ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d500d40000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200
09000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000
00000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777470
74000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001
46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254
00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770
00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474
656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000
0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202
863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900
00646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Discussion
6.1 Conclusion
Indian population and thereby the vehicles are increasing at the same time
causing congestion on road networks. AMS is designed by analyzing the ground
situation of Hyderabad city, for example the problems faced by the inhabitants
while travelling on the road network. Especially the problems faced by the
emergency service providers like hospitals during transport of a patient.
Ambulance management system (AMS) plays a significant role in solving
routing problem of an ambulance on the Hyderabad road network when need
arises to transport a patient to the nearest hospital. Our AMS significantly solve
ambulance problem like fastest routing of an ambulance using GPS/GSM. AMS
also analyzes roads interrupted by the congestion and other activities during
peak hours and calculates the fastest route. AMS is capable of handling multi-
accident
It is foundsituation.
how well the interagation of GPS/GSM will be used to find the real-
time position of an ambulance on Hyderabad road network. This position
information will be spatially analysed using GIS. Andhra Pradesh state
government policy towards adopting positioning technologies is at the
beginning stage but soon it will adopt fully. Now a days GSM is used by
everyone in India for mobile communication system and used to show the
current area location of a user on the display screen. At the same time GPS
needs some more time to get established in the Indian market. For
implementation of our Ambulance Management system it should get approved
by the higher authorities. This integration of GIS/GPS/GSM of ambulance
management
In this thesis needs
every to be funded
corner of thebyAMS
Andhra Pradesh
system state
shows government.
without GIS, we cannot
analyze the problems faced by the ambulance on the road network. GIS-
network analyst tools are used in our AMS to solve problems faced by
ambulance and at the same time using the real-time location information from
GPS/GSM. This thesis shows that how well GIS-based AMS will be used to send
the routing information to the ambulance driver in real-time. This GIS/GPS/GSM
integrated system can be used by other emergency service providers such as
police and fire stations to locate their vehicles in densely congested roads.
From result we have concluded that this prototype is working well but need
further changes after getting into implementation stage in real world. This
prototype is evaluated by the GIS-users and concluded that it is very useful for
faster transportation of a vehicle considering the real ground situation but also
there were some comments on making it further effective by implementing it.
Last but not the least, this AMS is useful in faster transport of an accident
patient to nearest hospital.
6.2 Future Work
For faster identification of accident site, we need more detailed database of the
landmarks and also more detailed Major & minor roads. To have more detailed
database & digital map, we need funding from the Andhra Pradesh
government. Andhra Pradesh government is planning make more detailed
geodatabase of the Hyderabad city; it will come be prepared in the middle of
2007.
AMS is very useful in solving ambulance routing problems, in future it can also
be used by emergency service providers. This same prototype can be used by
the police and fire authorities to perform the following functionalities.
Find nearest and fastest route from police vehicle to the crime occurred
area and also helpful in finding the crime occurred area on the city digital
map. Also back to nearest Police station
Find the fire spot on digital map and allocating the fire vehicles on fastest
route to reach the fire spot.
This AMS system can be implemented in all other cities of Andhra Pradesh, if
the detailed geodatabase of every city is available. Hyderabad is a hub of IT
Industry and will be the GIS-based city in upcoming year. In future this same
type of technology can be implemented in the railways for safe transportation.
G3 (Geographical information system, Global positioning system and GSM)
integrated technology can be used by Indian railway network to meet the
following demands.
A system for displaying the information
A system for locating the position of a vehicle
A system for transmitting the information to a
control
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