Electro and Photon

Solutions Level 3
1. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
1 2 hc
(Ek )max = mv max = −φ
2 λ
λ = 180 × 10-9 m, φ = 2.0 eV = 2.0 × 1.6 × 10-19 J
c = 3 × 108 m/s, h = 6.6 × 10-34 J.s
On putting these values, we get
1/2
1 2  2 × 7.8 × 10 −19 
mv max = 7.8 × 10 −19 vmax =   = 1.3 × 10 6 m / s
2  9.1 × 10
−31

2. Let r be the radius of circular path of electrons then
mv 2 mv 9.1 × 10 −31 × 1.3 × 10 6
Bev = r= = = 0.149 ≈ 0.15 m
r eB 1.6 × 10 −19 × 5.0 × 10 −5
3. Total number of photons emitted per second from the light source
Power of the source 1 .0 J / s
N= =
Energy of each proton hc
J
λ
λ × 1.0 4.8 × 10 −7
N= = = 4.825 × 1018
hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
These photon spread out in all directions. The number of photons striking on 1 m2 surface per
second is
N 2.424 × 10 18
n= = = 4.825 × 10 16
4 πr 2 4 × 3.14 × (2.0) 2
4. From Einstein’s photoelectric equation
1 2 hc 1
hv = φ + mv max = φ + m vm2 ax (i)
2 λ 2
In Q. 3
hc 1
= × 10 18 J, φ = 1.17 × 1.6 × 10 −19 J m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
λ 2.424
On putting these values in equation (i), we get
vmax = 7 × 105 m/s
Radius of circular path followed by the electrons in the magnetic field B is given b
mvmax 9.1 × 10 −31 × 7 × 10 5
r= = = 4 × 10-2 m = 4 cm
eB 1.6 × 10 −19 × 10 − 4
5. The frequency of spectral lines when electron jumps from energ level ni to nf is given by
1  1 
v = = R(z − σ) 2  2 2 
λ nf − ni 
1 1 1  1 1 1 
For kα -line = R(z − 1) 2  2 − 2  For kβ -line = R(z − 1) 2  2 − 2 
λα 1 2  λβ 1 3 
 1
λβ 1−
= 4 = 3 / 4 = 27 λβ =
27
× 0.32 Å = 0.27 Å
λα 1 8 / 9 32 32
1−
9
6. Downwards weight of the drop is balanced by the upwards electrostatic force.
4 2
πr ρg = qE
3
Here electric field E = V/l where l is the separation between the plates, hence
4 3 qV
πr ρg = or r3 ∝q V
3 l
3 3 3
 r1  qV V   r2  V   2r 
  = 1 1 q2 = q1  1   = q     = 2q
r  q2V2  r 
 2   V2  1   4V   r 
2
1 1 vmax 1 (1.76 × 10 6 ) 2
7. eVs = 2
mv max VS = = = 8.8 V
2 2 (e / m) 2 1.76 × 1011
8. The stopping potential (or the cut-off voltage) depends on the frequency of incident light and
is independent to the intensity of incident light radiations. Hence, stopping potential still
remains 0.6 V. However, the intensity of light varies with distance r as 1/r2.
When the distance between source of light and the cell is increased from 0.2 m to 0.6 m, the
I
intensity reduces from I to . Therefore photoelectric current i also reduces to i/9 i.e., 18/9
9
= 2.0 mA.
1
9. hv = hv0 + eVs where eVs =
2
mv max = 4eV ∴ VS = 4 V
2
10. hv = hv0 + (Ek)max
(Ek)max = hv – hv0 = 8 × 1.6 × 10-19 – 6 × 10-34 × 1.6 × 1015
= 1.6 × 10-19 × 2 = 3.2 × 10-19 J
3.2 × 10 −19
= = 2 eV
1.6 × 10 −19
hc
11. hv 0 = = 4.0eV = 4 × 1.6 × 10 −19 J
λ max

hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
λ max = = = 3.1 × 10-7 m = 310 nm
4 × 1.6 × 10 −19 4 × 1.6 × 10 −19
12. Using the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0 or m1v1 = - m2v2 p1 = - p2
de-Broglie wavelengths,
h h λ 1 | p2 |
λ1 = λ2 = = = 1.0
| p1 | | p2 | λ 2 | p1 |
Ek1 h(v1 − v0 ) 1
13. (KE )max = Ek = hv − hv 0 ∴ = =
Ek2 h(v2 − v0 ) n
v2 − v0
or n= ∴ nv1 − nv0 = v2 − v0
v1 − v0
 nv1 − v2
v0(n 0 1) = nv1 – v2 or v0 =
n−1
14. De-Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m and charge q is given by
h
λ=
2mqV

where V is the potential difference to which the particle is accelerated.

Thus,
1 λa mp qp mp 1 qp e 1
λ∝ =  = ; = =
mq λp mα qα mα 4 qα 2e 2
λα 1 1 1 λp λ0
So, = × = λα = =
λp 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
15. In the first case, hv = 2φ
So, 2φ = φ + Ek1 ⇒ Ek1 = φ and in the second case hv = 3φ

So, 3φ = φ + Ek2 ⇒ Ek2 = 2φ

1 2
Ek1 m v1 v1 1
1
∴ = 2 = =
Ek2 1 2 v2 2
m v22
2
16. For the particle λ = h/mv
1
Kinetic energy of the particle E = mv 2
2
hc hc
Kinetic energy of the photon E'= hv = = = mvc
λ h / mv
1 2
mv 2.25 3
E 2 v 2.25 × 108 = =
∴ = = = 6 8
E' m vc 2c 2 × 3 × 108
hc φ Na λ Cu 2.3 1 λNa 2
17. Work function φ = hv0 = = = = ∴ ≈
λ0 φ Cu λ Na 4.5 2 λ Cu 1
18. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
1 2
hf = hf0 + 2
mv max ∴ v12 = h(f1 − f0 )
2 m
2 2h
and v22 = h(f2 − f0 ) ∴ v12 − v22 = (f − f )
m m 1 2
19. hv = φ + (KE)max or (KE)max = hv - φ
Comparing this equation with the standard equation for the straight line
y = mx + c we get m = tan θ = h
Hence the slope of the straight line gives the value of h the Planck’s constant and is
independent to the intensity of incident radiations.
1
20. Intensity of light radiations I ∝ when the distance between light source and the photocell
r2
1
is changed from 1 m to m the intensity of light falling on the photocell increases by a factor
2
 of 4. Hence the rate of photoelectron emission from the photocathode also increases by a
factor of 4.
h  p2 
21. de-Broglie wavelength λ = p where the momentum p = 2mK  KE'K'= 
 2m 


h 1 λ2 K1 1
∴ λ= or λ∝ So, = = λ2 = λ1 / 2
2mK K λ1 K2 2
22. Given hv0 = 6.2 eV; VS = 5V
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation hv = hv0 + eVS
hc hc
= (6.2 + 5.0) eV = 11 .2 eV or λ=
λ 11 .2 eV or
6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
λ=
11.2 × 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19
= 1.1 × 10-7 m = 1100 Å
23. Experiment observations proves that the photoelectric effect is an instantaneous phenomenon
in which photoelectron comes out after the photon strikes the metallic surface in
approximately 10-10 s.
24. The photoelectric current depends on the intensity of incident light radiations and is
independent to the frequency (or the wavelength) of incident light radiations. However, their
will be no photoelectron ejected from the cathode and hence no photoelectric current for the
wavelength higher than the threshold wavelength λ 0.
E
25. v= Given E = 30 V/cm = 30 × 102 V/m B = 6G = 6 × 10-4 Wb/m2
B
3 0 × 102
∴ v= −4
= 5 × 106 m / s
6 × 10
28. The number of emitted photoelectrons is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.
The energy of emitted photoelectrons is independent to the intensity of incident radiations, it
depends on the frequency of incident photons.
29. λ red >λ yellw so that vrad < vyellow
Thus for photosensitive material the red colours has frequency below its threshold limit. Hence
no electrons are emitted.
1 2 1 1 
31. mv max = h(v − v 0 ) = hc − 

2  λ λ 0 
where λ increases 4 times the velocity of the emitted photoelectrons decreases to
approximately (1/2) times.
1 2
33. hv = φ + Ek (i) where φ = hv0 and Ek = mv max
2
when v and vmax are doubled, h (2v) = φ + 4Ek (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
hv hv 2hv
Ek = and φ = hv − Ek = hv − =
3 3 3
hc
34. Ek = E = hv - φ or E= −φ (i)
λ
In the second case
 hc
2E = −φ (ii)
λ'
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 1
E = hc  −  Since, KE is always positive > or λ '< λ
 λ' λ  λ' λ
Further putting the value of E in equation (ii), we get
hc
2
 hc 2 1 
− φ = −φ or hc  −  = φ
λ  λ'  λ λ'
Since, work function φ is always positive,
2 1 λ λ
> o r λ '> < λ'< λ
λ λ' 2 2
35. (Ek)max = hv - φ For metal A, EA = hf - φ A (i)
and for metal B, EB = h(2f) - φ B (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
hf
−1
EA hf − φ A φA
= =
EB 2hf − φ B 2hf φB
−
φA φA
hf
−1
EA φA 1
Given that φ :φ =1:2 ∴ = =
A B
EB 2h f 2
−2
φA
36. Photoelectric current is emitted for the light of frequency v = 1.5 v 0, where v0 is the threshold
3
frequency. If frequency is halved, i.e., v/2 or v0 it becomes less than threshold frequency.
4
Hence there will be no photoelectric current.
37. The kinetic energy of incident photons is given b
hc 6.64 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
E = hv = = J
λ 3500 × 10 −10
5.69 × 10 −19
= 5.69 × 10 −19 J = eV = 3.55 eV
1.6 × 10 −19
since φ A > E and φ < E, therefore only metal B is capable of giving photoelectric current.
40. The number of photons falling per second on the cesium surface is given by (E = nhv)
E Eλ 10 −3 × 4560 × 10 −20  E −3 
n= = =  P = = 1 mW10 J / s  = 2.35 × 1015
hv hc 6.62 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8  t 
Since quantum efficiency is 0.5%, hence the number of photoelectrons emitted per second
from the surface is,
0 .5 × n 0.5 × 2.35 × 10 15
n'= 0.5% of n = = = 1.175 × 10 13
100 100
The photoelectric current will be
q n'e
i= = = 1.175 × 10 13 × 1.6 × 10 −19 A = 1.856 × 10-6 A
t t
41. Threshold wavelength λ 0 = 250 nm
 Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
1 1   1 1 
Ek = hv − hv 0 = hc  −  = 6.6 × 10-34 × 108  −  × 10 9
 λ λ0   200 250 
= 19.86 × 10-20 J
42. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
hv − Ek (5.5 − 4.0) eV
Ek = hv – eVs ∴ Vs = = = 1. 5 V
e e
hc
43. φ = hv 0 = = 3 eV = 3 × 1.6 × 10-19
λ0
hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 −8
λ0 = = m = 4.133 × 10-7 m = 4133 Å
3 × 1.6 × 10 −19 3 × 1.6 × 10 −19
E
44. P= 10 kW = 10 4 J / s
t
P Pλ 10 4 × 300
n= = = = 1.5 × 10 31
hv hc 6.64 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
46. Ek = eVs
Ek 3.1 × 1.6 × 10 −19
Vs = J = 3.1 V
e 1.6 × 10 −19 C
The stopping potential should be negative so that it can stop the electrons to reach the anode.
48. Ek = hv - φ = (6.2 – 4.2) eV = 2 × 1.6 × 10-19 J = 3.2 × 10-19
49. When the light source is moved away from the photocell the intensity of light incident on the
photocell decreases which will reduce the number of emitted photoelectrons and hence the
photoelectric current. However the frequency (or wavelength) of incident radiations remains
unchanged and so the stopping potential still remains 0.6 V.
50. For photoelectric emission, the wavelength of incident radiations must be smaller than the
threshold wavelength. Hence, only ultraviolet lamp is capable of ejecting photoelectrons.
51. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equations,
hc hc hc
Ek = hv − φ = −φ So, K1 = −φ (i) K2 = −φ (ii)
λ λ1 λ2
 1 1  1 1  2hc
∴ K2 − K1 = hc  −  = hc −  or K2 − K1 =
 λ2 λ1   λ 2 3λ 2  3λ2
hc 3
or = (K2 − K1 )
λ2 2
Substituting this value in equation (ii), we get
3 1 3 K2 − 3K1
K2 = (K2 − K1 ) − φ or K2 − K1 = φ =φ
2 2 2 2
K2
Since, φ is always positive, K2 > 3K1 or K1 <
3
52. The number of photons incident per second per unit surface area of the meta is given by
P Pλ 39.6 × 6000 × 10 −10
n= = =
hv hc 6.64 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
The number of photoelectrons emitted per second per unit, surface area of the metal is
 n’ = 1% of n = 1.193 × 1018 = 12 × 1017
53. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
hc hc
Ek = −φ Work function, φ= − Ek
λ λ
 hc   hc 
= − 5.3  eV =  − 8.7  eV
 1824   1216 
 1 1  3.4 × 1216 × 1824
or hc  − = 8.7 − 5.3 = 3.4 eV or hc = = 12.4 × 10 3
1216 1824  1824 − 1216
hc 12 .4 × 10 3  hc 
or = = 6.8 eV φ= − 5.3  eV = 6.8 − 5.3 = 1.5eV
1824 1824  1824 
54. Diffraction is wavelike character which is explained with the help of Hugen’s wave theory.
Photoelectric effect is exhibited in light which is particle like character explained with the
help of Einstein’s photon theory.
55. Saturation current is proportional to intensity,
∴ Ib = Ic and Ib Ia
Stopping potential for curves ‘a’ and ‘b’ is same. ∴ fa = fb
2 2
1 I2  d1   1 
56. Intensity ∝ =  I2 =   I1 = 4I1
(distance)2 I1  d2   1/2 
57. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation
Ek = hv - φ where Ek = eV, eV1 = hf1 - φ and eV2 = hf2 - φ
h h
∴ V2 − v1 = (f2 − f1 ) or V2 = V1 + (f2 − f1 )
e e
2
1 vmax (1.2 × 10 6 ) 2
58. Ek = 2
mv max = eVs Vs = = = 4V
2 2(e / m) 2 × 1.8 × 1011
59. Ek = h(4v) - φ = h(4v) – hv = 3hv
h 6.6 × 10 −34
60. λ= = = 1.1 × 10-9 m = 11 × 1010 m = 11 Å
mv 9.1 × 10 −31 × 6.6 × 10 5
61. According to Bohr’s postulate, the electrons in an atom can revolve only in those orbits for
which their angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π , i.e.,
nh
mvr = where, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . etc.
2π
h h  h 
For the first Bohr’s orbit n = 1 mvr = or = 2π r = λ  λ= 
2π mv  m v
Here, r is the radius of the first Bohr orbit.
62. Using the momentum conservation principle, m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
or m1v1 = - m2v2 |m1v1| = |m2v2|
1  h λ 1 m2 v2
Since, λ∝  λ=  = = 1:1
mv  m v λ2 m1 v1
h h m c
63. λ= = ⇒ = (i)
m v mp c mp v

where m and mp are the masses of the particle and the photon respectively v and c are their
respective velocities.
 2
KE of particle mv 2 mp  mv 
  v 2.25 × 10 8 3
Now, = = = = 0.75 =
KE of photon mp c 2
m  
 mp c  c 3 × 10 8
4
2qV  1 2 
v=  m v = q V
m  2 
h h λp mα qαV 2m 4e
mv = 2mqV λ= = = = × =2 2
mv 2mqV λα mp qpV m e

1
65. Given KE = K = mv 2 = 10KeV = 104 × 1.6 × 10-19 J = 1.6 × 10-15 J
2
1 1 p2
K = mv 2 = (m 2 v 2 ) K = ∴ P = 2mK
2 2m 2m
h h 6.6 × 10 −34
λ= = = = 1.2 × 10-11 m = 0.12 × 10-11 m = 0.12 Å
p 2mK 2 × 9.1 × 10 −31 × 1.6 × 10 −15
h
66. λ= λ p = constant
p

hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
67. λ min = = = 3.1 × 10-11 m = 0.31 Å
eV 1.6 × 10 −19 × 40 × 10 3 × 1.6 × 10 −19
68. More filament current means more electrons striking the target as a result more atoms of the
target material get excited and produce more intense X-ray beam.
70. Using the relation
1 1 1  1 1 1 
= R(Z − σ) 2  2 − 2  For Kα -line = R(Z − 1) 2 =  2 − 2 
λ nf ni  λ 1 2 
1  1 3
or = R(Z − 1) 2 1 −  λ= R(Z − 1) 2
λ  4 4
4λ 4λ 4λ
or Z −1 = or Z= or Z= +1
3R 3R 3R
1/2
 4 × 0.76 × 10 −10 
or Z =  7

 +1 or Z ≈ 40 + 1 ≈ 41
 3 × 1.097 × 10 
hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
71. E = hv = = 9.5 × 10-15 J
λ 0.021 × 10 −9
9.5 × 10 −15
= eV = 5.9 × 10 4 eV = 59 keV
1.6 × 10 −19
hc 1
73. λ min = λ c = λc ∝
eV V
As V increases, λ c decreases. Hence λ k -λ c increases.
−34 8
hc 6.6 × 10 × 3 × 10 12.4 12400
74. λ min = = m = × 10 −7 = Å
eV 1.6 × 10 −19 V V V
75. Ordinary diffraction grating has slit separation (e + d) of the order of the wavelength of visible
light. X-rays wavelength is shorter than the wavelength of visible light. Grating element (e + d)
of crystals is the order of X-rays wavelength. Hence a crystal getting can diffract X-rays.
hc hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
76. λ min = or V= = V
eV eλ 1.6 × 10 −19 × 0.2 × 10 −9
 c
77. v = a(z − σ) or v= = a 2 (z − σ) 2
λ
1 λ 1 (z2 − 1)2
Thus, λ ∝ or = (σ = 1 for Kα -line)
(z − σ) 2 λ 2 (z1 − 1) 2
2
λ (z2 − 1)
= ⇒ z2 = 6
4λ (1 1− 1)2
h hv
79. P= =
λ c
h h2 hC 2mc λ2
80. λ= ⇒ eV= λ0 = =
2m (eV ) 2mλ 2
eV h